"FL095"|"ENG - Septic Tank Absorption Fields (FL)"|"limitation"|"This rule is designed for Local (State) Interpretations for Septic Systems in Florida. These rules for Standard Trench Drainfield Systems are based on the regulations found in the State of Florida, Department of Health, Chapter 64E-6, Florida Administrative Code, Standards for Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems.

Summary:
The interpretation (Standard Trench Drainfield Systems) for use in the State of Florida is a combination of National NRCS Interpretations, and State Interpretations outlined in the Department of Health (DOH), Chapter 64E-6, Florida Administrative Code, Standards for Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems, effective May 24, 2004.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""ENG-Septic Tank Absorption Field (FL).  If a soil's property within the specified depth of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the  ""ENG-Septic Tank Absorption Field (FL)"" interpretive rules. 

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are Not Rated for Standard Trench System (rating index = Null),  Slightly limited for Standard Trench System (rating index >0 and <.1),  Moderately limited for Standard Trench System (rating index > .1 to .99), or Severely limited  for Standard Trench System (rating index = 1.0). This rating class terminology agrees with terminology from Chapter 64E-6.

Since some of the national interpretations from NSSH Section 620 were not specifically addressed in PL FL64-E and are known influences on a soils ability to process effluent or are limiting for installation, we decided to amend the interpretations for Florida to address these attributes. The amended attributes are Slope, Fragments >75mm, and Flooding. 

Description:

Standard Trench Drainfield Systems are subsurface systems of distribution lines that distribute effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil. The distribution lines are at a minimum of 12 inches. Only the soil between depths of 0 and 60 inches is considered in making the ratings.  Soil properties and site features considered are those that affect the absorption of the effluent, those that affect the construction and maintenance of the system, and those that may affect public health.

Scope: National

Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent.  Septic Tank Absorption Field interpretations are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for safe disposal of household effluent.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage to the soil surface, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Soil properties and qualities that affect the absorption of the effluent are permeability, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, depth to a cemented pan, and susceptibility to flooding.  Stones and boulders and a shallow depth to bedrock, ice, or a cemented pan interfere with installation.  Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance.  Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in down-slope areas.  In addition, soil erosion is a hazard where absorption fields are installed in steep soils.
 
Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth less than 4 feet below the distribution lines.  In these soils, the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new; consequently, ground water supplies may be contaminated.
 
Percolation tests are used by some regulatory agencies to evaluate the suitability of a soil for septic tank absorption fields.  These tests should be performed during the season when the water table is highest and the soil is at minimum absorptive capacity.
 
1/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, l969 Manual of Septic Tanks, PHS Publication No. 526, p. 8.
 
2/ Bouma, J.  l974.  New Concepts in Soil Survey Interpretations for Onsite Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent.

SCOPE: State

The following documentation has been partially excerpted from STATE OF FLORIDA, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, CHAPTER 64E-6, FLORIDA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, STANDARDS FOR ONSITE SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, EFFECTIVE MAY 24, 2004 . Additional information regarding Chapter 64E-6 may be accessed at the Florida Department of Healths online website at: http://www.doh.state.fl.us/environment/ostds/intro.htm

LEGISLATIVE INTENT OF CHAPTER 64E-6.--It is the intent of the Legislature that where a publicly owned or investor-owned sewerage system is not available, the department shall issue permits for the construction, installation, modification, abandonment, or repair of onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems under conditions as described in this section and rules adopted under this section. It is further the intent of the Legislature that the installation and use of onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems not adversely affect the public health or significantly degrade the groundwater or surface water.

64E-6.001 GENERAL
(1) The provisions of Part I of this rule shall apply to all areas of the state except where specific provisions found in Part II which specifically addresses the Florida Keys, or specific provisions found in Part IV which specifically address performance-based treatment systems, exempt or modify compliance with Part I or Part II requirements. Performance-based treatment systems are intended as an alternative to the systems conforming to the prescriptive standards detailed in Parts I and II of this rule and shall be used only for a single family residence. Designs for performance-based treatment systems allow for the use of alternative and innovative methods, materials, processes, and techniques that reduce the total biological, chemical, hydraulic, organic, nutrient, bacterial and viral discharge to the environment. Where used, the performance-based treatment systems shall be designed, operated, constructed, maintained and used in conformance with s. 381.0065(4)(j), F.S. Part III addresses the registration of septic tank contractors and certification of partnerships and corporations. Part V addresses fees for Parts I, II, III, and IV of this rule.

TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
Approved - an onsite sewage treatment and disposal system constructed and installed in compliance with the standards and requirements of this Chapter and which has received final installation approval. ""Approved"" installation does not imply that a system will perform satisfactorily for a specific period of time.

Aquifer - a geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is capable of yielding potentially usable quantities of potable water from wells or springs.

Base flood - the flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year.

Drainfield - a system of open-jointed or perforated piping, approved alternative distribution units, or other
treatment facilities designed to distribute effluent for filtration, oxidation and absorption by the soil within the zone of aeration.

Dwelling unit - a residence for the housing of a single family whether such residence is a detached structure or a unit of a multiple family building.

Effective soil depth - the depth of slightly or moderately limited soil material at an onsite sewage treatment and disposal system drainfield site.

Flooding - a covering of soil surface by water from any source, such as streams overflowing their banks, runoff from adjacent or surrounding slopes, elevation of the ground water table exceeding that of the soil surface, or combinations of these. Terms also associated with flooding and used elsewhere in this Chapter are:
(a) Frequent - flooding which occurs more than once every two years on the average;
(b) Ten year flood elevation - that flood elevation which has a 10 in 100 probability of being equaled or exceeded in any calendar year.

Impermeable  when used in reference to s. 381.0065(2)(k), shall mean hydraulic conductivity is less than or equal to 1 x 10-7 centimeters per second.

Limitation ratings - Soil classification ratings which describe the relative suitability of soils to properly assimilate sewage effluent. The three rating categories for the purpose of this rule are:
(a) Slightly limited - soil materials with favorable properties for the use of a drainfield.
(b) Moderately limited - soil materials that have properties moderately favorable for the use of a drainfield.
(c) Severely limited - soil materials which have one or more properties unsuitable for the use of a drainfield.

Septic tank - a watertight receptacle constructed to promote separation of solid and liquid components of
wastewater, to provide limited digestion of organic matter, to store solids, and to allow clarified liquid to discharge for further treatment and disposal into a drainfield.

Standard subsurface drainfield system - an onsite sewage treatment and disposal system drainfield consisting of a distribution box or header pipe and a drain trench or absorption bed with all portions of the drainfield sidewalls installed below the elevation of undisturbed native soil.

Water table elevation - the upper surface of the groundwater or that level below which the soil or underlying rock material is wholly saturated with water. Water table elevation is measured from the soil surface downward to the upper level of saturated soil or up to the free water level.

64E-6.005 LOCATION AND INSTALLATION
All systems shall be located and installed so that with proper maintenance the systems function in a sanitary manner, do not create sanitary nuisances or health hazards and do not endanger the safety of any domestic water supply, groundwater or surface water. Sewage waste and effluent from onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems shall not be discharged onto the ground surface or directly or indirectly discharged into ditches, drainage structures, groundwaters, surface waters, or aquifers. To prevent such discharge or health hazards:
(1) Systems and septage stabilization facilities established after the effective date of the rule shall be placed no closer than the minimum distances indicated for the following:
(a) Seventy-five feet from a private potable well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(a), or a multi-family water well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(c).
(b) One-hundred feet from a public drinking water well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(b) if such a well serves a facility with an estimated sewage flow of 2000 gallons or less per day.
(c) Two-hundred feet from a public drinking water well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(b) if such a well serves a facility with an estimated sewage flow of more than 2000 gallons per day.
(d) Fifty feet from a non-potable water well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(39).
(e) Ten feet from any storm sewer pipe, to the maximum extent possible, but in no instance shall the setback be less than 5 feet.
(f) Fifteen feet from the design high-water line of retention areas, detention areas, or swales designed to contain standing or flowing water for less than 72 hours after a rainfall or the design high-water level of normally dry drainage ditches or normally dry individual-lot stormwater retention areas.

(2) Systems shall not be located under buildings or within 5 feet of building foundations, including pilings for elevated structures, or within 5 feet of mobile home walls, swimming pool walls, or within 5 feet of property lines except where property lines abut utility easements which do not contain underground utilities, or where recorded easements are specifically provided for the installation of systems for service to more than one lot or property owner.
(a) Sidewalks, decks and patios shall not be subject to the 5 foot setback, however, drainfields shall not be installed beneath such structures. Any tank located beneath a driveway shall have traffic lids as specified in Rule 64E-6.013(1)(h). Concrete structures which are intended to be placed over a septic tank shall have a barrier of soil or plastic material placed between the structure and the tank so as to preclude adhesion of the structure to the tank.
(b) Systems shall not be located within 10 feet of water storage tanks in contact with the ground or potable water lines unless such lines are sealed with a water proof sealant within a sleeve of similar material pipe to a distance of at least 10 feet from the nearest portion of the system . In no case shall the sleeved water line be located within 24 inches of the onsite sewage treatment and disposal system. Potable water lines within 5 feet of the drainfield shall not be located at an elevation lower than the drainfield absorption surface. Non-potable water lines shall not be located within 24 inches of the system without backflow preventers or check valves being installed on the water line so as to preclude contamination of the water system.
(c) Systems shall be setback a minimum of 15 feet from groundwater interceptor drains.

(3) Except for the provisions of s. 381.0065(4)(g)1. and 2., F.S., systems and septage stabilization facilities shall not  be located laterally within 75 feet of the boundaries of surface water bodies. Systems and septage stabilization facilities shall be located a minimum of 15 feet from the design high water line of a swale, retention or detention area designed to contain standing or flowing water for less than 72 hours after a rainfall, or the design high water level of normally dry drainage ditches or normally dry individual lot storm water retention areas.

(4) Suitable, unobstructed land shall be available for the installation and proper functioning of the system. At least 75 percent of the unobstructed area must meet minimum setback requirements of subsections (1) and (3) above to allow for drainfield repair or system expansion. The minimum unobstructed area shall:
(a) Be at least 2 times as large as the drainfield absorption area required by rule. For example, if a 200 square feet drainfield is required, the total unobstructed area required, inclusive of the 200 square feet drainfield area, would be 400 square feet. Unobstructed soil area between drain trenches shall be included in the unobstructed area calculation.
(b) Be contiguous to the drainfield.
(c) Be in addition to the setbacks required in subsection (2) above.

(5) Onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems if installed in fill material, the fill shall be required to settle for a period of at least 6 months, or has been compacted to a density comparable to the surrounding natural soil. The fill material shall be of a suitable, slightly limited soil material.

(6) To prevent soil smear and excessive soil compaction, drainfields shall not be installed in soils with textures finer than sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam when the soil moisture content is above the point at which the soil changes from semisolid to plastic.

(7) Onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems shall be installed where a sewerage system is not available and when conditions in ss. 381.0065(4)(a)-(g), F.S., are met. Onsite graywater tank and drainfield systems may, at the homeowners' discretion, be utilized provided blackwater is disposed into a sanitary sewerage system when such sewerage system is available. Graywater systems may, at the homeowners' discretion, be utilized in conjunction with an onsite blackwater system where a sewerage system is not available for blackwater disposal.
(a) The minimum area of each lot under s. 381.0065(4)(a), F.S., shall consist of at least 1/2 acre (21,780 square feet) exclusive of all paved areas and prepared road beds within public rights-of-way or easements and exclusive surface water bodies.
(b) The determination of lot densities under s. 381.0065(4)(b), F.S., shall be made on the basis of the net acreage of the subdivision which shall exclude from the gross acreage all paved areas and prepared road beds within public or private rights-of-way or easements and shall also exclude surface water bodies.
(c) Maximum daily sewage flow allowances specified in ss. 381.0065(4)(a),(b), and (g), F.S., shall be calculated on an individual lot by lot basis. The acreage or fraction of an acre of each lot or parcel of land shall be determined and this value shall be multiplied by 2500 gallons per acre per day if a public drinking water well serving a public system as defined in 64E-6.002(44)(b)1., 2., or 3. is utilized, or be multiplied by 1500 gallons per acre per day if a public drinking water well serving a public water system as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(b)4., or a private potable well or cistern is utilized. Contiguous unpaved
and noncompacted road rights-of-way, and easements with no subsurface obstructions that would affect the operation of drainfield systems, shall be included in total lot size calculations. Where an unobstructed easement is contiguous to two or more lots, each lot shall receive its pro rata share of the area contained in the easement. Surface water bodies shall not be included in total lot size calculations. Rule 64E-6.008(1), Table I, shall be used for determining estimated average daily sewage flows. 
(d) Platted residential lots shall be subject to the requirements set forth in subsections 381.0065(4)(g)1. and 2., F.S.
(e) When portions of a lot or lots which were platted prior to January 1, 1972 are combined in such a manner that will decrease the total density of the subdivision, pre-1972 lot provisions shall apply. However, the maximum setback possible to surface water bodies shall be maintained with a minimum setback of 50 feet.

(8) Notwithstanding the requirements of this section, where an effluent transmission line consists of schedule 40 PVC or consists of schedule 20 PVC enclosed in a sleeve of schedule 40 PVC, the transmission line shall be set back from private potable wells, irrigation wells or surface water bodies by the maximum distance attainable but not less than 25 feet when installed. Schedule 40 PVC effluent transmission lines shall be set back from potable water lines by no less than 5 feet unless
all portions of the bottom of the potable water line within 5 feet of the effluent transmission line are a minimum of 12 inches above the top of the effluent transmission line.
(9) Onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems for estimated establishment domestic sewage flows exceeding 5000 gallons per day but not exceeding 10,000 gallons per day shall be located and installed under the following conditions.
(a) The average estimated daily sewage flow from the establishment shall be divided by the net land area associated with the establishment. The resulting number shall not exceed 2500 gallons per acre per day for establishments which use a water supply as defined in 64E-6.002(44)(b) 1, 2 and 3.
(b) No more than 5000 gallons of wastewater shall be discharged into any single onsite sewage treatment and disposal system serving the establishment. 
Specific Authority 381.0011(13), 381.006, 381.0065(3)(a), 489.553, 489.557(1) FS. Law Implemented 154.01, 381.001(2),381.0011(4), 381.0012, 381.0025, 381.006(7), 381.0061, 381.0065, 381.0067, 386.041, 489.553 FS. HistoryNew 12-22-82, Amended 2-5-85, Formerly 10D-6.46, Amended 3-17-92, 1-3-95, Formerly 10D-6.046, Amended 11-19-97, 2-3-98, 3-22-00,
05-24-04.

64E-6.006 SITE EVALUATION CRITERIA


Onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems may be utilized where lot sizes are in compliance with requirements of Rule 64E-6.005(7) and all of the following criteria are met:

(1) The effective soil depth throughout the drainfield installation site extends 42 inches or more below the bottom surface of the drainfield. Paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) list soil texture classes with their respective limitation ratings. 
(a) Coarse sand not associated with an estimated wet season high water table within 48 inches below the absorption surface, sand, fine sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, and sandy loam are considered to be slightly limited soil materials.
(b) Very fine sand, loamy fine sand, loamy very fine sand, silt loam, silt, loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay and silty clay soil are considered to be moderately limited soil materials and are subject to evaluation with other influencing factors and local conditions.
(c) Clay, bedrock, oolitic limestone, fractured rock, hardpan, organic soil, gravel and coarse sand, when coarse sand is associated with an estimated wet season high water table within 48 inches of the absorption surface are severely limited soil materials. If severely limited soil material can be replaced with slightly limited soil material, see Footnotes 3 and 4 of Table III for minimum requirements. Where limestone is found to be discontinuous along the horizontal plane and is dispersed among slightly or moderately limited soils, the Department Policy for Drainfield Sizing in Areas With Discontinuous Limestone,
August 1999, herein incorporated by reference, shall be used. The referenced policy may be obtained by contacting the department.

(2) The water table elevation at the wettest season of the year is at least 24 inches below the bottom surface of the drainfield. In addition, systems shall not be located where the undrained, naturally occurring wet season water table elevation (ponding) in the area of the proposed system installation is determined to be at or above the elevation of the existing ground surface. However, when sufficient slightly limited fill material is permitted to be placed on the property to construct a properly designed onsite sewage treatment and disposal system, the department shall authorize construction based on the final lot elevation. This provision does not authorize a property owner to fill or modify the site without first obtaining necessary permits for site preparation work from other agencies of government having jurisdiction. The following information shall be used in determining the wet season water table elevation:
(a) U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service soils maps and soil interpretation records.
(b) Evaluation of soil color and the presence or absence of mottling.
(c) Evaluation of impermeable or semi-permeable soil layers.
(d) Evaluation of onsite vegetation.
(e) An onsite evaluation of the property which has used the above referenced sources of information and which has considered the season of the year when the evaluation was performed, historic weather patterns, and recent rainfall events.

(3) Setbacks in Rule 64E-6.005(1), (2), (3) and (4) are met.

(4) The site of the installation and the additional required unobstructed land referred to in Rule 64E-6.005(4) shall not be covered with asphalt or concrete, or be subject to vehicular traffic or other activity as defined in 64E-6.002(41) which would adversely affect the soil, or the operation of the system.

(5) The site of the installation and the additional required unobstructed land referred to in Rule 64E-6.005(4) is not subject to saturation from sources such as artificial drainage of ground surfaces, driveways, roads or roof drains.

(6) The existing lot elevation at the site of the proposed system installation and any contiguous land referred to in Rule 64E-6.005(4), shall not be subject to frequent flooding. Except for areas affected by section 381.0065(4)(t), Florida Statutes, fill material, if permitted, shall be placed in the area for the system and contiguous unobstructed area to raise the lot elevation above the 2 year flood.

Specific Authority 154.06, 381.0011, 381.006, 381.0065, 489.553, 489.557, FS. Law Implemented 154.01, 381.001, 381.0011, 381.0012, 381.0025, 381.006, 381.0061, 381.0065, 381.00655, 381.0066, 381.0067, 386.041, FS. HistoryNew 12-22-82, Amended 2-5-85, Formerly 10D-6.47, Amended 3-17-92, 4-16-92, 1-3-95, Formerly 10D-6.047, Amended 3-22-00.

64E-6.008 SYSTEM SIZE DETERMINATIONS
(5) The minimum absorption area for standard subsurface drainfield systems, graywater drainfield systems, and filled systems shall be based on estimated sewage flows and Table III so long as estimated sewage flows are 200 gallons per day or higher. When estimated sewage flows are less than 200 gallons per day, system size shall be based on a minimum of 200
gallons per day.

TABLE III
For Sizing of Drainfields Other Than Mounds


U.S. DEPARTMENT	    SOIL TEXTURE 				MAXIMUM SEWAGE LOADING
OF AGRICULTURE 	    LIMITATION 					RATE TO TRENCH & BED
SOIL TEXTURAL      (PERCOLATION 				ABSORPTION SURFACE
CLASSIFICATION 	     RATE) 					IN GALLONS PER
								SQUARE FOOT PER DAY
							TRENCH			 BED


Sand; Coarse Sand not 	   Slightly limited		 1.20			 0.80
associated with a 	(Less than 2 min/inch)
seasonal water table
of less than 48 inches;
and Loamy Coarse Sand;

Loamy Sand; Sandy Loam;  Slightly limited
Coarse Sandy Loam;	  (2-4 min/inch) 		 0.90			 0.70
Fine Sand

Loam; Fine Sandy Loam;	 Moderately limited
Silt Loam; Very Fine	 (5-10 min/inch)		 0.65			 0.35
Sand; Very Fine Sandy 
Loam; Loamy Fine Sand;
Loamy Very Fine Sand;
Sandy clay loam

Clay Loam; Silty Clay 	Moderately limited	        0.35		        0.20
Loam; Sandy Clay; 	(Greater than 15
Silty Clay, Silt 	min/inch but not
			exceeding 30 min/inch)

Clay; Organic Soils; 	Severely limited 			Unsatisfactory for
Hardpan; Bedrock 	(Greater than 30 			standard subsurface
			min/inch) 					system

Coarse Sand with 	Severely limited 			Unsatisfactory for
an estimated wet season	 (Less than 1 				standard subsurface
high water table within  min/inch 				and a system
48 inches of the bottom  water table less	
of the proposed		 than 4 feet below
drainfield; Gravel or 	the drainfield)
Fractured Rock or
Oolitic Limestone

Footnotes to Table III:
1. U.S. Department of Agriculture major soil textural classification groupings and methods of field identification are explained in Rule 64E-6.016. Laboratory sieve analysis of soil samples may be necessary to confirm field evaluation of specific soil textural classifications. The USDA Soil Conservation Service ""Soil Textural Triangle"" shall be used to classify soil groupings based on the proportion of sand, silt and clay size particles.

2. The permeability or percolation rate of a soil within a specific textural classification may be affected by such factors as soil structure, cementation and mineralogy. Where a percolation rate is determined using the falling head percolation test procedure described in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems, October, 1980, incorporated by reference into this rule, the calculated percolation test rate shall be used with Table III and evaluated by the DOH county health department with other factors such as history of performance of systems in the area in determining the minimum sizing for the drainfield area.

3. When all other site conditions are favorable, horizons or strata of moderately or severely limited soil may be replaced with slightly limited soil or soil of the same texture as the satisfactory slightly limited permeable layer lying below the replaced layer. The slightly limited permeable layer below the replaced layer shall be identified within the soil profile which was submitted as part of the permit application. The resulting soil profile must show complete removal of the moderately or severely limited soil layer being replaced and must be satisfactory to a minimum depth of 54 inches beneath the bottom surface of the proposed drainfield. The width of the replacement area shall be at least 2 feet wider and longer than the drain trench and for absorption beds shall include an area at least 2 feet wider and longer than the proposed bed. Drainfields shall be centered in the replaced area. Where at least 33 percent of the moderately limited soils at depths greater than 54 inches below the bottom of the drainfield have been removed to the depth of slightly limited soil, drainfield sizing shall be based on the following sewage loading rates. Where severely limited soils are being removed at depths greater than 54 inches below the bottom of the drainfield, 100 percent of the severely limited soils at depths greater than 54 inches shall be removed down to the depth of an underlying slightly limited soil. Maximum sewage loading rates for standard subsurface systems installed in replacement areas shall be 0.90 gallons per square foot per day for trench systems and 0.70 gallon per square foot per day for absorption beds in slightly limited soil textures. Where moderately limited soil materials are found beneath the proposed drainfield, and where system sizing is based on that moderately limited soil, soil replacements of less than 33% may be permitted.

4. Where coarse sand, gravel, or oolitic limestone directly underlies the drainfield area, the site shall be approved provided a minimum depth of 42 inches of the rapidly percolating soil beneath the bottom absorption surface of the drainfield and a minimum 12 inches of rapidly percolating soil contiguous to the drainfield sidewall absorption surfaces, is replaced with slightly limited soil material. Where such replacement method is utilized, the drainfield size shall be determined using a maximum sewage application rate of 0.80 gallons per square foot per day of drainfield in trenches and 0.70 gallon per square foot per day for drainfield absorption beds.

5. Where more than one soil texture classification is encountered within a soil profile and it is not removed as part of a replacement, drainfield sizing for standard subsurface drainfield systems and fill drainfield systems shall be based on the most restrictive soil texture encountered within 24 inches of the bottom of the drainfield absorption surface.

6. All materials incorporated herein may be obtained by contacting the department.

Specific Authority 381.0011(4),(13), 381.006, 381.0065(3)(a), 489.553 FS. Law Implemented 154.01, 381.001(2), 381.0011(4), 381.0012, 381.0025, 381.0061, 381.0065, 381.0067, 386.041, 489.553, FS. HistoryNew 12-22-82, Amended 2-5-85, Formerly 10D-6.48, Amended 3-17-92, 1-3-95, Formerly 10D-6.048, Amended 11-19-97, Amended 3-22-00, 9-5-00.

<END OF FL64E-6 TEXT>

Interpretive Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1. Ponding: Soils with a water table above the surface will be waterlogged during periods of heavy precipitation.  These soils have the potential to contaminate surface water and/or ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is any month of the year with a ponding duration that is populated with very brief to very long.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION
	
	Restrictive Limits:
		Severely limited: Ponded any month, any duration
		Not Limited: Not ponded any month, any duration

2. Water table:  Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contaminate the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.


	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (LOW VALUE)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited	< 91 cm (36 inches)
		Moderately limited   	  91 to 106 cm (36 to 42 inches)
		Slightly limited	>106 cm (>=42 inches)

3.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport septic waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months (any month).

	Properties used: 
			FL64E-FLOODING COMMON-MONTHS WITH FREQ OR VERY FREQ OR OCCAS 
			FL64E-FLOODING FREQ MONTHS WITH RARE FLOODING
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited	= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Moderately limited	= ""rare""
		Slightly limited	= ""none""
		
4.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of septic tank absorption fields and other site applications.  Soils with bedrock within 72 inches have limited absorptive capacity and biologically active zones through with waste materials can percolate.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as filter fields.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic).""  

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited 		<137 cm (< 54 inches) 
		Moderately limited		>137 cm and <183 cm (54 to 72 inches)
		Slightly limited		>183 cm (>72 inches)

5. Filtering capacity: The combination of coarse sand texture and a seasonal high water table within a depth of 48 inches creates a situation where there is limited absorptive capacity between the bottom of the filter field and the top of the seasonal high water table.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as a filter field. Soil features used are COS sand texture and a seasonal high water table within 48 inches (any month with wet moisture status) of the soil surface. Soil features considered are depth to seasonal high water table and soil texture.

	Properties used: 
			USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25 TO 180 CM
			DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM LOW VALUE

	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited 		=COS and SHWT <121 cm
		Moderately limited 		=COS and SHWT 121 to 152 cm
		Slightly limited 		=Any texture and SHWT not meeting limits listed above
		
6. Restricted permeability: Based upon the criteria in FL64E-6, texture is used to approximate the Percolation rate (hence, ksat) values for this interpretation.  Soils with coarser textures (COS, LS, LCOS, S, FS, SL and no water table) are consider to have adequate filtration to not pose a threat for ground water contamination. Clay textures and organic soils have restricted permeability. Other textures are considered to have a moderate rate of percolation. Soil features considered are textures or texture in lieu of.

	Properties used:
			(For organic)-USDA TEXTURE IN-LIEU-OF IN DEPTH 25 TO 150 CM 
			(For mineral)- USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25 TO 150 CM
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited: 	Organic soils (MUCK, PT, MPT), clay texture
		Moderately limited: 	Other textures, except COS, LS, LCOS, S, FS, SL, C, MUCK, PT, MPT
		Slightly limited:	COS, LS, LCOS, S, FS, SL
	
7. Spodic materials: Soils that in the Spodosol order or a spodic subgroup are considered to impact the ability of effluent to move effectively through the soil.  Ortstein (hardpan) is most restrictive since there is a	 degree of soil cementation associated with its presence.  Other Spodosols are considered moderately limited in their ability to transmit effluent effectively through the soil. Soil features considered are the Spodosol order and Restrictive kind.

	Properties used:
		Ortstein: RESTRICTION KIND
		Spodosol: TAXONOMIC ORDER
		Spodic subgroup: TAXONOMIC SUBGROUP

	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited	Ortstein
		Moderately limited	Spodosol
		Slightly limited	Other orders

8.  Slope:  Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and restrict site suitability.  Soils with slope above 8 percent are consider to pose either installation issues or the probability of effluent seepage to the soil surface in downslope positions. Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: FL64E-SLOPE 8-15%
		
	Restriction limits:
		Slope Limitation		> 15%
		Moderate slope limitation	8 to 15%
		No Slope limitation		<8%
		Not Rated			Null

9. Rock Fragments: Too many rock fragments in the soil impede the installation and functioning of septic systems. Soil feature considered are the soil fragments > 75 mm in size between 0 and 100 centimeters. 

Property used: FRAGMENTS >75 MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100 CM
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited:  	Large stones (>50%)
		Moderately limited:	Large stones (15-50%)
		Slightly limited:	Large stones (<15%)
			
10. Miscellaneous area : If the component kind is populated as a miscellaneous area, then no data is returned.  It was determined that no ratings are desired for miscellaneous areas.

Property used:	GRL-COMPONENT KIND (NULL)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Miscellaneous areas: 	Not rated
		Other areas: 		Rated
 
11. Taxon above family: If the component kind is populated as taxon above family, then no data is returned.  It was determined that no ratings are desired for taxon above family components.

	Property used:	FL64E-COMPONENT KIND (TAXON ABOVE FAMILY)

	Restrictive limits:
		Taxon above family:	Not rated
		Other areas: 		Rated
		
SPECIAL NOTE ON INTERPRETATION CRITERIA: This interpretation for use in the State of Florida is a combination of National Interpretations (NSSH PART 620) and Interpretations outlined in the Department of Health (DOH), Chapter 64E-6, Florida Administrative Code, Standardards for Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems, effective May 24, 2004.

-----------------------------------REFERENCE DOCUMENT LISTED BELOW---------------------------------------------

Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides   620(430-VI-NSSH, 1993)

	(a) General.
		(1)  Soil interpretations for sanitary facilities are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for the safe disposal of household effluent and solid waste.  The interpretation guides are applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  The use of these soil interpretation guides for sanitary facilities is important in site selection to minimize the potential for pollution and health hazards in local or regional areas.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage to the soil surface, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.

		(2)  The soil properties and qualities that affect use are those that influence the ease of excavation, absorption of effluent, seepage, permeability, and suitability of soil cover material.  Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have only soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

		(3)  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and trench and area sanitary landfills.  Soil suitability ratings and restrictive features are given for daily cover for landfill.

		(4)  Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent and solid waste.  A plan that includes daily cover for landfill and added protection to reduce offsite pollution minimizes the potential hazard.  The interpretative guide for the use of daily cover for landfill also has additional application for the reclamation of some quarries, pits, and surface mine operations.  The use of this guide should also include an evaluation of the material used in restoration of the target areas for the final establishment of vegetative cover.

		(5)  Soil properties are important in selecting sites for septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills and in identifying the limiting soil properties and site features that should considered in planning, design, and installation.  The soil properties that determine the ease of excavation or the installation of the facilities also affect the ratings.  Soil limitation ratings of slight, moderate, or severe are given for septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and trench and area sanitary landfills.  Soil suitability ratings of good, fair, and poor are given for daily cover for landfill.

	(b) Septic tank absorption fields.
		(1)  Septic tank absorption fields are subsurface systems of tile or perforated pipe that distribute effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil.  The centerline depth of the tile is assumed to be 24 inches.  Only the soil between depths of 24 and 60 inches is considered in making the ratings.  The soil properties and site features considered are those that affect the absorption of the effluent, those that affect the construction and maintenance of the system, and those that may affect public health.
 
		(2)  As shown in Table 620-17, the soil properties and qualities that affect the absorption of the effluent are permeability, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, depth to a cemented pan, and susceptibility to flooding.  Stones and boulders and a shallow depth to bedrock, ice, or a cemented pan interfere with installation.  Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance.  Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in downslope areas.  Also, soil erosion is a hazard where absorption fields are installed in sloping soils.
 
		(3)  Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth less than 4 feet below the distribution lines.  In these soils the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new; as a result, the ground water supply may be contaminated.  Soils that have a hazard of inadequate filtration are given a severe rating.
 
		(4)  Percolation tests are used by some regulatory agencies to evaluate the suitability of a soil for septic tank absorption fields.  These tests should be performed during the season when the water table is highest and the soil is at minimum absorptive capacity.  The percolation rates do not correspond to the permeability rates because they are measured by different methods.  Experience indicates that soils that have a percolation rate faster than 45 minutes per inch function satisfactorily, soils that have a rate between 45 and 60 minutes per inch have moderate limitations, and soils that have a rate slower than 60 minutes per inch have severe limitations.1/
 
		(5)  In many of the soils that have moderate or severe limitations for septic tank absorption fields, it may be possible to install special systems that lower the seasonal water table or to increase the size of the absorption field so that satisfactory performance is achieved.2/  However, such systems are not considered in this guide.
 
1/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, l969 Manual of Septic Tanks, PHS Publication No. 526, p. 8.
 
2/ Bouma, J.  l974.  New Concepts in Soil Survey Interpretations for Onsite Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent.
 

Table 620-17  Septic Tank Absorption Fields.
Prior to  October, 1996 
                                   
 						LIMITS				RESTRICTIVE
	PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		FEATURE

1.  USDA TEXTURE		---		--- 		ICE		PERMAFROST
2.  TOTAL SUBSIDENCE  (IN)	---		--- 		>24		SUBSIDES
3.  FLOODING			NONE		RARE		FREQ,		FLOODING
								OCCAS
4.  DEPTH TO BEDROCK  (IN)	>72		40-72		<40		DEPTH TO ROCK
5.  DEPTH TO			>72		40-72		<40		CEMENTED PAN
    CEMENTED PAN (IN)
6.  PONDING			---		---		+		PONDING
7.  DEPTH TO HIGH		>6		4-6		<4		WETNESS
    WATER TABLE (FT)
8.  PERMEABILITY		2.0-6.0		0.6-2.0		<0.6		PERCS SLOWLY
    (24-60"", IN/H)  
8a. PERMEABILITY		---		---		>6.0		POOR FILTER
    (24-60"", IN/H) 
9.  SLOPE (PCT)			<8		8-15		>15		SLOPE
10. WEIGHT PERCENT		<25		25-50		>50		LARGE STONES
    >3"" (WEIGHTED AV. TO 40"")"|03/01/2011 21:06:07|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528098"
"FL095"|"FOR - Potential Seedling Mortality (FL)"|"limitation"|"Amended 7/18/05 by using the Michigan Seedling Mortality Interpretation and adding Taxon above family rule to eliminate Arents, Aquents, etc. from the membership.
RAR

Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that have potential for ""Potential seedling mortality"".   The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Potential seedling mortality"" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are low (rating index = 0), moderate (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or high (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Potential seedling mortality is the likelihood of naturally or artificially propagated tree seedlings, as influenced by soil characteristic, physiographic features and climatic conditions.

Scope: State Of Florida

This interpretations assess the impact of soil, physiographic, and climatic considerations on the survitability of newly established tree seedlings.  The rating assumes that site preparation is adequate for the establishment of tree seedlings and that artifically propagated tree seedlings are of adequate size and quality, are adapted to the site, are planted during a time sufficient to assume initial root growth with respect to moisture and temperature, and proper planting techniques are emplyed.  The rating also assumes near normal monthly and yearly climatic conditions.

The rating does not assess the effects of overstory tree canopy greater than 15 feet in height, the effects of adjacent competing plants less than 15 feet in height and effects of seedling pests (rodent, herbivore, insect, etc.).

The primary soil characteristics that effect potential seedling mortality are depth to wet soil moisture conditions and the available water capacity within 50cm (20"") or to restrictive feature if less than 50cm.

A rating of ""low"" indicatates seedlings are expected to develop normally and become established.  A rating of ""moderate"" indicates root development is sufficeiently retarded to cause death of some seedlings (up to 1 in 3) and establishment of surviving seedlings is delayed.  A rating of ""high"" indicates that seedlings are not expected to survice (at least 2 in 3 die) without special treatment or management.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

         1. Available water capacity: This is a concern with the sandy  excessively drained to moderately well drained soils in the area.   
         
         Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-50CM (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
        	  Somewhat limiting    < 5.0cm/cm
        	  Not limiting         > 5.0cm/cm
         
         Null available water capacity is assigned to the Not rated class.
         AND NOT
         
         Property used: HYDS-DRAINAGE CLASS
                  Limiting     not = ""poorly drained"", ""very poorly drained or ""somewhat poorly drained""       
                  Not limiting     = ""poorly drained"", ""very poorly drained or ""somewhat poorly drained""
         

         2. Wetness limitation: Potential seedling mortality is affected by wet soil conditions within depths of 15cm to 45cm for consecutive months between March and September and from October to February or by being subjected to periods of flooding or ponding. 
         
         Property used: DEPTH TO WET LAYER MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                  Limiting:             <= 15cm
                  Somewthat limiting:   > 15cm and <= 45cm
                  Not limiting:         > 45cm
                  
         Null wet layers are assigned to the Not rated class.

AND
         
         
         Property used: DEPTH TO WATER TABLE AVERAGE FOR CONSECUTIVE MONTHS OCT-FEB (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                   Limiting            > = 2
                   Not limiting       not =  >= 2
                   
         Null months are assigned to the Not rated class.
                   
AND
         Property used: DEPTH TO WET LAYER AVERAGE, MAR-SEP (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                   Limiting           >= 1    
                   Not limiting      not = >= 1
                   
         Null months are assigned to the Not rated class.
         
OR

         Property used: FLOODING DURATION CLASS (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                   Limiting      = ""long"", ""very long"" or ""frequent""           
                   Not limiting  not = ""long"", ""very long"" or ""frequent""        
                   
         Null flooding assigned to the Not rated class.

OR

Property used: PONDING DURATION CLASS (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                   Limiting      = ""long"", ""very long"" or ""frequent""           
                   Not limiting  not = ""long"", ""very long"" or ""frequent""        
                   
         Null ponding assigned to the Not rated class."|11/20/2012 19:18:42|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528099"
"FL095"|"AWM - Irrigation Disposal of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Irrigation Disposal of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Irrigation Disposal of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

The wastewater considered in this guide is municipal wastewater and wastewater from food processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds.  Municipal wastewater contains domestic waste and, in some areas, includes industrial waste.  It may be untreated, although this is rare, or wastewater may have received primary or secondary treatment.  Food processing wastewater is the wastewater resulting from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption.  In some places, it has a high content of sodium and chloride.  Lagoon and storage pond effluent, as discussed in this guide, refer to the effluent from facilities used to treat or store domestic wastes, wastewater from food processing, or liquid animal wastes.  The effluent from a municipal or food processing plant lagoon or storage pond commonly is very low in carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter.  The nitrogen content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l.  The effluent from animal waste treatment lagoons or storage ponds have much higher concentrations of these materials mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as domestic wastes.  The nitrogen content varies considerably but generally is from 50 to 2,000 mg/l.  Ratings are based on the influence of existing soil properties on the use.

Scope: National

Some wastewater may cause an increase in sodicity or salinity in the soils in arid and semiarid regions but it generally does not in humid regions.  The heavy metal contents of effluents are usually low; however, chemical analyses should be made prior to use.

The soil properties and qualities need to be considered in the design, construction, management, and performance of wastewater irrigation systems.  The soil properties and qualities important in design and management are the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to a seasonal high water table, the available water capacity, permeability, wind erodibility, erosion factor, slope, and flooding.  The soil properties and qualities that influence construction are stones, depth to bedrock or cemented pan, and depth to a seasonal high water table.  The properties and qualities that affect performance of the irrigation system are depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, bulk density, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and soil reaction.  The cation exchange capacity also affects performance, and it is used here as an estimate of the capacity of a soil to adsorb heavy metals.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to irrigation.  Soils having porous bedrock can be limited by rapid water movement into and through the bedrock.  Soils having high contents of soluble salts can experience subsidence.

The soil rating guide is based on the utilization of the water for crop production and is not directed toward only the disposal or treatment of the wastewater.  Checks should be made to ensure that heavy metals, nitrogen, and other salts are not added in excessive amounts.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity have limited potential for sequestering effluent and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.55 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1 and <= 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	13. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Not limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too steep for surface application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the surface application of irrigation water.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	17. Too steep for sprinkler application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the application of sprinkler applied of irrigation water.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 6 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 6%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.


	18.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		 		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		    	
	19.  Addition of water in excess of evapotranspiration may cause dissolution and removal of soluble soil material.  Eventually, voids will form in the soil which will manifested at the surface as depressions.  These will collect water which will cause uneven distribution of irrigation water and exacerbate the dissolution problem.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

		* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
		* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution 				occurs and therefore no subsidence.
		* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
		* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
		* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
		* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm"|09/27/2012 20:16:34|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528100"
"FL095"|"AWM - Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Municipal sewage sludge is the residual product of the treatment of municipal sewage.  The solid component is composed mainly of cell mass, primarily bacteria cells which have developed during secondary treatment and which have incorporated soluble organic into their own bodies.  Sludge also contains small amounts of sand, silt, and other solid debris.

The water content of sludge ranges from about 98 percent to about 40 percent or less.  The sludge is called liquid if it is more than about 90 percent water, slurry if it is about 90 to 50 percent water, and solid if it is less than about 50 percent water.  Depending on the water content, the sludge can be moved by pump, conveyor, or auger.

Municipal sewage sludges have a variable nitrogen content.  Some sludge contains constituents that are toxic to plant growth or hazardous to the food chain (such as heavy metals or exotic organic compounds) and should be chemically analyzed prior to use.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on utilizing the nutrients in the waste for crop production and is not directed toward reclaiming or restoring critical areas or making the most efficient use of moisture.  Applications of slurry sludge can be by tank wagon or by irrigation equipment that is modified as necessary to function properly.  Applications of solid and slurry sludges can be made at the surface or subsurface.

The soil properties and qualities considered in the ratings are those that affect soil absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, the susceptibility to wind or water erosion, and the rate and method of application.  Soil properties and qualities that affect absorption are permeability, the depth to a seasonal high water table, soil reaction, sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density.  They also affect plant growth and microbial activity.  Slope and the susceptibility to flooding are used to measure the potential for water erosion.  Stones and the depth to a seasonal high water table can interfere with the application of wastes.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to the treatment of wastes.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 50cm.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity have limited potential for sequestering effluent and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.55 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1 and <= 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Shallow to densic materials: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (densic)"" or ""densic material"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO DENSIC MATERIAL (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Shallow to Discontinuity: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""abrupt textural change"" or ""strongly contrasting textural stratification"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO CONTRASTING MATERIALS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	15. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	17. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Not limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528101"
"FL095"|"AWM - Manure and Food Processing Waste"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Manure and Food Processing Waste"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Manure and Food Processing Waste"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Manure is the excrement of livestock and poultry.  The consistency of manure is labile.  It changes in storage or treatment, and it depends upon the bedding used and upon whether the manure is diluted or allowed to dry.  Food processing wastes consist of damaged fruit and vegetables and the peelings, stems, leaves, pits, and soil particles removed in food preparation.  Most wastes produced in the processing of milk, cheese, and meat are liquids.  Paunch manure is an exception.

Manure and food processing wastes have variable nitrogen content.  The material is solid, slurry, or liquid.  A high nitrogen content limits the application rate.  Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes, such as those mixed with the lye used in food processing, are outside the meaning of manure and food processing wastes as used in this interpretation.

Scope: National

The soil rating guide is based on utilizing the nutrients in the wastes for crop production and is not directed toward reclaiming or restoring critical areas or making the most efficient use of moisture.  Applications of liquid wastes can be made by tank wagon or conventional irrigation methods that are modified as necessary to function properly.  Applications of solid and slurry wastes can be made at the surface or subsurface.

This interpretive rule uses the criteria published in the AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FIELD HANDBOOK (Part 651), Engineering Division, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA.

Soil properties and qualities considered are those that affect soil absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, the susceptibility to wind or water erosion, and the rate and method of the application of wastes.  Soil properties that affect absorption are permeability, the depth to a seasonal high water table, sodium adsorption ratio, the depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and the available water capacity.  Soil reaction, sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  The wind erodibility group, erosion factor, slopes, and susceptibility to flooding are used to measure the potential for wind and water erosion. Stones and the depth to a seasonal high water table can interfere with the application of wastes.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to the treatment of wastes.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Dense layer: Shallow depth to a layer with high bulk density is only somewhat limiting and reduce available water capacity and percolation rates can be expected.  Soil feature considered is the maximum bulk density within a depth of 50 to 150cm.

	Property used: BULK DENSITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-150cm (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	=> 1.8
		Not limiting		 < 1.8
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity have limited potential for sequestering effluent and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.55 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Leaching or Runoff limitation: Soil's in Hydrologic Soil Group D have slow intake rate and runoff is a potential limitation.  Protecting surface water from runoff contain manure or food processing waste is a concern.  Soil's in Hydrologic Group A or dual groups have high to moderate intake rates and a water table near the surface.  These soils have potential leaching limitations and manure or food processing effluent leaching into ground water is a concern.  Soil feature considered is hydrologic soil group.

	Property used: HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Runoff limitation	= d
		Leaching limitation	= a, a/d, b/d, c/d
		Not limiting		= b, c
		

	Null Hydrologic Group is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.4 and <= 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the layers between 0 and 50cm.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Shallow to densic materials: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (densic)"" or ""densic material"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO DENSIC MATERIAL (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Shallow to Discontinuity: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""abrupt textural change"" or ""strongly contrasting textural stratification"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO CONTRASTING MATERIALS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		
	17. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	18. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	19. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	20. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Not Limiting		 > 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3.5 to <= 6.5%
		Limiting		=< 3.5
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	21. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|09/27/2012 20:16:31|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528102"
"FL095"|"AWM - Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

The wastewater considered is from municipal wastewater, food-processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds.  Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality.  It contains domestic waste and possibly industrial waste.  It may be, although rarely is, raw sewage (untreated), or it may be wastewater that has received primary or secondary treatment.  Food-processing wastewater is the wastewater resulting from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption.  In some places, it is high in sodium and chloride.  Lagoon and storage pond effluents, as discussed here, refer to the effluents from a lagoon or storage pond that is used to treat or store food-processing wastewater, domestic wastes, or animal wastes.  Domestic wastes are very dilute, and the effluent from a facility that treats them commonly is very low in carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter.  The nitrogen content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l.  Lagoons and storage ponds that treat animal wastes have an effluent that has a much higher concentration of these materials mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as domestic wastes.  The nitrogen content varies considerably but generally is 50 to 2,000 mg/l.  The heavy metal content generally is low; however, chemical analyses should be made prior to use.

In this process, wastewater is applied to the upper reaches of sloped land and allowed to flow across vegetated surfaces that are sometimes called terraces, to runoff collection ditches.  The length of the run generally is 150 to 300 feet.  Application rates range from 2.5 to 16.0 inches per week.  The wastewater leaves solids and nutrients to plants and soil surfaces as it flows downslope in a thin film.  Most of the water reaches the collection ditch, some is lost by evapotranspiration, and a small part percolates to the ground water.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  However, areas are vegetated because plants are a necessary part of the soil-plant treatment process.  Wastewater generally is applied by sprinkler or surface application methods.

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that affect absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, and the design and construction of site.  The properties that affect adsorption are soil reaction and the cation exchange capacity.  Soil reaction, salinity, and the sodium adsorption ratio are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  Slope, permeability within a depth of about 30 inches, depth to a seasonal high water table, flooding, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and stones are soil properties and qualities that influence design and construction.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with the plant root growth and reduces available water capacity.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the surface layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 >= 8 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Seepage:  The soil surface layer Ksat governs the soil's infiltration rate and leaching potential.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil surface layer is unimpeded and leaching may become an environmental, health, or performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the surface layer Ksat. 
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 4.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.0 and <= 4.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Too level: The movement of water over level soils is to slow for the application design..
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 < 1%
		Not limiting		=> 1%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Too steep for surface application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and wastewater is removed from the area to rapidly.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 6 and < 12%
		Not limiting		=< 6%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with the plant root growth and reduces available water capacity. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Not limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		 		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		    	
	17.  Subsidence due to gypsum:  Addition of water in excess of evapotranspiration may cause dissolution and removal of soluble soil material.  Eventually, voids will form in the soil which will manifested at the surface as depressions.  These will collect water which will cause uneven distribution of irrigation water and exacerbate the dissolution problem.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

		* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
		* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution 				occurs and therefore no subsidence.
		* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
		* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
		* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
		* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm"|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528103"
"FL095"|"AWM - Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

In this process, the wastewater is applied in a level basin and percolates through the soil.  The treated water eventually reaches the ground water.  Application rates range from 4 to 120 inches per week.

The wastewater considered generally is from municipal wastewater treatment plants.  The nitrogen content generally is low.  Normally, the heavy metal content is low; however, chemical analysis should be made prior to use.  Because the thickness of soil material needed for proper renovation of the wastewater is more than 72 inches, geologic and hydrologic investigations during the planning stages.  This information is needed to ensure proper design and to determine reliability of performance as well as the potential for pollution of the ground water.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  Vegetation is not a necessary part of the treatment design or process but the basin may be vegetated.

The soil properties and qualities that influence risk of pollution, design and construction, and performance are major considerations.  Depth to a seasonal high water table, flooding, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan present potential hazards and influence design and construction.  Slope and stones are also important considerations in design and construction.  The properties and qualities that influence performance are permeability and soil reaction.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater. 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 < 10.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 10.0 and <= 40.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 40.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Slope:  Steep slopes affect the design and function of installed systems and facilities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 4%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	9.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restricive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the horizons or layers below the surface layer.

	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER MINIMUM SUB-SURFACE LAYERS TO 180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3.5 to < 5%
		Not limiting		 < 3.5
		
	Null pH is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to =< 120cm
		Not limiting		 > 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

12.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		 		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		    	
	13.  Subsidence due to gypsum:  Addition of water in excess of evapotranspiration may cause dissolution and removal of soluble soil material.  Eventually, voids will form in the soil which will manifested at the surface as depressions.  These will collect water which will cause uneven distribution of irrigation water and exacerbate the dissolution problem.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

		* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
		* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution 				occurs and therefore no subsidence.
		* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
		* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
		* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
		* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm"|01/20/2015 16:28:41|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528104"
"FL095"|"AWM - Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

In this process wastewater is applied to the land at a rate normally between 0.5 and 4.0 inches per week.  The primary purpose is wastewater treatment rather than irrigation of crops.  Application rates commonly exceed those needed for supplemental irrigation for crop production.  The applied wastewater is treated as it moves through the soil.  Much of the treated water percolates to the ground water and some enter the atmosphere by evapotranspiration.  Surface runoff of the applied water generally is not allowed.  Water-logging is avoided either through control of the application rate or the use of tile drains, or both.

The wastewater considered includes municipal wastewater and effluent from food-processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds.  Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality.  It contains domestic waste and possibly industrial waste.  It may be, although rarely is, untreated sewage or may be wastewater that has received primary or secondary treatment.  Food-processing wastewater is the wastewater resulting from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption.  In some places, it is high in sodium and chloride.  Lagoon and storage pond effluents, as discussed here, refer to the effluents from a facility used to treat or store food-processing wastewater, domestic wastes, or animal wastes.  Domestic and food-processing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter.  The nitrogen content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l.  Lagoons or storage ponds for animal wastes have an effluent that has a much higher concentration of these materials mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as domestic wastes.  The nitrogen content varies considerably but generally is 50 to 2,000 mg/l.  The heavy metal content generally is low; however, chemical analyses should be made prior to use.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  Vegetation is not a necessary part of the treatment design or process but the basin may be vegetated.  However, it is assumed that crops are grown or may be grown as a part of the soil-plant treatment process.  Checks should be made to ensure that heavy metals and nitrogen are not added in excessive amounts.

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that affect soil absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, the susceptibility to wind or water erosion, and the application of wastes.  Properties and qualities that affect absorption are the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to a seasonal high water table, the available water capacity, permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, soil reaction, cation exchange capacity, and slope.  Soil reaction, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  Wind erodibility group, erosion factor, slope, and susceptibility to flooding are used to measure the potential for wind erosion and water erosion.  Stones can interfere with the application of wastes.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4. Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Too steep for surface application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the surface application of irrigation water.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Too steep for sprinkler application: Steep slopes allow wastewater to move offsite to quickly and impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 6 and < 12%
		Not limiting		=< 6%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Not limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

17.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		 		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		    	
	18.  Addition of water in excess of evapotranspiration may cause dissolution and removal of soluble soil material.  Eventually, voids will form in the soil which will manifested at the surface as depressions.  These will collect water which will cause uneven distribution of irrigation water and exacerbate the dissolution problem.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

		* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
		* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution 				occurs and therefore no subsidence.
		* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
		* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
		* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
		* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm"|09/27/2012 20:16:34|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528105"
"FL095"|"DHS - Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (~79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership index greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership index for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit is a method of disposing dead animals by placing the carcasses in successive layers in an excavated pit.  The carcasses are spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the pit.  When the pit is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the burial pit.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

The estimated land area needed to dispose of mature cattle ranges from 1.2 (McDaniel, 1991) to 3.5 (Ollis, 2002) cubic yards.  A single adult bovine is considered equivalent to 5 sheep or 5 hogs (McDaniel, 1991; USDA, 1980).  Lund et al estimate that about 92,000 cubic yards of volume would be needed to dispose of 30,000 head of cattle, assuming a trench depth of 8.5 feet (which is somewhat below the depth of observation for typical soil survey).  This is about seven acres.  Leachate collection should be considered because the putrefaction of one adult bovine is estimated to release 21 gallons of fluid in the first week and a total of about 42 gallons in the first month (Munroe, 2001).  Collection of gases released during the decomposition process should also be considered. 

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 or 7 feet).  However, because pits may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the pit developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the pit.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing pits for which the pit bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the pit is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of carcasses.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Large Animal Disposal, Pit operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the filled pit area.

References:

Lund, R. D., I. Kruger, and P. Weldon. Options for the mechanised slaughter and disposal of contaigous diseased animals - a discussion paper. Proceedings form Conference on Agricultural Engineering, Adelaide.

McDaniel, H. A.1991. Environmental protection during animal disease eradication programmes. Revue scientifique et technique Office international des Epizooties, 10(3), 867-884.

Munro, Ronald. 2001. Decomposition of farm animals corpses in mass burial sites. Veterinary Laboratories Agency report,, United Kingdom, pp 1-9.

Ollis, Gerald. 2002. Pre-selecting mass carcass disposal sites. View on-line at: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex5727

USDA. 1980. APHIS. Foot and mouth disease - guidelines for eradication. Hyattsville, MD. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services.



Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

	  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
	  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
	  Restrictive Limits:
	    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
	    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
	  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
	  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
      

3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	
	Soil Moisture: clayey soils can be difficult to work when they are moist.  The moisture content of unsaturated soil is time dependent as well as spatially variable.  The spatial variation in the soil moisture is described by the taxonomic soil moisture class.

Property used: TAXONOMIC MOISTURE CLASS RATER

Limits: 		
			IF moisture matches ""aridic*"" THEN 0, not limiting
			IF moisture matches ""xeric"" THEN .3, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""ustic"" THEN .5, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""udic"" THEN .8, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""perudic"", ""aquic"", ""peraquic"" THEN 1, limiting.
			
			
		Null values are assigned to the limiting class.
		
		
		
5.  Unstable Excavation Walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.


15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  In areas where seepage is somewhat limiting, a clay liner may be used to lower the transmission rate of the bottom of the pit.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.   
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat limiting	 14-42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely Limiting		 < 150cm
                                Somewhat Limiting                   150 - 199 cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 5 and <= 12%
		Not limiting		< 5%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

22.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, time of year, and the amount of working of the soil at the site.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528106"
"FL095"|"DHS - Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (~79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership index greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership index for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench is a method of disposing dead animals by placing the carcasses in successive layers in an excavated trench.  The carcasses are spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the trench.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the filled trench area.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

The estimated land area needed to dispose of mature cattle ranges from 1.2 (McDaniel, 1991) to 3.5 (Ollis, 2002) cubic yards.  A single adult bovine is considered equivalent to 5 sheep or 5 hogs (McDaniel, 1991; USDA, 1980).  Lund et al estimate that about 92,000 cubic yards of volume would be needed to dispose of 30,000 head of cattle, assuming a trench depth of 8.5 feet (which is somewhat below the depth of observation for typical soil survey).  This is about seven acres.  Leachate collection should be considered because the putrefaction of one adult bovine is estimated to release 21 gallons of fluid in the first week and a total of about 42 gallons in the first month (Munroe, 2001).  Collection of gases released during the decomposition process should also be considered.  To bury adult hogs or sheep, a rule of thumb is to multiply the capacities listed above by five. For broiler chickens (market-ready weight), multiply the capacity by 200. For turkeys (market-ready weight) multiply the capacity by 40 (Ollis, 2002).  

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 or 7 feet).  However, because trenches may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the trench developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed trench bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the trench.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of carcasses.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Large Animal Disposal, Trench operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the filled area.

References:

Lund, R. D., I. Kruger, and P. Weldon. Options for the mechanised slaughter and disposal of contaigous diseased animals - a discussion paper. Proceedings form Conference on Agricultural Engineering, Adelaide.

McDaniel, H. A.1991. Environmental protection during animal disease eradication programmes. Revue scientifique et technique Office international des Epizooties, 10(3), 867-884.

Munro, Ronald. 2001. Decomposition of farm animals corpses in mass burial sites. Veterinary Laboratories Agency report,, United Kingdom, pp 1-9.

Ollis, Gerald. 2002. Pre-selecting mass carcass disposal sites. View on-line at: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex5727

USDA. 1980. APHIS. Foot and mouth disease - guidelines for eradication. Hyattsville, MD. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services.




Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	

3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	
	Soil Moisture: clayey soils can be difficult to work when they are moist.  The moisture content of unsaturated soil is time dependent as well as spatially variable.  The spatial variation in the soil moisture is described by the taxonomic soil moisture class.

Property used: TAXONOMIC MOISTURE CLASS RATER

Limits: 		
			IF moisture matches ""aridic*"" THEN 0, not limiting
			IF moisture matches ""xeric"" THEN .3, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""ustic"" THEN .5, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""udic"" THEN .8, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""perudic"", ""aquic"", ""peraquic"" THEN 1, limiting.
			
			
		Null values are assigned to the limiting class.
		
		
		
		
5.  Unstable Excavation Walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the  excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation wall.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.


15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  In areas where seepage is somewhat limiting, a clay liner may be used to lower the transmission rate of the bottom of the pit.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.   
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat limiting	 14-42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely Limiting		 < 150cm
                                Somewhat Limiting                    150 - 199 cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

22.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gupsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528107"
"FL095"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Bioaccumulation"|"suitability"|"DHS - Hazard of Radioactive Bioaccumulation


Background:

Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 are radionuclides that can be released into the atmosphere as a result of above-ground nuclear explosions and inadvertent leakage from nuclear facilities, such as powerplants.  The behavior of strontium in the soil system is close to calcium.  Both are divalent metal cations.  Strontium, having a slightly smaller hydrated radius is more tightly held by the exchange complex than calcium.  Cesium acts in a fashion similar to potassium.  Both are monovalent metal cations.  Cesium is held more tightly that potassium, due to a smaller hydrated radius.  The characteristics of the soil upon which the radionuclides fall determines whether or not and to what extent they are available to plants and subsequently to animals.

Cations such as strontium or cesium added to the surface of the soil as fallout can have one of several fates.  

1 - They can be taken up by plants and cycled in the organic matter of the soil.  This is particularly true in acidic forest soils where the pH is below 5.5.  At this level of pH, aluminum solubilizes and can become the dominant cation in many soils, essentially driving basic cations off of the exchange into solution, where either they are absorbed by plant roots or they leach from the soil system. 
2 - They can be tied to the exchange surface and rendered more or less unavailable for plant uptake.  Owing to their small concentrations and generally high affinity for adsorption by the exchange, a soil having a large supply of basic cations and plentiful exchange sites will bind the radionuclides away from absorption by plant roots owing simply to mass action.  
3 - If the soil lacks the exchange capacity or the soil reaction is unfavorable for attenuation, they can be leached below the root zone and eventually into ground water or surface waters.  
4 - If the soil contains carbonates or sulfates, strontium can be tied up in the structures of these compounds.  
5 - Cesium, which is similar in ionic radius and charge to potassium can be absorbed by 2:1 layer silicates.

The bioaccumulation of cesium and strontium is favored by several soil conditions.  Low cation exchange capacity in the upper 30cm of soil causes these ions to be in soil solution rather than absorbed.  Low pH (below 5.5) causes the exchange complex to be largely aluminum saturated, which pushes cesium and strontium into soil solution.  A thick organic surface serves as a reservoir for cesium and strontium, especially for uptake and retention by fungi.  A lack of clay minerals in the soil enhances the extent of plant uptake and bioaccumulation.  When first deposited, particulate to which cesium and strontium are adsorbed can be moved around on the landscape by water and wind.  If calcium carbonate or gypsum are present, strontium can be tightly held in these minerals and not available for uptake. 


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member, or complete members of the set of soils that are suspected of having a high  Hazard for Radioactive Bioaccumulation of radionuclides in plant material growing on the soil component.  If a soil's properties within 30 cm (~12 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater than zero, then that soil property contributes to the bioaccumulation of radioactive material.  The interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Hazard for Radioactive Bioaccumulation"" interpretive rule.  Minor contributing soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These contributing features could be important factors where the major contributing features are overcome through management, when possible.  Studies from Europe indicate a fairly low mobility in soils, so only the upper 30cm of the profile is considered (Hrachowitz et al, 2005).

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are very low bioaccumulation hazard (rating index = 0), some bioaccumulation hazard (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or high bioaccumulation hazard (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Potential for Radioactive Bioaccumulation is a method of arraying soils based on their hazard for bioaccumulating radionuclides.  This information can be displayed spatially to show the extent and location of areas where bioaccumulation may occur in the event of a leakage of radioactive material.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.



References:

Bohn, Hinrich, Brian McNeal, and George O'Connor.1979.Soil Chemistry.John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Hrachowitz, Markus, Fran-Josef Maringer, Christian Steineder, and Martin H. Gerzabek.2005. Soil redistribution model for undisturbed and cultivated sites based on Chernobyl-derived cesium-137 fallout. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:1302-1310.



Criteria Used:


1.  In a soil where little leaching occurs, calcium carbonate or gypsum can accumulate, depending on how dry the soil is.  This subrule rule tests for either calcium carbonate or gypsum.  The lowest fuzzy number is sent to the main rule level.


Subrules used:

NSSC Data:Bioaccumulation carbonate
NSSC Data:Bioaccumulation gypsum
 The lowest fuzzy number result from these two rules is used.

	A.  Calcium carbonate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable carbonates, the potential for sequestration is high. 


Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	CCE	0	no sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	0-10	some sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	>10	high degree of sequestering from CaCO3
	
	Null CaCO3 is assigned 0.
	
	
	B.  Calcium sulfate (gypsum) in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable gypsum content, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: GYPSUM FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	gypsum	0	no sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum	0-10	some sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum	>10	high degree of sequestering from gypsum
	
	Null gypsum is assigned 0.
	
	
	
2.  Sorption:  This subrule tests the interaction of pH and CEC against the thickness of the organic surface.  These two factors represent the exchange complex of the soil.  The higher of the two fuzzy numbers is sent to the main level rule.


Subrules used:

NSSC Data: Bioaccumulation pH X CEC
NSSC Data: Bioaccumulation Organic Surface


	A.  It is thought that pH and CEC interact in influencing the availability of cesium and strontium in soil solution.  When pH and CEC are both high, then the availability of these ions is decreased.  When pH and CEC are both low, then the availability of these ions is higher.  Also, if one or the other of pH and CEC is lower, then the availability is increased.  In fuzzy systems as well as regression models, interaction of variables is indicated by multiplying them together.


Subrule:  Bioaccumulation pH

Property used:  WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION 

Limits:


	pH 	<5.5	high potential for bioaccumulation   
	pH 	5.5-6.5	moderate potential for bioaccumulation   
	pH 	>6.5	low potential for bioaccumulation.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
Subrule:  Bioaccumulation CEC
	
Property used:  MEQ 0-30cm OR RESTRICTION

Limits:

	milliequivalents of exchange 	=0	no sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>0-10	some sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>10	high degree of sequestering from exchange.
	
	Null CEC is assigned to ""Not Rated"".
	
	
Calculation:

Interaction Term = (Bioaccumulation pH) X (Bioaccumulation CEC)

	B.  The surface organic layer in many soils provides a reservoir for plant available nutrients.  Cesium and strontium act similar to the plant nutrients potassium and calcium and are treated in a similar manner by plants.  It is assumed in this subrule that a thicker layer will retain more strontium and cesium for cyclical reuse by plants.  Any material leaching below the surface is intercepted and incorporated into plant tissue to be returned to the soil when the plant dies.


Property used: THICKNESS OF SURFACE ORGANIC HORIZON

Limits:
	0cm		No bioaccumulation in organic layer
	>0-20cm		Moderate potential of accumulation in organic layer
	>20cm		High potential for accumulation in the organic layer.
	
	Null organic surface is assigned 0.
	
	
	
3.  Surface redistribution:  Concave areas on the landscape tend to accumulate water and material that erodes from adjacent areas.  Strontium and cesium are added to the soil surface as fallout and are thus susceptible to redistribution by erosion, especially when newly deposited on a surface lacking an organic layer.  The general consensus is that very little erosion occurs on soils having an O horizon.  Some soils are more erodible than others, due to their composition, as is related by the K factor.  Slope is a contributor to erosion.

Property used:  EROSION FACTOR SURFACE LAYER, ORGANIC 0.02

Limits:

	=0.02		less likely to erode
	>0.02-<0.64	erosion possible	
	=0.64		highly erodible.
	
Organic layers are assigned a k factor of 0.02.

Property used: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GAIN

			
Limits:			IF (CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 3.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 0.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 1 ELSE 0.0.
			
			Null slope shape data is assigned 0.
			
			
Property used: SLOPE

Limits:

	Slope 	0	no movement   
	Slope 	>0-100	some movement potential   
	Slope 	>100	high movement potential.
	
	Null slope is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
Evaluations used:

Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02
Susceptibility to Gain
Slope for Material Loss 0-100
	
	
Calculation:

Bioaccumulation Material Gain Potential = [(Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02/2)+(Susceptibility to Gain/2)]*(Slope for Material Loss 0-100/2)

The fuzzy numbers from these subrules are added to the lower of the sorption or attenuation rules to obtain the rating for the soil."|09/27/2012 20:16:33|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528108"
"FL095"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Sequestration"|"limitation"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Sequestration


Background:

Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 are radionuclides that can be released into the atmosphere as a result of above-ground nuclear explosions and inadvertent leakage from nuclear facilities, such as powerplants.  The behavior of strontium in the soil system is close to calcium.  Both are divalent metal cations.  Strontium, having a slightly smaller hydrated radius is more tightly held by the exchange complex than calcium.  Cesium acts in a fashion similar to potassium.  Both are monovalent metal cations.  Cesium is held more tightly that potassium, due to a smaller hydrated radius.  The characteristics of the soil upon which the radionuclides fall determines whether or not and to what extent they are available to plants and subsequently to animals.

Cations such as strontium or cesium added to the surface of the soil as fallout can have one of several fates.  

1 - They can be taken up by plants and cycled in the organic matter of the soil.  This is particularly true in acidic forest soils where the pH is below 5.5.  At this level of pH, aluminum solubilizes and can become the dominant cation in many soils, essentially driving basic cations off of the exchange into solution, where either they are absorbed by plant roots or they leach from the soil system. 
2 - They can be tied to the exchange surface and rendered more or less unavailable for plant uptake.  Owing to their small concentrations and generally high affinity for adsorption by the exchange, a soil having a large supply of basic cations and plentiful exchange sites will bind the radionuclides away from absorption by plant roots owing simply to mass action.  
3 - If the soil lacks the exchange capacity or the soil reaction is unfavorable for attenuation, they can be leached below the root zone and eventually into ground water or surface waters.  
4 - If the soil contains carbonates or sulfates, strontium can be tied up in the structures of these compounds.  
5 - Cesium, which is similar in ionic radius and charge to potassium can be absorbed by 2:1 layer silicates.

The sequestration of cesium and strontium is favored by several soil conditions.  High cation exchange capacity in the upper 30cm of soil causes these ions to be absorbed rather than in soil solution.  pH above 5.5 causes the exchange complex to be largely available for basic cations, which allows cesium and strontium to be taken proportionally from soil solution.  A thin organic surface provides less of a reservoir for cesium and strontium.  A preponderance of clay minerals in the soil enhances the extent to which cesium and strontium can be attenuated by the soil.  When first deposited, particulate to which cesium and strontium are adsorbed can be moved around on the landscape by water and wind, so convex land surfaces are less susceptible to accumulation.  If calcium carbonate or gypsum are present, strontium can be tightly held in these minerals and not available for uptake. 


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member, or complete members of the set of soils that are suspected of having a high  Potential for Radioactive Sequestration of radionuclides in soil constituents, either oragnic or mineral.  If a soil's properties within 30 cm (~12 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater than zero, then that soil property contributes to the sequestration of radioactive material.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Potential for Radioactive Sequestration"" interpretive rule.  Minor contributing soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These contributing features could be important factors where the major contributing features are overcome through management, when possible.  Studies from Europe indicate a fairly low mobility in soils, so only the upper 30cm of the profile is considered (Hrachowitz et al, 2005).

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are very low sequestration potential  (rating index = 0), some sequestration potential (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or high sequestration potential (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Potential for Radioactive Sequestration is a method of arraying soils based on their potential ability to sequester radionuclides.  This information can be displayed spatially to show the extent and location of areas where sequestration may occur in the event of a leakage of radioactive material.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.



References:

Bohn, Hinrich, Brian McNeal, and George O'Connor.1979.Soil Chemistry.John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Hrachowitz, Markus, Fran-Josef Maringer, Christian Steineder, and Martin H. Gerzabek.2005. Soil redistribution model for undisturbed and cultivated sites based on Chernobyl-derived cesium-137 fallout. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:1302-1310.



Criteria used:

1.  Carbonate sequestration:  Calcium carbonate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable carbonates, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	CCE	0	no sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	0-10	some sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	>10	high degree of sequestering from CaCO3
	
	Null CaCO3 is assigned 0.
	
	
	
2.  The type and amount of clay in the upper 30cm of the soil can affect the sequestration or holding of cesium and strontium.  The pH of the soil affects the suite of cations available in soil solution.  At higher pH, the exchange is dominated by basic cations, which plants take up and use.  In lower pH systems, the exchange is dominated by hydrogen and aluminum, which plants do not absorb.  Thus, the beneficial, in terms of sequestration, effects of the clay content are negated as pH is decreased.  This subrule models the change in sequestration from a higher pH system to a lower pH.

Subrules used:

Sequestration Clay Content, Raw
Bioaccumulation pH

The fuzzy numbers from these subrules are used in the calculation.

Calculation:  Sequestration Clay Content = (Sequestration Clay Content, Raw)-(Bioaccumulation pH)


	A.  The clay content of the upper 30cm of the soil determines in part how available to plants various ions added by eolean additions may be.  In a soil having a large amount of clay, the ability of the soil to tie up ions in the lattice, especially cesium in 2:1 clays, can decrease the plant availability of the added cations from fallout. 


Property used:  WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Limits:


	clay content	0 percent	low potential for sequestration
	clay content	>0-18 percent	moderate potential for sequestration
	clay content	>18 percent	high potential for sequestration.
	
	Null clay content is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
	B.  The pH of the upper 30cm of the soil determines in part the concentrations of various ions in soil solution.  In soils having a high pH, the ions added by eolean additions will comprise a smaller portion of the cations available for plant uptake.  It is assumed that in soils having a higher pH, the base saturation will be higher and so the cesium and strontium will represent a smaller proportion of the available cations in soil solution.  It is also assumed plants will not preferentially adsorb the radioactive constituents.  If the pH is low, the cations from fallout will be taken  up by plants and cycled.    

Property used:  WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION 

Limits:


	pH 	<5.0	low potential for sequestration   
	pH 	5.0-7.0	moderate potential for sequestration   
	pH 	>7.0	high potential for sequestration.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
3.  Calcium sulfate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable gypsum, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: GYPSUM FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	gypsum content	0 percent	no sequestering from gypsum 
	gypsum content	0-10 percent	some sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum content	>10 percent	high degree of sequestering from gypsum
	
	Null gypsum content is assigned 0.
	
	
	
4.  Organic surface sequestration:  In a forested environment, particularly on acid, sandy soils, the surface organic horizon comprises the reservoir of available plant nutrients.  Nutrients are cycled, stored, and recycled through the organic mat.  As the subsurface soil becomes more fertile (contains more nutrients) the impact of the organic surface horizon is lessened and the added strontium and cesium can be effectively sequestered.  Soils having both high CEC and high pH are assumed to be fertile and more prone to sequester while soils that have low CEC and low pH are prone to have Sr and Cs more bioavailable.

Properties used:

MEQ 0-30cm OR RESTRICTION

Limits:

	milliequivalents of exchange 	0	no sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	0-10	some sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>10	high degree of sequestering from exchange.
	
	Null CEC is assignrd ""Not Rated"".



WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Limits:

	pH 	<5.5	no sequestering   
	pH 	5.5-6.5	some sequestering   
	pH 	>6.5	high degree of sequestering.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".



THICKNESS OF SURFACE ORGANIC HORIZON

Limits:
	0 cm		No bioaccumulation in organic layer
	>0-20 cm	moderate potential of accumulation in organic layer
	>20 cm		high potential for accumulation in the organic layer.
	
	Null organic horizon thickness is assigned 0.
	
	
Evaluations used:

MEQ 0-10 in depth 0-30cm
pH 5.5-6.5 in depth 0-30cm
Organic Horizon Thickness.

The fuzzy numbers from these evaluations are used in the calculation.

Calculation:

Sequestration Organic Surface =[(MEQ 0-10 in depth 0-30cm/2)+(pH 5.5-6.5 in depth 0-30cm/2)] - Organic Horizon Thickness



5.  Convex areas on the landscape tend to spread or lose water and material and send it to adjacent areas.  Strontium and cesium are added to the soil surface as fallout and are thus susceptible to redistribution by erosion, especially when newly deposited on a surface lacking an organic layer.  The general consensus is that very little erosion occurs on soils having an O horizon.  Some soils are more erodible than others, due to their composition, as is related by the K factor.  Slope is a contributor to erosion.

Property used:  EROSION FACTOR SURFACE LAYER, ORGANIC 0.02

Limits:

	=0.02		less likely to erode
	>0.02-<0.64	erosion possible	
	=0.64		highly erodible.
	
Organic layers are assigned a k factor of 0.02.

Property used: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LOSS

			
Limits:			IF (CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 0.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 3.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 2.0 ELSE 0.0.
			
			Null slope shape data is assigned 0.
			
			
Property used: SLOPE

Limits:

	Slope 	0	no movement   
	Slope 	>0-100	some movement potential   
	Slope 	>100	high movement potential.
	
	Null slope is assigned ""No Rated"".
	
Evaluations used:

Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02
Susceptibility to Loss
Slope for Material Loss 0-100

	
Calculation:

Sequestration Material Loss Potential = [(Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02/2)+(Susceptibility to Loss/2)]*(Slope for Material Gain 0-100/2)

The fuzzy number from this subrule is subtracted from the highest of the previous four subrules to obtain the final rating."|09/27/2012 20:16:33|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528109"
"FL095"|"DHS - Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-Scale Event"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use for ""Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (about 80 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event is a method of disposing of material that has been rendered unsafe and unusable by the effects of a large-scale disaster, either natural or man-made, affecting tens of counties or parishes.  Many homes and business structures will be ruined, either by smashing or contamination.  

The assumptions are as follows.  This method is to be used to permanently dispose of material that would be hazardous to public health if left exposed in the aftermath of a major flood, fire, earthquake, wind storm, or other severe weather.  Disposal of material involved in a radiological disaster is outside of the scope of this interpretation.  Large animal disposal is addressed in another interpretation.  Time is of the essence in the disposal to avoid air quality and groundwater degradation and disease or the exacerbation of respiratory conditions, particularly with material involved in flooding.  The amount of geotechnical background work at the disposal site may not be as extensive as at a normal landfill, thus the soil criteria are stringent.  A site, such as a large parking lot, is available to field-separate the materials into several classes.  The material to be buried is expected to consist largely of lumber, broken drywall, upholstered furniture, household chemicals, electronic devices, insulation, roofing materials, pressure-treated lumber, mobile homes, and anything else not considered environmentally safe to incinerate or feasible to recycle.  This material is expected to be contaminated with mold, rodent droppings, and sediment.  Some materials retrieved from the structures, such as appliances, are expected to be recycled.  Combustible material, such as fallen trees, limbs, and lumber may be burned near the disaster area, if doing so is safe.  The ash will be disposed of at a licensed landfill.  Inert materials, such as bricks and concrete blocks, are expected to be used as fill in the local area.  Limiting the distance to the disposal site from where the material originates is considered desirable.  Access roads will need to be constructed to get to the site.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill and the area revegetated.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 feet).  However, because excavations may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the landfill.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of refuse.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event site it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the fill.




Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.   Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		   	  
		  
3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
5.  Instability of excavation walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		   D. Gypsiferous soils can be non-cohesive if they are not cemented.  The amount of gypsum is related to the instability hazard, as is the depth to the cememnted layer, if one exists.  This subrule examines the gypsum content and the depth to a cemented layer.  A cemented gypsiferous soil is not considered to be a cave in hazard.

			Property used:  GYPSUM 10-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
			Evaluation used:  Gypsum WTD_AVG from 10cm to Restriction

			Restrictive limits:	Not limiting  		<=30 percent
			Limiting		30-60 percent
			Severely limiting 	 >=60 percent
			


			Property used:  DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE LAYER BELOW O HORIZON			
			Evaluation used:  Depth to Restrictive Layer 50 to 150cm


			Restrictive limits:	Not limiting  		<=75 cm
			Limiting		75-200 cm
			Severely limiting 	 >=200 cm
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.



15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

22.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gupsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528110"
"FL095"|"DHS - Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface"|"limitation"|"Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface

Background

Composting: The Process of Biological Degradation

Biological degradation of organic materials forms the basis for composting.  This biological process depends on the active metabolism of microorganisms in a suitable micro-environment. The six critical factors for the transformation of organic materials into compost are microorganisms, heat, air, water, carbon, and nitrogen.

The microorganisms that carry out biological degradation for composting often are found in the soil or on the surface of leaves.  These microorganisms thrive in a surface or subsurface microclimate with free circulation of air, free flow of water, and a temperature well above freezing. The microorganisms also require carbon as food for energy and growth, as well as nitrogen for protein and rebuilding cells.

Composting facilities are designed to provide these six critical factors in relative proportions so that the process of biological degradation is sustained.  Deficits in any of the critical factors, or imbalances among them, may result in extremely slow composting or a dormant composting system. Mixing of materials also redistributes heat, air, and water and will speed the process of biological degradation. Large facilities may provide mechanical mixing of the compost materials. Smaller facilities may rely on manual turning of the materials or may add some materials that are too large to compost in order to create channels for air flow through the pile. 

Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) are measures of the soil micro-climate that affects the rate of composting.  Both MAP and MAAT are available from the soil survey database.  Composting is most rapid in warm, moist areas that generally have MAP between 450 and 1250 mm together with MAAT between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius.  The optimal temperature inside the compost pile is 10 to 15.5 degrees Celsius. In colder areas the rate of composting may be increased by insulating the compost pile on all sides with an extra layer of high carbon materials such as hay or newspaper. To avoid extreme cold or rainforest conditions, the composting may be done inside a protected area or a building.  The optimal moisture for composting is field capacity, or freely drained but moist. Moisture may need to be added to the compost pile especially if the organic materials are dry such as chipped lumber. 

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the organic materials is perhaps the hardest part of the process to regulate.  Active compost piles need a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 (30 units of carbon to 1 unit of nitrogen). Many common materials such as leaves and lumber are high in carbon and require balanced inputs of materials that are high in nitrogen such as coffee grounds or manures and urines.  Often the materials high in nitrogen are less available or more difficult to transport to the composting site. Materials intended for composting may vary in their carbon to nitrogen ratio due to many factors and testing of materials is recommended before large scale operations begin. A few C:N examples are given in table 1.



Table 1.  Examples of composting materials from a summary of 
Publications (with estimated ratios of carbon to nitrogen)

High Nitrogen Materials
Fish, slaughter, or poultry waste (C:N = 4:1)
Urine - undiluted (8:1)
Manure or sewage sludge  fresh (13:1)
Grass clippings  fresh (15:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Vegetable and fruit waste (25:1)

High Carbon Materials
Leaves	 (60:1)
Straw (85:1)
Wood chips (125:1)
Sawdust (500:1)
Hardwood lumber (500:1)
Newspaper (600:1)



Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as a subsurface ""Site for Composting Facility"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (about 79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Site for subsurface composting facility is the site location for placement of a subsurface composting facility without the use of a liner or placement on concrete pad. The composting facility is to process raw manure or other raw organic by-products into biologically stable organic material as outlined in the NRCS conservation practice standard ""Composting Facility"" (code 317). 

Scope: National

The bottom elevation of the composting facility shall be above the seasonal high water table and on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Compost facilities should be located outside of floodplains.  However, if site restrictions require location within a floodplain, they shall be protected from inundation or damage from a 25-year flood event, or larger. Locate compost facilities so prevailing winds and landscape elements such as building arrangement, landforms and vegetation minimize odors and protect the visual resource. 

Suitability of a soil for use as a site for composting should be on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. On sloping soils, cut perpendicular to the contour to obtain level surface for composting facility. Direct any contaminated runoff from compost facilities to an appropriate storage or treatment facility for further management.

Soil interpretations for locating a site for composting are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.





Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

	
2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		  
		  
4.  Instability of excavation walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		   D. Gypsiferous soils can be non-cohesive if they are not cemented.  The amount of gypsum is related to the instability hazard, as is the depth to the cememnted layer, if one exists.  This subrule examines the gypsum content and the depth to a cemented layer.  A cemented gypsiferous soil is not considered to be a cave in hazard.

			Property used:  GYPSUM 10-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
			Evaluation used:  Gypsum WTD_AVG from 10cm to Restriction

			Restrictive limits:	Not limiting  		<=30 percent
			Limiting		30-60 percent
			Severely limiting 	 >=60 percent
			


			Property used:  DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE LAYER BELOW O HORIZON			
			Evaluation used:  Depth to Restrictive Layer 50 to 150cm


			Restrictive limits:	Not limiting  		<=75 cm
			Limiting		75-200 cm
			Severely limiting 	 >=200 cm
		  
		  


5.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the site for use as a composting facility.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetate, and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100 cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 200 cm
		Not limiting		 > 200 cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned to the Not limiting class.	



6.  Flooding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2
	



7.  Surface rock fragments:  Soils that have large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.


	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 3 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 3 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.

		  

8.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

		  
9.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	


10.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


11.  Precipitation:  Mean annual precipitation: Localities that have low rainfall are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low rainfall, moisture will need to be added to maintain biological activity in the composting mass.  The site feature considered is mean annual precipitation.

	Property used: PRECIPITATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		
		Somewhat limiting    	= 0-1200 mm
		Not limiting		 > 1200 mm
	
                The fuzzy number for this rule is limited with a 0.25 multiplier hedge to never be more than somewhat limiting.
	Null precipitation is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
	
	
	
12.  Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation. Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 200 cm deep.

            Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-200cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                	=> 50%
                    Somewhat limiting        	> 25% to < 50%
                    Not limiting            	=< 25%

            Null fragment data are assigned Not rated. 	
	


	
13.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.



14.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



15.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
	
17.  Mean annual air temperature: Localities that have very low or very high mean annual air temperature are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low mean annual air temperature, the onset of decomposition may be delayed by low biological activity in the composting mass.  The additional expense of covering or insulating the composting mass may be incurred.  In very warm areas, adding extra water and more frequent turning of the mass adds to the cost of composting.  The site feature considered is mean annual air temperature.

	Property used: MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 <= 8 and >30 degrees C 
		Somewhat limiting	 8 to <=10 and 22 to <=30 degrees C
		Not limiting		 >10 to <=22 degrees C
		
	Null mean annual air temperature is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.	
	
	
18.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

19. Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting	=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class."|07/27/2017 17:30:06|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528111"
"FL095"|"DHS - Site for Composting Facility - Surface"|"limitation"|"Site for Composting Facility - Surface

Background

Composting: The Process of Biological Degradation

Biological degradation of organic materials forms the basis for composting.  This biological process depends on the active metabolism of microorganisms in a suitable micro-environment. The six critical factors for the transformation of organic materials into compost are microorganisms, heat, air, water, carbon, and nitrogen.

The microorganisms that carry out biological degradation for composting often are found in the soil or on the surface of leaves.  These microorganisms thrive in a surface or subsurface microclimate with free circulation of air, free flow of water, and a temperature well above freezing. The microorganisms also require carbon as food for energy and growth, as well as nitrogen for protein and rebuilding cells.

Composting facilities are designed to provide these six critical factors in relative proportions so that the process of biological degradation is sustained.  Deficits in any of the critical factors, or imbalances among them, may result in extremely slow composting or a dormant composting system. Mixing of materials also redistributes heat, air, and water and will speed the process of biological degradation. Large facilities may provide mechanical mixing of the compost materials. Smaller facilities may rely on manual turning of the materials or may add some materials that are too large to compost in order to create channels for air flow through the pile. 

Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) are measures of the soil micro-climate that affects the rate of composting.  Both MAP and MAAT are available from the soil survey database.  Composting is most rapid in warm, moist areas that generally have MAP between 450 and 1250 mm together with MAAT between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius.  The optimal temperature inside the compost pile is 10 to 15.5 degrees Celsius. In colder areas the rate of composting may be increased by insulating the compost pile on all sides with an extra layer of high carbon materials such as hay or newspaper. To avoid extreme cold or rainforest conditions, the composting may be done inside a protected area or a building.  The optimal moisture for composting is field capacity, or freely drained but moist. Moisture may need to be added to the compost pile especially if the organic materials are dry such as chipped lumber. 

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the organic materials is perhaps the hardest part of the process to regulate.  Active compost piles need a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 (30 units of carbon to 1 unit of nitrogen). Many common materials such as leaves and lumber are high in carbon and require balanced inputs of materials that are high in nitrogen such as coffee grounds or manures and urines.  Often the materials high in nitrogen are less available or more difficult to transport to the composting site. Materials intended for composting may vary in their carbon to nitrogen ratio due to many factors and testing of materials is recommended before large scale operations begin. A few C:N examples are given in table 1.



Table 1.  Examples of composting materials from a summary of 
Publications (with estimated ratios of carbon to nitrogen)

High Nitrogen Materials
Fish, slaughter, or poultry waste (C:N = 4:1)
Urine - undiluted (8:1)
Manure or sewage sludge  fresh (13:1)
Grass clippings  fresh (15:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Vegetable and fruit waste (25:1)

High Carbon Materials
Leaves	 (60:1)
Straw (85:1)
Wood chips (125:1)
Sawdust (500:1)
Hardwood lumber (500:1)
Newspaper (600:1)


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as a ""Site for Composting Facility"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Site for Composting Facility"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Site for composting facility is the site location for placement of a composting facility without the use of a liner or placement on concrete pad. The composting facility is to process raw manure or other raw organic by-products into biologically stable organic material as outlined in the NRCS conservation practice standard ""Composting Facility"" (code 317). 

Scope: National

The bottom elevation of the composting facility shall be above the seasonal high water table and on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Compost facilities should be located outside of floodplains.  However, if site restrictions require location within a floodplain, they shall be protected from inundation or damage from a 25-year flood event, or larger. Locate compost facilities so prevailing winds and landscape elements such as building arrangement, landforms and vegetation minimize odors and protect the visual resource. Direct any contaminated runoff from compost facilities to an appropriate storage or treatment facility for further management.

Suitability of a soil for use as a site for composting should be on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Slope affects the ease of accessing and manipulating the compost material.  It also will affect runoff from the site. If slope is limiting, then consult the ""Site for Composting Facility  Subsurface"" interpretation.


Soil interpretations for locating a site for composting are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.


Criteria used:


1.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the site for use as a composting facility.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetate, and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100 cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 200 cm
		Not limiting		 > 200 cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
2.  Flooding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


3.  Fragments in soil:  Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.



	Property evaluated: WTD_AVG FRAGS > 250mm 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 5 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 5 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.	



4.  Surface fragments:  Soils that have large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.


	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 3 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 3 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.



5.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become an environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 200cm.

            Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-200CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                 	> 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Somewhat Limiting       	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Not limiting           	 =< 14.1 micrometers/sec

            Null Ksat values are assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.


6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
7.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2



8.  Mean annual precipitation: Localities that have low rainfall are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low rainfall, moisture will need to be added to maintain biological activity in the composting mass.  The site feature considered is mean annual precipitation.

	Property used: PRECIPITATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 400 mm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 400-1200 mm
		Not limiting		 > 1200 mm
		
	Null precipitation is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
	
	
	
9.  Slope:  The slope of the soil surface influences its trafficability for equipment and also can cause erosion hazard if steep.

	Property evaluated: SLOPE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 8 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 8 to 3 percent
		Well suited		< 3 percent
		
	Null slopes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
10.  Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the
thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.

        Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)

        Restriction limits:
                Limiting                	=> 8
                Somewhat limiting        	> 5 to < 8
                Not limiting           	 	=< 5

        Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the ""Not rated"".
        
        
        
11.  Mean annual air temperature: Localities that have very low or very high mean annual air temperature are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low mean annual air temperature, the onset of decomposition may be delayed by low biological activity in the composting mass.  The additional expense of covering or insulating the composting mass may be incurred.  In very warm areas, adding extra water and more frequent turning of the mass adds to the cost of composting.  The site feature considered is mean annual air temperature.

	Property used: MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 <= 8 and >30 degrees C 
		Somewhat limiting	 8 to <=10 and 22 to <=30 degrees C
		Not limiting		 >10 to <=22 degrees C
		
	Null mean annual air temperature is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.

12.  Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting		=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class."|07/27/2017 17:30:06|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528112"
"FL095"|"DHS - Suitability for Clay Liner Material"|"suitability"|"Clay Liner for Waste Disposal				

Clay Liner for Waste Disposal is a constructed geologic barrier used to confine and isolate solid and liquid waste in disposal sites where protection of soil, ground water, and surface water is important.  The primary objective of the geologic barrier is to control leachate and gas migration.  Flexible membranes and drainage layers may be used with clay liner for waste disposal.  In some situations, bentonite is added to soils low in clay to achieve the desired hydraulic conductivity.

This interpretation rates potential sites for sources of clay liner material.  The primary assumption for clay liner for waste disposal is that the hydraulic conductivity of soils or geologic materials in the foundation of the waste disposal site is too high and leachate and gases from the buried waste can migrate into the soil, ground water, or surface water.  It is assumed that the source clay liner material would be a minimum of 50 cm thick before it would be feasible to excavate.  The material should be free of large rock fragments, roots, or other debris since it would be difficult to screen such clayey material to separate undesirable components.  Once it is excavated, it would be transported to the waste disposal site and it would be placed directly into the trench.  Water would be added if needed for appropriate compaction.  Bentonite would be added to the clay liner material at this time also, if needed. 

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water through seepage or migration of gases.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property, such as the use of a flexible membrane, drainage layers, or increased thickness of the geologic barrier.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 feet).  However, because excavations may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates or migration of gases to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of rough bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in getting an adequate seal at the boundary of the rock and the Clay Liner material that would adequately reduce the potential pollution of underground water.

Soil properties that influence the risk of pollution and the ease of excavation and installation or compaction are major considerations.  Soils that have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in installing the liner.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the clay liner material is dug and placed is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil also determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact.  The Plasticity Index and the mineralogy of the soil help define the consistency of the soil.  

See the Daily Cover for Waste Disposal, Large-scale Event national soil interpretation to determine if suitable soils materials are available for the final cover of the site.  It may be desirable to stockpile the surface soil layer in the Clay Liner borrow area for use in the final blanketing of the fill.

The minimum requirements for the geologic barrier are as follows:

Landfill for hazardous waste - Ksat 10-9 m/sec  thickness  5 m
Landfill for non-hazardous waste - Ksat 10-9 m/sec  thickness  1 m
Landfill for inert waste - Ksat 10-7 m/sec  thickness  1 m
(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle B - Ksat 10-7 cm/sec  thickness  2 ft, flexible membrane at least 60 mil (1.5 mm)).
(EPA - 3 ft soil layer) 

Criteria:
1.	Soil shall be free of roots, debris, organic or frozen material.
2.	Soil shall have a maximum clod size of 50 mm (2 in) at the time of compaction.
3.	Soil max. particle size  25 mm
(12.5 mm if flexible membrane is used)*
4.	Soil min. percent passing 4.75 mm sieve  80
5.	Soil min. percent passing 0.075 mm sieve  50
6.	Soil min. liquid limit  35
7.	Soil min. plasticity index  10
8.	Soil max. plasticity index  40

These criteria were determined based on information from the following references:

USDA. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1997. Agricultural Waste management Field Handbook. Chapter 10. 31 pages. 

US Army Corps of Engineers. August 2004.  Unified Facilities Guide Specifications No. 023377. 17 pages.   http://www.ccb.org/docs/ufgshome/pdf/02377.pdf

Environmental Protection Agency


*In the NASIS database, no size breaks easily equivalent to these sizes are used.  There is no break between 4.76 (number 4 sieve) and 75 mm.  It was thought that basing the rating on the material passing the Number 4 sieve would be too restrictive so the 75 mm size is used to approximate the 25 mm.  As a concession, the amount of >75mm material allowed is kept very low (5 percent).



Criteria Used:


1.  Area reclaim:  Soil reconstruction of areas drastically disturbed, as in obtaining material for a clay liner, is the process of replacing layers of soil material or unconsolidated geologic material, or both, in a vertical sequence of such quality and thickness that a favorable medium for plant growth is provided.

When the soil materials are properly used in reconstruction, a rating of good means that vegetation is relatively easy to establish and maintain, that the surface is stable and resists erosion, and that the reconstructed soil has good potential productivity.  Material rated fair can be vegetated and stabilized by modifying one or more properties.  Topdressing with better material or applications of soil amendments may be necessary for satisfactory performance.  Material rated poor has such severe problems that revegetation and stabilization are very difficult and costly.  Topdressing with better material is necessary to establish and maintain vegetation.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of reconstruction material.  The soil interpretation for reconstruction material source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Vegetation is difficult to establish on soils that have high pH.  Many of these soils also have a high sodium adsorption ratio, which indicates potential instability and water transmission problems.  Materials that are extremely acid or have the potential upon oxidation of becoming extremely acid are difficult and expensive to vegetate.  They also contribute to poor water quality, in runoff or in ground water.

The available water capacity also is important in establishing vegetation.  Soils that have a low available water capacity may require irrigation for the establishment of vegetation.

The stability of the soil depends upon its erodibility by water and wind and its strength.  Water erodibility is indicated by the K factor; wind erodibility is rated according to the ""I"" value of the wind erodibility group.  Potential slippage hazard is related to soil texture, and although other factors also contribute, the ratings of soil texture represent one important factor.

The fraction 3-10 inches is a weight percentage of rock fragments in the material used for soil reconstruction.  The amount and size of rock fragments influence the ease of excavation, stockpiling, and respreading and the suitability for the final use of the land.  A certain amount of rock fragments can be tolerated depending upon their size and the intended use of the reclaimed area.  If the size of rock fragments exceeds 10 inches, problems are more severe.



Criteria used for area reclaim:

    Criterion name: AWC 0 to 30cm, 2 to 5cm/cm

    Droughty: Soils with high available water capacity are not as likely to
    be droughty.  This condition encourages vigorous plant growth and the
    establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered
    is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through
    the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

            Property used: AWC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality -
    high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited          =< 2.0 cm
                    Somewhat suited         > 2.0 to 5.0 cm
                    Well suited            => 5.0 cm

            Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: CaCO3 WTD_AVG 0-30cm 15 to 40

    Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the
    thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil
    feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate
    equivalent.

            Property used: WTD_AVG CaCO3 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited           => 40 %
                    Somewhat suited          > 15 and < 40 %
                    Well suited             =< 15 %

            Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Clay Content WTD_AVG to 30 cm

    Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult
    to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent
    clay to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.

            Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                   Poorly suited           >= 40%
                   Somewhat suited         > 30 to < 40%
                   Well suited             <= 30%

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: Cobbles, Stones, WTD_AVG 25 to 50% - 0 to 30cm

    Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in
    size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with
    construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted
    average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper
    72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

            Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 0 to 30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICT,
    WTD_AVE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           > 50%
                    Somewhat suited         > 25% to <= 50%
                    Well suited            <= 25%

            Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: EC WTD_AVG 0 to 30 cm, 8-16mmhos

    Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water
    capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in
    disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity
    (electrical conductivity) for all layers.

            Property used: WTD_AVG EC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - low, high, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited           > 16 mmhos/cm
                    Somewhat suited         <= 8 to >= 16 mmhos/cm
                    Well suited             < 8 mmhos/cm

            Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Erodibility Factor Maximum

    Water erosion: Soils with high K factors have a tendency to erode and
    when used as reclamation materials are subject to water erosion.  Water
    erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with high K
    factors.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole)
    within a depth of 40 inches.

            Property used: SOIL EROSION FACTOR MAXIMUM 1/99 (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited          => .70
                    Somewhat suited         > .35 to < .70
                    Well suited            <= .35

            Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Gravelly, Fragments 4.7 to 75mm WTD_AVG 0-30cm

    Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in
    size) in the upper 30cm of the soil can interfere with construction
    equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by
    weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 30cm of
    soil or above a restrictive layer.

            Property used: 4 SIEVE (NOT PASSING) 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICT
    LAYER WTD_AVG  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited            > 50%
                    Somewhat suited          > 25% to <= 50%
                    Well suited             <= 25%

            Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: Organic Matter < 1.5% to a Depth of 30 cm

    Low content of organic matter: Soil low in organic matter has poor
    tilth and inherent fertility.  Organic matter should be add to these
    soil when they are used as reclamation material.  Soil feature
    considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer
    above a cemented restrictive layer within a depth of 30cm.

            Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality
    - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited         <= 0.2%
                    Somewhat suited        > 0.2 to < 1.5%
                    Well suited           => 1.5%

            Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: Sand Content WTD_AVG 0 to 30 cm

    Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to
    re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may
    also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the
    percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer
    within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive
    feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between
    the #4 and #200 sieve.

            Property used: WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           >= 85
                    Somewhat suited          > 70 and < 85
                    Well suited             <= 70

            Null sand content is assigned to the Not rated class.

    AND

            Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           =< 10
                    Somewhat suited          > 10 and < 15
                    Well suited             => 15

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: Sodium Absorption Ratio WTD_AVG, 0-30 cm

    Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the
    potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in
    disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium
    adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range
    0 to 30 cm.


            Property used: WTD_AVG SAR 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - low, high, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited            > 13
                    Somewhat suited          > 4 to =< 13
                    Well suited             <= 4

            Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Soil Blowing

    Wind erosion: Soils in low WEG (Wind Erodibility Group) have a tendency
    to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to wind
    erosion.  Wind erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils
    with low WEG.  Soil feature considered is WEG.

            Property used: WIND ERODIBILITY GROUP (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited        ""1"" and ""2""
                    Suited                all others

            Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: pH WTD_AVG 0-30

    Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing
    vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum
    pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.

            Property used: pH WTD _AVG 0-30 CM (Modality - high, low,
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly Suited            < 4.5 and > 8.5
                    Somewhat Suited         => 4.5 to 6.0 and >7.0 to 8.5
                    Well suited             => 6.0 to 7.0

            Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.





2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered is restrictive feature depth where kind is permafrost.
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to =< 170cm
		Well suited		 > 170cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
3.  Depth to saturation:  Soil that is saturated with water has lower bearing strength and has reduced workability.  Saturation (water table) depth criteria are as follows.

	Property evaluated: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM  (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not suited		 < 100cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 100 to =< 200cm
		Well suited		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned  to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
4.  Flooding, or inundation with moving water, can cause damage to facilities and loss of property and life.  Flood waters can transport material away from the site and can deposit unwanted material on the site.  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value less than 1 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


5.  Surface fragments:  Soil that is has large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.

	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 2 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 2 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
6.  Hard to pack:  The amount of soil material passing the number 200 sieve, the liquid limit, and the plasticity index of soil material relates to its compactability.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be readily compacted to a layer having low water transmission capabilities. 


These three soil characteristics are examined.  The least favorable of the three determines the soil's desirability as material for a clay liner.

	1.  Property evaluated: 200 SIEVE 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 50 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 50 to < 80 percent
		Well suited		>= 80 percent
		
	Null Number 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	

	2.  Property evaluated: PI 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 10 and over 80 percent
		Somewhat suited 	>= 10 to 40 and 55 to > 80 percent
		Well suited		> 40 to 55 percent
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	3.  Property evaluated: LL 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 35 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 35 to <= 60 percent
		Well suited		> 60 percent
		
	Null liquid limit is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Thin layer:  If the thickness of the soil layer is thin, excavation of the material is not worthwhile.  The upper 30 cm of the material is to be used to reclaim the site.  The depth of soil material available will range from 30 cm to either about 200 cm (the maximum depth easily excavated) or to the top of a cemented soil layer, such as bedrock, caliche, or duripan.

Property evaluated: SOIL DEPTH TO FIRST CEMENTED RESTRICTION BELOW O HORIZON  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50 cm
		Somewhat suited 	> 50 to 170 cm
		Well suited		 > 170 cm
		
	Null Component Restriction is assigned to the well suited class.
	
	
	
8.  Compactable material:  The amount of soil material passing the number 4 sieve relates to its compactability.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be readily compacted to a layer having low water transmission capabilities.  The weighted average of the material bewtween 30 and 200 cm is examined.  The weighted average is used because it is assumed the material will be subjected to at least a small amount of stirring during processing. 

	Property evaluated: 4 SIEVE 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 80 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 80 to < 100 percent
		Well suited		>= 100 percent
		
	Null Number 4 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
9.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value less than 1 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


10.  Rock fragments:  The rock fragment content of a soil influences its usefulness as material for a clay liner.  Rock fragments decrease the compactability and provide planes of weakness for water flow.  Also, they may pucture the plastic liner if one is used.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be free of rock fragments greater than 2.5 cm in diameter.  This rule keys on rock fragments in the 3 to 10 inch range.

	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >75mm 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 5 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 5 to 0 percent
		Well suited		0 percent
		
	Null rock fragments 3 to 10 and rock > 10 are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Slope:  The slope of the soil surface influences its trafficability for equipment and also can cause erosion hazard if steep.

	Property evaluated: SLOPE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 8 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 8 to 3 percent
		Well suited		< 3 percent
		
	Null slopes are assigned to the Not rated class.

12.  Gypsum content:  Gypsum is soluble.  Dissolution of the clay liner material could allow penetration by noxious materials.

Property used:  GYPSUM WTD_AVE FROM 20CM

Interpretive limits:  	                Well suited  		0 percent gypsum
			Somewhat suited		0 to 5 percent gypsum
			Poorly suited		>5 percent gypsum"|12/21/2012 17:17:39|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528113"
"FL095"|"DHS - Suitability for Composting Medium and Final Cover"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for composting medium and final cover materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meet some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Composting Medium and Final Cover"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of composting medium or final cover.  The soil property contributing the least is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less than a desirable source of composting medium or final cover.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""DHS - Composting Medium and Final Cover"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:


Generally, the upper part of the soil, which is richest in organic matter, is most desirable for use as medium or cover material; however, material excavated from deeper layers is also used.  In this rating, the upper 100cm of soil material is evaluated for use as topsoil.  In the borrow area, the material below 100cm inches is evaluated for its suitability for plant growth after the upper 100cm is removed.

Scope: National

Soil properties that are used to rate the soil as a composting medium and final cover material are those that affect plant growth; the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading; and the reclamation of the borrow area.

The physical and chemical soil properties and qualities that influence plant growth are the presence of toxic substances, soil reaction, and those properties that are inferred from the soil texture, such as the available water capacity and fertility.  The properties that influence the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading are the amount of rock fragments, slope, depth to the water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material.  The properties that influence the reclamation of the borrow area are the slope, depth to the water table, amount of rock fragments, depth to rock, and the presence of toxic material.  The presence of even a small percentage of rock fragments in excess of 4.7mm is detrimental to the desirability of the compost material produced.


Criteria used:


1.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent of the thickest horizon that has any portion between depths 0"" to 40"" (0 to 100 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CaCO3 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat suited 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Well suited		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
2.  Too Clayey: Clayey soils, low in organic matter, may become sticky when wet and have poor tilth.  When used for topsoil, controlling compaction, proper seedbed preparation and establishing new growth is difficult.  Soil features considered are the maximum percent clay and organic matter content to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.  The model is constructed so that soils with clay content between 30 and 40% and have organic matter are not as restrictive as those with clay content in excess of 40%.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 30%
		Suited			=< 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
OR	
	
	DEPENDENCY INDEX
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat suited	 	< 3% (Index numbers decrease from 1 at 3% organic matter to .5 at 0% organic matter.
					 This index number is multiplied by the clay index to derive a dependency index.)
		Well suited		=> 3%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	* 
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 40%
		Somewhat suited		 > 30 to < 40%
		Well suited		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
3.  Hard to reclaim:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater than suitable for root growth.

	Property used: DEPTH TO ROOT LIMITING BULK DENSITY BELOW AN ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		=< 50cm
		Somewhat suited		 > 50 to < 100cm
		Well suited		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	The restrictive feature is difficulty of area reclamation.
	
	
	
	
4.  Rock fragments: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the depth to 100cm are poor sources of composting medium and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve, WTD_AVG to 100cm -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer of the upper 100cm of the soil can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: WTD_AVG PASSING NO10 SIEVE 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		<= 70%
		Somewhat suited		 > 70% to < 90%
		Well suited		>= 90%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles, WTD_AVG, 0 to 100cm -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer of the upper 100cm of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer in the upper 100cm of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 0 to 100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 5% to < 25%
		Well suited		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
5.  Hard to reclaim: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm are poor sources of compost medium soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve, WTD_AVG, 100 to 200cm -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: WTD_AVG PASSING NO10 SIEVE 100-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		<= 50%
		Somewhat suited		 > 50% to < 75%
		Well suited		>= 75%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles, WTD_AVG, 100 to 200cm -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm deep can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer between a depth of 100 and 200cm.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 100-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 5% to < 25%
		Well suited		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
6.  Content of organic matter: Soil with high in organic matter, has low strength, and is difficult to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 30%
		Somewhat suited		=> 15% to <= 30%
		Well suited		 < 15%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited  	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Well suited		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Well suited class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		= ""cpf""
		Suited 			not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Suited class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		= ""pf""
		Suited			not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Suited class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Well suited		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Well suited		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		not = noncemented
		Suited			    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Suited class.
	
	
	
10.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
				
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		=> 15%
		Somewhat suited 	 > 8 and < 15%
		Well suited		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio in the thickest layer have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation when used as a source of topsoil.  Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's sodium adsorption ratio within a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG SAR 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		=> 13 
		Somewhat suited		 > 4 to < 13
		Well suited 		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
12.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the thickest layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) for the thickest horizon within 100cm of the soil surface.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG EC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		  > 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat suited 	 <= 4 to >= 8 mmhos/cm
		Well suited		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
	
	Null EC is assigned to the ""Well suited"" class.
	
	
	
13.  Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 85
		Somewhat suited  	 > 70 and < 85
		Well suited		<= 70
		
	Null sand content is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited	 	=< 10
		Somewhat suited  	 > 10 and < 15
		Well suited		=> 15
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
14.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		=< 30cm
		Somewhat suited		 > 30 to < 90cm
		Well suited		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
15.  Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 0 to 100cm or a cemented restictive layer.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG PH 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited	 < 3.5
		Suited		=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class."|09/27/2012 20:16:32|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528114"
"FL095"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Gravel Source"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a "" Gravel Source"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of gravel.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then desirable source of gravel.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the "" Gravel Source"" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Gravel as a construction material is defined as particles ranging in size from 4.76 mm (sieve #4) to 76 mm (3 inches) in diameter.  Gravel is used in great quantities in many kinds of construction.  Specifications for each purpose vary widely.  The intent of this rating is to show only the probability of finding material in suitable quantity.  The suitability of the gravel for specific purposes is not evaluated.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of gravel.  The soil interpretation for gravel source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a probable source of gravel are grain size as indicated by the Unified soil classification, the thickness of the gravel layer, and the amount of rock fragments in the soil material.  If the lowest layer of the soil contains gravel, the soil is rated as a probable source regardless of thickness.  The assumption is that the gravel layer below the depth of observation exceeds the minimum thickness.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Bottom layer: If the bottom layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and not the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the bottom layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.   There is no layer thickness restriction on the bottom layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing the #4 Sieve (Bottom Layer) -- Gravelly: Soil with a gravelly bottom layer is a source of gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the bottom layer or the last layer above bedrock.
	
	Property used: PASSING # 4 SIEVE BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 50
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm BOTTOM LAYERS (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Limiting class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments > 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments greater then 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10-inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Limiting class.
	
	2.  Thickest layer: If the thickest layer contains significant amounts of material that does not passes the #4 sieve and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the thickest layer is a potential source for gravel.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Layer Thickness -- Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Percent Passing the #4 Sieve (Thickest Layer) -- Gravelly: Soil with a thick gravelly layer is a potential source of gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: PASSING # 4 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER and NOT BOTTOM. (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 50
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND

	Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials and not a good source of construction materials.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers.
	
	Property used: NOT UNIFIED (pt, oh, ol) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		    = pt
		Not limiting		not = pt
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class."|11/27/2012 17:55:38|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528115"
"FL095"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Reclamation"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Reclamation"" material.  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of reclamation material.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of reclamation material.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the "" Reclamation"" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Soil reconstruction of areas drastically disturbed, as in surface mining, is the process of replacing layers of soil material or unconsolidated geologic material, or both, in a vertical sequence of such quality and thickness that a favorable medium for plant growth is provided.

Most new state strip mine programs emphasize that the land surface be restored to about its natural configuration or better and that the soil be reconstructed to maintain or improve its suitability for the intended use.  Thus, knowledge of the soil and underlying material is needed to plan proper reconstruction operations of mined land.  This guide for soil reconstruction material evaluates the material as a medium for plant growth.  This guide does not cover areas of quarry, pit, dredge, and older surface mine operations that require an offsite source of soil reconstruction material.

When the soil materials are properly used in reconstruction, a rating of good means that vegetation is relatively easy to establish and maintain, that the surface is stable and resists erosion, and that the reconstructed soil has good potential productivity.  Material rated fair can be vegetated and stabilized by modifying one or more properties.  Topdressing with better material or applications of soil amendments may be necessary for satisfactory performance.  Material rated poor has such severe problems that revegetation and stabilization are very difficult and costly.  Topdressing with better material is necessary to establish and maintain vegetation.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of reconstruction material.  The soil interpretation for reconstruction material source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Vegetation is difficult to establish on soils that have high pH.  Many of these soils also have a high sodium adsorption ratio, which indicates potential instability and water transmission problems.  Materials that are extremely acid or have the potential upon oxidation of becoming extremely acid are difficult and expensive to vegetate.  They also contribute to poor water quality, in runoff or in ground water.

The available water capacity also is important in establishing vegetation.  Soils that have a low available water capacity may require irrigation for the establishment of vegetation.

The stability of the soil depends upon its erodibility by water and wind and its strength.  Water erodibility is indicated by the K factor; wind erodibility is rated according to the ""I"" value of the wind erodibility group.  Potential slippage hazard is related to soil texture, and although other factors also contribute, the ratings of soil texture represent one important factor.

The fraction 3-10 inches is a weight percentage of rock fragments in the material used for soil reconstruction.  The amount and size of rock fragments influence the ease of excavation, stockpiling, and respreading and the suitability for the final use of the land.  A certain amount of rock fragments can be tolerated depending upon their size and the intended use of the reclaimed area.  If the size of rock fragments exceeds 10 inches, problems are more severe.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	> 30 to < 40%
		Not limiting		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		<= 25%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors have a tendency to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to water erosion.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with high K factors.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) within a depth of 40 inches. 
		
	Property used: SOIL EROSION FACTOR MAXIMUM 1/99 (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .70 
		Somewhat limiting	 > .35 to < .70
		Not limiting		<= .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate equivalent.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALENT MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Droughty: Soils with high available water capacity are not droughty.  This condition encourages vigorous plant growth and the establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.5 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restricive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Low content of organic matter: Soil low in organic matter has poor tilth and inherent fertility.  Organic matter should be add to these soil when they are used as reclamation material.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a cemented restrictive layer within a depth of 180cm.
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-180CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 1%
		Not limiting		=> 1%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too alkaline: Soils with high pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the maximum pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Maximum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 > 8.5
		Not limiting	=< 8.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.  Low pH values below 100cm are not as restrictive as those above 100cm
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (min) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 < 4.0
		Somewhat limiting	=> 4.0 to < 6.5
		Not limiting		=> 6.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER  IN DEPTH 100-150cm (min) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 4.0
		Not limiting		=> 4.0
		
	13. Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 <= 8 to >= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER 0 to 100 CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 85
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 85
		Not limiting		<= 70
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 	=< 10cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 15
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the thickest layer is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	15. Wind erosion: Soils in low WEG (Wind Erodibility Group) have a tendency to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to wind erosion.  Wind erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with low WEG.  Soil feature considered is WEG. 
		
	Property used: WIND ERODIBILITY GROUP (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		""1"" and ""2""
		Not limiting		all others			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class."|07/08/2015 16:46:43|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528116"
"FL095"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Roadfill"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Roadfill"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of roadfill.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of roadfill.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Roadfill"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Roadfill consists of soil material that is excavated from its original position and used in road embankments elsewhere.  The evaluations for roadfill are for low embankments that generally are less than 6 feet in height and are less exacting in design than high embankments, such as those along superhighways.  The rating is given for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 5 feet, based on the assumption that soil horizons will be mixed in loading, dumping, and spreading.  In Table 620-7 criteria, limits, and restrictive features for rating soils for local roads and streets are given.  Soils are rated as to the amount of material available for excavation, the ease of excavation, and how well the material performs after it is in place.

Scope: National

Soil properties that affect the amount of material available for excavation are thickness of suitable material above bedrock or other material that is not suitable.  The percent of coarse fragments more than 3 inches in diameter, the depth to a seasonal high water table, and the slope are properties that influence the ease of excavation.  How well the soil performs in place is indicated by the AASHTO classification and group index and by the shrink-swell potential.  A high content of gypsum can cause piping or pitting.  Some damage to the borrow area is expected; but if revegetation and erosion control are likely to be difficult, the soil is rated severe.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grade stabilization.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Shrink-swell: Excessive shrink-swell (weighted average) between 25 and 150cm deep can cause roads to shift and paving to crack.  Soil feature considered is weighted average percent linear extensibility between a depth of 10 to 60 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL 25-150cm OR ABOVE Restrictive Layer Wt_Ave. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 9%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to < 9%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=< 15%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	4.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and packing. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity and reduces the soil's potential as a site for roadfill.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the thickest soil layer below 25cm or to a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: AASHTO GIN THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5 to < 8
		Not limiting		=< 5
			
	Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by 90%.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as roadfill.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as roadfill. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 90cm
		Not limiting		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

10.  Gypsum content -- Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of water to the soil.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therfore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

11. Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is less than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).



Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

				 Restriction limits:
					Suited			 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat suited	 	20-70 percent sand
					Poorly suited		 <=20 percent sand



Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

			 Restriction limits:
					Poorly suited		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat suited		 2-15 percent gypsum
					Well suited		 <=2 percent gypsum



Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

			 Restriction limits:
					Poorly suited		 >= 5  
					Somewhat suited		 0.3-5  
					Well suited		 <=0.3  
					

					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
					

References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.


12.  Liquefaction -- Some soils can hold so much water that they lose strength under stress and can flow as a liquid.  This condition is indicated by a Unified Classification of OH-T.  This is a proposed classification for some volcanic soils found on the islands in the Pacific, although the condition could exist elsewhere as well.  This should not be confused with seismically-induced liquefaction, although these soils would be affected by a siesmic event.

Property used:  UNIFIED DOMINANT CONDITION IN DEPTH 25-200CM

Restrictive limits:

                                     Not OH-T                  Does not liquefy
                                     OH-T                         Liquefaction"|09/01/2017 15:28:26|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528117"
"FL095"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Sand Source"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a ""Sand Source"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of sand.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then desirable source of sand.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Sand Source "" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sand as a construction material is usually defined as particles ranging in size from 0.074 mm (sieve #200) to 4.75 mm (sieve #4) in diameter.  Sand is used in great quantities in many kinds of construction.  Specifications for each purpose vary widely.  The intent of this rating is to show only the probability of finding material in suitable quantity.  The suitability of the sand for specific purposes is not evaluated.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of sand.  The soil interpretation for sand source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The properties used to evaluate the soils as a probable source of sand are the grain size as indicated by the Unified soil classification, the thickness of the sand layer, and the amount of rock fragments in the soil material.  They are listed in Table 620-8.  If the lowest layer of the soil contains sand, the soil is rated as a probable source regardless of thickness.  The assumption is that the sand layer below the depth of observation exceeds the minimum thickness.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials and not a good source of construction materials.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers.
	
	Property used: NOT UNIFIED (pt, oh, ol) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		    = pt
		Not limiting		not = pt
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Bottom layer: If the bottom layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and not the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the bottom layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.   There is no layer thickness restriction on the bottom layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing #4 Sieve - #200 Sieve (Bottom Layer) -- Sandy: Soil with a sandy bottom layer is a source of sand.  Soil feature considered is estimated sand of the bottom layer or the last layer above bedrock using the difference between the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 50 and < 95
		Not limiting		>= 95
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm BOTTOM LAYERS (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Limiting class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments > 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments greater then 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10-inch rock fragments are assigned to the Limiting class.
	
	4.  Thickest layer: If the thickest layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and does not pass the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the thickest layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:
	
	Layer Thickness -- Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null thickness is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	AND

	Percent Passing #4 Sieve - #200 Sieve (Thickest Layer) -- Sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer is a source of sand.  Soil feature considered is estimated sand of the soil's thickest layer above a cemented layer using the difference between the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 50 and < 95
		Not limiting		>= 95
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class."|12/21/2012 18:31:04|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528118"
"FL095"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Topsoil"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Topsoil"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of topsoil.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of topsoil.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Topsoil"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

The term ""topsoil"" has several meanings.  As used here, the term describes soil material used to cover an area and improve soil conditions for the establishment and maintenance of adapted vegetation. 

Generally, the upper part of the soil, which is richest in organic matter, is most desirable for use as topsoil; however, material excavated from deeper layers is also used.  In this rating, the upper 40 inches of soil material is evaluated for use as topsoil.  In the borrow area, the material below 40 inches is evaluated for its suitability for plant growth after the upper 40 inches is removed.

Scope: National

Soil properties that are used to rate the soil as topsoil are those that affect plant growth; the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading; and the reclamation of the borrow area.

The physical and chemical soil properties and qualities that influence plant growth are the presence of toxic substances, soil reaction, and those properties that are inferred from the soil texture, such as the available water capacity and fertility.  The properties that influence the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading are the amount of rock fragments, slope, depth to the water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material.  The properties that influence the reclamation of the borrow area are the slope, depth to the water table, amount of rock fragments, depth to rock, and the presence of toxic material.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent of the thickest horizon that has any portion between depths 0"" to 40"" (0 to 100 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Too Clayey: Clayey soils, low in organic matter, may become sticky when wet and have poor tilth.  When used for topsoil, controlling compaction, proper seedbed preparation and establishing new growth is difficult.  Soil features considered are the maximum percent clay and organic matter content to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.  The model is constructed so that soils with clay content between 30 and 40% and have organic matter are not as restrictive as those with clay content in excess of 40%.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 30%
		Not limiting		=< 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
OR	
	
	DEPENDENCY INDEX
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 3% (Index numbers decrease from 1 at 3% organic matter to .5 at 0% organic matter. This index number is multiplied by the clay index to derive a dependency index.)
		Not limiting		=> 3%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	* 
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 40%
		Not limiting		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Hard to reclaim:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater then 1.8.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Hard to reclaim: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches are poor sources of top soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve; Thickest Layer 40 to 72 inches -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: PASSING # 10 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 40-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50% to < 75%
		Not limiting		>= 75%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles in the Thickest Layer 40 to 72 inches -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches deep can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer between a depth of 40 to 72 inches.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS  75mm to 250mm  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH  40-72 in (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Rock fragments: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer to a depth of 40 inches are poor sources of top soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve in the Thickest Layer to 40 in. -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer of the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: PASSING # 10 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 70% to < 90%
		Not limiting		>= 90%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles in the Thickest Layer to 40 inches -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer of the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS  75mm to 250mm  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH  0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Content of organic matter: Soil with high in organic matter, has low strength, and is difficult to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 15% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		 < 15%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
				
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 0 to 100cm or a cemented restictive layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the thickest layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) for the thickest horizon within 100cm of the soil surface.
		
	Property used: SOIL SALINITY THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 <= 4 to >= 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
	
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER 0 to 100 CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 85
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 85
		Not limiting		<= 70
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 	=< 10cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 15
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the thickest layer is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio in the thickest layer have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation when used as a source of topsoil.  Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's sodium adsorption ratio within a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 90cm
		Not limiting		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

                        16.  Aluminum saturation -- Some agricultural crops suffer from aluminum toxicity when the Al saturation is only 10%. Aluminum interferes with the photosynthetic cycle by complexing with phosphate, so with high soluble aluminum the plant is starved for phosphate. Al-toxicity also stunts root growth thereby limiting the amount of soil the plant can exploit for nutrients. Stunted roots can also limit water uptake and can cause plants to wilt with only a few days without water. Some plants (e.g. cassava) have high tolerance to high levels of soluble aluminum. High soluble Al and acidity may adversely affect soil health by inhibiting beneficial organisms. When liming soils with high soluble aluminum the rule of thumb is to add 1.5 tons of CaCO3 per acre for every milliequivalents of soluble aluminum. The pH only needs to be raised to about 5.5 to eliminate the harmful effects of high soluble aluminum. (Source: Dr. Robert Gavenda, PhD; PowerPoint presentation on soil degradation)

About one-third of the tropics (1.5 billion hectares) has sufficiently strong soil acidity for soluble aluminum to be toxic to most crop species. This constraint is defined as having more than 60% Al saturation in some part of the top 50 cm of soil. A soil pH value of less than 5.5 usually indicates this problem (Evans and Kamprath, 1970). Aluminum toxicity is most prevalent in the humid tropics and acid savannas. This constraint is found mainly in soils classified as oxisols, ultisols and closely related inceptisols and is correlated with low nutrient capital reserves. Aluminum toxicity is usually the overwhelming constraint in these soils and must be tackled first, either by modern lime application practices, by using Al-tolerant plant species or by breeding for Al-tolerant varieties (Sanchez and Salinas, 1981). It is relevant to note that aluminum toxicity is rare in most smallholder farming areas of subhumid and semiarid Africa, except for parts of Rwanda, Burundi, Northern Zambia, Southern Congo, KwaZulu Natal Province in South Africa and in some sandy soils of Zimbabwe (Sanchez et al., 1997). Two-thirds of the tropics does not have enough aluminum saturation to worry about. Aluminum toxicity can become a positive soil quality attribute when using Al-tolerant plants in P-deficient soils. The low pH facilitates the dissolution of phosphate rocks, letting, in effect, the H+ ions in the soil do what a superphosphate factory doestreating rock phosphates with acids (Sanchez and Salinas, 1981). High aluminum saturation, as defined by this modifier, is also a positive attribute for rubber and tea production (Smith, 1989).  (Source: Fertility capability soil classification: a tool to help assess soil quality in the tropics by Pedro A. Sancheza,, Cheryl A. Palma, and Stanley W. Buol)

Property Used:  ALUMINIUM SATURATION WTD AVE TO 100CM

Suitability limits:  

                < 15 %	       Suited
	15 - 80%        Moderately suited
	>= 80%         Not suited

17.  Exchange capacity -- Some soils lack the ability to retain cations.  Application of liming materials and other fertilizers must be more frequent to maintain the intended vegetation.  Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the measure of how well a soil can retain cations, such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium.  CEC is measured in milliequivalents (meq) per 100 grams soil.  Here a capacity is used and the measurement is milliequivalents per unit volume soil in the rooting depth or to 100cm.  In soils having pH less than 5.5, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) is reported. 

Property used:  MEQ 0-100cm (ECEC FIRST) OR RESTRICTION

Suitability limits:      Well suited                 >20 meq
                               Moderately suited      0-20 meq
                               Unsuited                     0 meq

18.   Liquefaction -- Some soils can hold so much water that they lose strength under stress and can flow as a liquid.  This condition is indicated by a Unified Classification of OH-T.  This is a proposed classification for some volcanic soils found on the islands in the Pacific, although the condition could exist elsewhere as well.  This should not be confused with seismically-induced liquefaction, although these soils would be affected by a siesmic event.

Property used:  UNIFIED DOMINANT CONDITION IN DEPTH 25-100CM

Restrictive limits:

                                    Suited                   Not OH-T, Does not liquefy
                                    Not suited             OH-T,  Liquefaction


19.  Too acid -- In some areas, such as the Pacific Basin, where liming materials are scarce, low pH can render soil material unsuitable for use as topsoil.  If the pH is below 5.5 and the soil is well buffered, the amount of lime needed to raise the pH to levels where plants can grow may be prohibitive.

Subrule used:  pH and Lime Requirement, which reports the highest fuzzy number from these subrules:

       a.  pH in Thickest Layer 0-100cm

                Property used:  WTD_AVG PH 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
               Suitability limits:
                                                Suited                        pH>5.5
                                                Moderately suited     pH 3.5 to 5.5
                                                Not suited                 pH<3.5

                                               OR

       b.  Lime requirement for Andisols/*Andic*
                 Property used:     TAXONOMIC SUBGROUP
                                            Suitability limits:  Sugroup=*Andic* or *vitrandic*
                                                      OR
                Property used:     TAXONOMIC ORDER
                                            Suitability limits: Order = Andisols

                                                       OR
                Property used:   SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm
                                           Suitability limits:
                                                                        Suited                           pH>5.5
                                                                        Moderately suited        pH 4.8 to 5.5
                                                                        Not suited                    pH < 4.8
                                               
                                                    OR
               
        c.   Lime requirement for Histosols
               Property used:  TAXONOMIC ORDER
                                                              Suitability limits: Order = Histosols

                                               OR

                       Property used:   SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm
                                           Suitability limits:
                                                                        Suited                           pH>4.8
                                                                        Moderately suited        pH 4.0 to 4.8
                                                                        Not suited                    pH <4.0"|03/30/2017 14:52:37|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528119"
"FL095"|"ENG - Daily Cover for Landfill"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Daily Cover for Landfill"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Daily Cover for Landfill"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is applied daily to compacted solid waste in a sanitary landfill.  The cover material is obtained offsite, transported, and spread on the area.  The required soil characteristics for both daily and final cover materials are similar enough to share one rating.

Scope: National

Soil interpretations for Daily Cover for Landfills are a tool for guiding the user in barrow site selection and has additional application for the reclamation of some quarries, pits, and surface mine operations.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.

Suitability of a soil for use as cover is based on properties that reflect workability and the ease of digging and of moving and spreading the material over the refuse daily during both wet and dry periods.  Soils that are loamy or silty and that are free of stones are better suited than other soils.  Clayey soils may be sticky and difficult to spread, and sandy soils may be subject to soil blowing.  Slope affects the ease of excavation and of moving the cover material.  It also may affect the final configuration of the borrow area and, thus, runoff, erosion, and reclamation.

The soils selected for daily cover for landfill should also be suitable for growing plants.  They should not contain significant amounts of substances that are toxic to plants, such as a high content of sodium, salts, or lime.  They should be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table so that material can be removed efficiently while leaving a borrow area that can be revegetated.  However, some damage to the borrow area is expected and plant growth may not be optimum.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too Acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 10"" to 72"" (25-180 cm) or restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	2.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent for the thickest horizon that has any portion in the depths 10"" to > 60"" (25 to 500 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25, >150CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 > 40%
		Not limiting	=< 40%
		
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	3.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 150cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 25-150cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION,  (Modality -high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting	<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated

	4.  Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) may impede the workability of the soil and restrict site reclamation.  This condition is restrictive when the soil contains a high content of gravel and not in the set of soils considered organic as defined by the soil Not in unified class ""pt"".  Soil feature considered is weighted average of rock fragments of size 2mm to <75mm in all horizons above a restrictive layer or within 180cm of the surface.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2mm-<75mm WT. AVE. 0-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	> 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null sieve and unified classes are assigned to the Limiting class.

And	
	
	Property used: UNIFIED (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits: Pt or Null Unified classes are not considered by this rule and if present will give a Not limiting rating for Gravel content.

		
	5.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, have low strength, and are hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	6.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	> 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
				
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
	7.  Seepage:  When the thickest soil horizon's Ksat is high then the rate of water movement through these materials is high and seepage and/or leaching is an environmental, health, and performance concern.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 42 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 14 to < 42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	8.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and kind where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null  USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	9.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
					  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	10. Salinity: Soils with high salinity and not in aridic moisture regimes have reduced available water capacity which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm).
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmnos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	11. Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	12. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	13. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
		
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 mmnos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 13 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	15. Hard to compact: Soil's are HARD TO PACK if they are in Unified classes mh, ol, oh, or ch.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the first or rv Unified class of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy. 


	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= ol, oh, ch, mh
		Somewhat limiting	= ol, oh, ch, mh
					   If kaolinitic
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null UNIFIED class is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
		Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not limiting.
		
	16. Too Sandy: Sandy soils may be subject to soil blowing and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer.
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= cos, s, fs, sg
		Somewhat limiting	= cos, s, fs, sg
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null USDA textures are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetated and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to =< 105cm
		Not limiting		 > 105cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

18.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, time of year, and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|09/27/2012 20:16:34|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528120"
"FL095"|"ENG - Dwellings W/O Basements"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Dwellings W/O Basements"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Dwellings W/O Basements"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Dwellings without basements are single-family houses of three stories or less without basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for dwellings w/o basements are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities affecting the capacity of soil to support a load without movement and on those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties and qualities affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are the presence of a high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are a seasonal high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14.  Unstable Fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.

15. Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the soil gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of more water to the soil than can be removed by evapotranspiration.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therefore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

Property used: SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM (REV)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting                     >18 cm
                                Somewhat limiting    >=3 to 18 mc
		Not limiting	 <3 cm 
	
	Null gypsum is assigned to the Not rated class.

					
These impact ratings are from: National Coal Board Classification of Subsidence Damage. 1975. Subsidence Engineers Handbook."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528121"
"FL095"|"ENG - Dwellings With Basements"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Dwellings With Basements"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Dwellings With Basements"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Dwellings with basements are single-family houses of three stories or less with basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of about 7 feet.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for dwellings with basements are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities affecting the capacity of soil to support a load without movement and on those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are presence of a seasonal high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are flooding, a high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and the amount and size of coarse fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim. Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the deepest soil layer or the last layer above bedrock.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting		not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support small buildings with basements. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 150cm deep can cause building foundations to shift and basements to crack.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 60 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-150cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 6%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3% to < 6%
		Not limiting	 =< 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limit site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting	=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 75 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	14.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.

                15.  Subsidence due to gypsum: Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the soil gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of more water to the soil than can be removed by evapotranspiration.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therefore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

Property used: SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM (REV)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting                     >18 cm
                                Somewhat limiting    >=3 to 18 mc
		Not limiting	 <3 cm 
	
	Null gypsum is assigned to the Not rated class.

					
These impact ratings are from: National Coal Board Classification of Subsidence Damage. 1975. Subsidence Engineers Handbook."|10/28/2015 20:57:30|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528122"
"FL095"|"ENG - Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Soils are rated for their use in establishing and maintaining turf for lawns and golf fairways and ornamental trees and shrubs for residential or commercial landscaping.

Scope: National

Soil interpretations for lawn, landscape, or golf fairways are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.  These ratings are based on the use of soil material at the location that may have some land smoothing.  Irrigation may or may not be needed and is not a criterion in rating.  Traps, trees, roughs, and greens are not considered as part of the golf fairway.

The soil properties and qualities considered in rating soils for lawns, landscaping, and golf fairways include those that affect growth and trafficability after vegetation is established.  The properties that affect plant growth are the content of salt, sodium, or calcium carbonate; sulfidic materials; soil reaction; depth to the water table; depth to bedrock or a cemented pan; and the available water capacity in the upper 40 inches of soil.  The properties that affect trafficability after vegetation is established are flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of clay, sand, or organic matter in the surface layer.
Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity are droughty.  This condition restricts plant growth and the establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed to a depth of 100cm or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 5cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5 to =< 10cm
		Not limiting		 > 10cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  5% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		  <  5%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate equivalent to a depth of 40cm.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALENT MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 40 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  USDA Texture Modifiers - Surface Organics: Soils with surface USDA Texture In-Lieu-Of ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat"" or USDA Texture Modifier ""mucky"" or ""peaty"" are high in organic materials, have low strength, and are hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture In-Lieu-Of or USDA Texture Modifier of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN-LIEU-OF ""Surface Layer"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat""
		Not limiting	not = ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE IN-LIEU-OF is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""mucky"" or ""peaty""
		Not limiting	not = ""mucky"" or ""peaty""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is assigned to the Not rated class.


AND 	
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm
		
	6. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11.    
Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	13. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Sulfur content: Soil in taxonomic Great Group ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists"" are high in sulfidic materials that restrict plant growth and re-vegetation of disturbed areas.  Soil feature considered is taxonomic Great Group.
	
	Property used: TAXONOMIC GREAT GROUP (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists""
		Not limiting	not = ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	17. Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		""COS""
		Somewhat limiting 	""LCOS"" or ""S""
		Not limiting	all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

19.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, time of year, and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting	 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|05/06/2015 17:17:39|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528123"
"FL095"|"ENG - Local Roads and Streets"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Local Roads and Streets"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Local Roads and Streets"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Local roads and streets are those roads and streets that have all-weather surfacing (commonly of asphalt or concrete) and that are expected to carry automobile traffic year-round.

Scope: National

The roads and streets consist of
(1) the underlying local soil material, either cut or fill, which is called ""the sub-grade"";
(2)  the base material, which may be lime-stabilized soil, cement-stabilized soil, gravel, or crushed rock;
(3) the actual road surface or street pavement, which is either flexible (asphalt), rigid (concrete), or gravel with binder in it.
They are graded to shed water, and conventional drainage measures are provided.  With the probable exception of the hard surface, roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand.

Soil interpretations for local roads and streets are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities that affect local roads and streets are those that influence the ease of excavation and grading and the traffic-supporting capacity.  The properties and qualities that affect the ease of excavation and grading are hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, flooding, the amount of large stones, and slope.  The properties that affect traffic-supporting capacity are soil strength as inferred from the AASHTO group index and the Unified classification, subsidence, shrink-swell behavior, potential frost action, and depth to the seasonal high water table.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Frost action: Frost heaving can cause roadbeds to shift and paving to crack.  Soil feature considered is frost action.
	
	Property used: POTENTIAL FROST ACTION (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	= ""high""  
		Somewhat Limiting 	= ""moderate""
		Not limiting		all others
		
	Null frost action values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and provides a limitation for the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.  This property is modified by a multiplication factor of .5 to reduce the limitation below that of hard bedrock.  

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5 to < 8
		Not limiting		=< 5
			
	Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by 90%.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	11. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	15.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16.  Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the soil gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of more water to the soil than can be removed by evapotranspiration.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therefore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.



		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm

17. Void formation: Soluble bedrock, such as gypsum and halite and to a lesser extent, limestone bedrock, is susceptible to dissulution which can leave large voids that compromise the strength of the overlying structure.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
                                  NOTE!!!  This evaluation is given a 0.3 weight.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	                If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type."|02/16/2016 16:56:30|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528124"
"FL095"|"ENG - Sanitary Landfill (Area)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Sanitary Landfill (Area)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Sanitary Landfill (Area)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sanitary landfill (area) is a solid-waste disposal practice where successive layers of refuse are placed on the soil surface.  The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is imported from a source away from the site.  A final cover of soil at least 2 feet thick is placed over the completed landfill.   Properties and qualities that influence trafficability and risk of pollution are the important considerations for area sanitary landfills.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Flooding is a serious problem because of the risk of washouts and pollution downstream and the difficulty of moving trucks in and out of flooded areas.  Permeability of the soil is an important consideration in all but the most arid parts of the country.  If permeability is too rapid or if fractured bedrock or a fractured cemented pan is close to the surface, the risk of contaminating the water supply by leachate is great.  A high water table may also transmit pollutants to the water supply and is likely to restrict truck movement during wet seasons.  

Slope is a consideration because of the extra grading required to maintain roads on sloping soils.  Furthermore, leachate may flow along the soil surface on sloping soils and cause difficult seepage problems in completed fills.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 50 to 100 cm.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when area landfills are installed.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 


	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when area landfills are installed.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to <= 90cm
		Not limiting		 > 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

            9.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528125"
"FL095"|"ENG - Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as "" Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the "" Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sanitary landfill (trench) is a method of disposing solid waste by placing refuse in successive layers in an excavated trench.  The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the trench.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 5 or 6 feet).  However, because trenches may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the landfill developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed trench bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the landfill.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of refuse.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a trench-type landfill operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the fill.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when landfills are installed.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
            2.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 25-180cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION,  (Modality -high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting	<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated
OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	3.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishments of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= ""cos"" or ""s"" or ""fs"" or ""vfs"" or ""sg""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""lcos"" or ""ls"" or ""lfs"" or ""lvfs""
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null USDA textures are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to <= 120cm
		Not limiting		 > 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16. Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528126"
"FL095"|"ENG - Septic Tank Absorption Fields"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Septic Tank Absorption Fields"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Septic Tank Absorption Fields"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.  

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Septic tank absorption fields are subsurface systems of tile or perforated pipe that distribute effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil.  The centerline depth of the tile is assumed to be 24 inches or deeper.  Only the soil between depths of 24 and 60 inches is considered in making the ratings.  Soil properties and site features considered are those that affect the absorption of the effluent, those that affect the construction and maintenance of the system, and those that may affect public health.

Scope: National

Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent.  Septic Tank Absorption Field interpretations are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for safe disposal of household effluent.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage to the soil surface, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Soil properties and qualities that affect the absorption of the effluent are permeability, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, depth to a cemented pan, and susceptibility to flooding.  Stones and boulders and a shallow depth to bedrock, ice, or a cemented pan interfere with installation.  Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance.  Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in down-slope areas.  In addition, soil erosion is a hazard where absorption fields are installed in steep soils.
 
Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth less than 4 feet below the distribution lines.  In these soils, the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new; consequently, ground water supplies may be contaminated.
 
Percolation tests are used by some regulatory agencies to evaluate the suitability of a soil for septic tank absorption fields.  These tests should be performed during the season when the water table is highest and the soil is at minimum absorptive capacity.
 
1/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, l969 Manual of Septic Tanks, PHS Publication No. 526, p. 8.
 
2/ Bouma, J.  l974.  New Concepts in Soil Survey Interpretations for Onsite Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent.
 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1. Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 60 to 150cm or to the depth of a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER 24 to 60 (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 42.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.  
	
	2. Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3. Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
		Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	4. Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer deeper then 60 cm and above a restrictive layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER >60  (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 < 10.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 10.0 and <= 40.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 40.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	6. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	7. Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of septic tank adsorption fields and other site applications.  Shallow soils have limited adsorptive capacity and biologically active zones through with waste materials can percolate.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as filter fields.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	8. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of septic tank adsorption fields and other site applications.  Shallow soils have limited adsorptive capacity and biologically active zones through with waste materials can percolate.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as filter fields.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	9. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated. 
	
	10. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause septic tanks and septic tank adsorption fields to shift or collapse.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 60cm
		Not limiting	 < 60cm
			
	Null values are assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone:  Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 120cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 120 to < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	12. Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  (added for testing 7/2004) 
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
	13.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528127"
"FL095"|"ENG - Sewage Lagoons"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Sewage Lagoons"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Sewage Lagoons"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the wastes.  Lagoons have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted, relatively impervious soil material.  Relatively impervious soil for the lagoon floor and sides is desirable to minimize seepage and contamination of local ground water.  

Scope: National

Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent. Sewage lagoons interpretations are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for safe disposal of liquid effluent.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Soil permeability is a critical property in evaluating a soil for sewage lagoons.  Most porous soils will eventually seal when being used for a sewage lagoon.  Until they do, however, the hazard of pollution is severe.  Soils that have a permeability rate that exceeds 2 inches per hour generally are too porous for the proper operation of sewage lagoons and may cause contamination.  Fractured bedrock within a depth of 40 inches may create a pollution hazard.  Bedrock and cemented pans create construction problems.

Slope must be gentle enough and the soil material must be thick enough over bedrock or a cemented pan to make smoothing practical so that the lagoon is uniformly deep throughout.

If floodwater overtops the lagoon, it interferes with the functioning of the lagoon and carries away polluting sewage before sufficient decomposition has taken place.  Ordinarily, soils susceptible to flooding have a severe limitation for sewage lagoons.  If floodwater velocities are slow and flooding is rarely deep enough to overtop the lagoon embankment, the susceptibility to flooding does not constitute a severe limitation rating.

Soils that contain a large amount of organic matter are not suitable for the floor of an aerobic lagoon.  The organic matter promotes an anaerobic rather than aerobic environment.

Depth to water table is important if it influences the water level in the lagoon.  If it does, a pollution hazard exists.  Sometimes depth to water table is disregarded if the lagoon floor is of slowly permeable soil material that is at least 4 feet thick.  Soils that contain excess rock fragments greater than 3 inches are undesirable sites because the fragments interfere with the manipulation and compaction needed to prepare the lagoon floor. 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil in Unified class ol or oh are not as restrictive and their interpretive rating is reduce 50%.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers and the most restrictive condition is reported.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= pt
		Somewhat limiting	= ol or oh
		Not limiting		not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.  

	AND
	
	Property used: USDA SURFACE TEXTURE LAYER
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting       	= ""MPM, SPM, HPM""
		Limiting		not = ""MPM, SPM, HPM""
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons between a depth of 0 to 50 cm.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-50CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 35%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 20% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		< 20%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
		5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 30 to 150 cm, excluding the surface layer.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 30-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 4.0 and <= 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 < 4.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits construction, installation, and functioning of sewage lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Slope:  Steep slopes impede site preparation and construction and restrict lagoon size and shape.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 7%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 2 and < 7%
		Not limiting		=< 2%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 105cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 105 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND NOT

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to =< 90cm
		Not limiting		 > 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528128"
"FL095"|"ENG - Shallow Excavations"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Shallow Excavations"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Shallow Excavations"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for pipelines, sewer lines, telephone and power transmission lines, basements, open ditches, grave sites, etc.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for shallow excavations are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging and resistance to sloughing.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 50 and 180cm.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 50-180CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 60%
		Somewhat limiting	> 40 to < 60%
		Not limiting		<= 40%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Unstable  Excavation Walls: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols then excavation walls have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around excavation walls to protect from cave in injury or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.
	
	Property used: USDA GROUP-CLASS IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures other then silt
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SI"" set at .5
					all other textures set at .1
		Not limiting		none
		
	Null USDA Texture class is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""vertisols""
		Not limiting	not = ""vertisols""
		
	Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Dense layer:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater then 1.8.

	Property used: High Bulk Density 50 to 150cm (20-60"") (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers between 50 and 150cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED 50-150cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
		8.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support small buildings with basements. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limit site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	13. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	
	14. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 75 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

              15.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content and the amount of traffic on the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528129"
"FL095"|"ENG - Small Commercial Buildings"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Small Commercial Buildings"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Small Commercial Buildings"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Small commercial buildings are those buildings that are less than three stories without basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper. 

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for small commercial buildings are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities affecting the capacity of the soil to support a load without movement and those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties and qualities affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are presence of a high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are flooding, a high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of coarse fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope:  Steep slopes affect the design and function of installed systems and facilities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 >= 4 and < 8%
		Not limiting	< 4%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	14.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.

              15.  Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the soil gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of more water to the soil than can be removed by evapotranspiration.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therefore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

Property used: SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM (REV)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting                     >18 cm
                                Somewhat limiting    >=3 to 18 mc
		Not limiting	 <3 cm 
	
	Null gypsum is assigned to the Not rated class.

					
These impact ratings are from: National Coal Board Classification of Subsidence Damage. 1975. Subsidence Engineers Handbook."|01/20/2015 16:28:41|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528130"
"FL095"|"ENG - Unpaved Local Roads and Streets"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Unpaved Local Roads and Streets"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Unpaved Local Roads and Streets"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Unpaved local roads and streets are those roads and streets that carry traffic year round but have a graded surface of local soil material or aggregate. 

Scope: National

The roads and streets consist of
(1) the underlying local soil material, either cut or fill, which is called ""the sub-grade"";
(2) the surface, which may be the same as the subgrade or may have aggrate such as crushed limestone added.

They are graded to shed water, and conventional drainage measures are provided.  These roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand.

Soil interpretations for local roads and streets are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities that affect local roads and streets are those that influence the ease of excavation and grading and the traffic-supporting capacity.  The properties and qualities that affect the ease of excavation and grading are hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, flooding, the amount of large stones, and slope.  The properties that affect traffic-supporting capacity are soil strength as inferred from the AASHTO group index and the Unified classification, subsidence, shrink-swell behavior, potential frost action, and depth to the seasonal high water table.  The dust generating tendacy of the soil is also considered.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Frost action: Frost heaving can cause roadbeds to shift and paving to crack.  Soil feature considered is frost action.
	
	Property used: POTENTIAL FROST ACTION (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	= ""high""  
		Somewhat Limiting 	= ""moderate""
		Not limiting		all others
		
	Null frost action values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5 to < 8
		Not limiting		=< 5
			
	Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by 90%.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	11. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	15.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Subsidence due to gypsum: Soils that contain large amounts of gypsum are susceptible to collapse due to gypsum dissolution and transport under a modified hydrologic regime.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM
	
	Restrictive Limits:
		Limiting		>30cm
		Somewhat Limiting	10cm to 30cm
		Not Limiting		<10cm
		
	Null values are assigned to the Null Not Rated class.
	
	17. Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gupsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528131"
"FL095"|"Farm and Garden Composting Facility - Surface"|"limitation"|"Farm and Garden Composting Facility - Surface

Background

Produce farms, urban areas, and suburban neighborhoods can produce large amounts of organic material that may be viewed as waste but is actually a valuable resource.  This material may 
consist of leaves, grass clippings, small tree limbs, and other herbaceous materials.  Composting these materials provides a good source of organic matter to be used as a soil amendment. 

Biological degradation of organic materials forms the basis for composting.  This biological process depends on the active metabolism of microorganisms in a suitable micro-environment. 
The six critical factors for the transformation of organic materials into compost are microorganisms, heat, air, water, carbon, and nitrogen.

The microorganisms that carry out biological degradation for composting often are found in the soil or on the surface of leaves.  These microorganisms thrive in a surface or subsurface 
microclimate with free circulation of air, free flow of water, and a temperature well above freezing. The microorganisms also require carbon as food for energy and growth, as well as 
nitrogen for protein and rebuilding cells.

Composting facilities are designed to provide these six critical factors in relative proportions so that the process of biological degradation is sustained.  Deficits in any of the 
critical factors, or imbalances among them, may result in extremely slow composting or a dormant composting system. Mixing of materials also redistributes heat, air, and water and will 
speed the process of biological degradation. Large facilities may provide mechanical mixing of the compost materials. Smaller facilities may rely on manual turning of the materials or may 
add some materials that are too large to compost in order to create channels for air flow through the pile. 

Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) are measures of the soil micro-climate that affects the rate of composting.  Both MAP and MAAT are available from 
the soil survey database.  Composting is most rapid in warm, moist areas that generally have MAP between 450 and 1250 mm together with MAAT between 10 and 22 degrees Celsius.  The optimal 
temperature inside the compost pile is 10 to 15.5 degrees Celsius. In colder areas the rate of composting may be increased by insulating the compost pile on all sides with an extra layer 
of high carbon materials such as hay or newspaper. To avoid extreme cold or rainforest conditions, the composting may be done inside a protected area or a building.  The optimal moisture 
for composting is field capacity, or freely drained but moist. Moisture may need to be added to the compost pile especially if the organic materials are dry such as chipped lumber. 

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the organic materials is perhaps the hardest part of the process to regulate.  Active compost piles need a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 (30 
units of carbon to 1 unit of nitrogen). Many common materials such as leaves and lumber are high in carbon and require balanced inputs of materials that are high in nitrogen such as 
coffee grounds or manures and urines.  Often the materials high in nitrogen are less available or more difficult to transport to the composting site. Materials intended for composting may 
vary in their carbon to nitrogen ratio due to many factors and testing of materials is recommended before large scale operations begin. A few C:N examples are given in table 1.



Table 1.  Examples of composting materials from a summary of 
Publications (with estimated ratios of carbon to nitrogen)

High Nitrogen Materials
Fish, slaughter, or poultry waste (C:N = 4:1)
Urine - undiluted (8:1)
Manure or sewage sludge  fresh (13:1)
Grass clippings  fresh (15:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Vegetable and fruit waste (25:1)

High Carbon Materials
Leaves	 (60:1)
Straw (85:1)
Wood chips (125:1)
Sawdust (500:1)
Hardwood lumber (500:1)
Newspaper (600:1)


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as a ""Farm and Garden Composting Facility - Surface"".  If a soil's property 
within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership 
indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Site for Composting Facility"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not 
considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited 
(rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Site for Farm and Garden Composting Facility - Surface is the site location for placement of a composting facility without the use of a liner or placement on concrete pad. The composting 
facility is to process raw organic by-products into biologically stable organic material as outlined in the NRCS conservation practice standard ""Composting Facility"" (code 317). 

Scope: National

The bottom elevation of the composting facility shall be above the seasonal high water table and on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the 
ground water. Compost facilities should be located outside of floodplains.  However, if site restrictions require location within a floodplain, they shall be protected from inundation or 
damage from a 25-year flood event, or larger. Locate compost facilities so prevailing winds and landscape elements such as building arrangement, landforms and vegetation minimize odors 
and protect the visual resource. Direct any contaminated runoff from compost facilities to an appropriate storage or treatment facility for further management.

Suitability of a soil for use as a site for composting should be on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Slope affects the 
ease of accessing and manipulating the compost material.  It also will affect runoff from the site. If slope is limiting, then consult the ""Site for Composting Facility  Subsurface"" 
interpretation.


Soil interpretations for locating a site for composting are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in 
their present condition and does not consider present land use.


Criteria used:


1.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the site for use as a composting facility.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetate, 
and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or 
saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50 cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 100 cm
		Not limiting		 > 100 cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
2.  Flooding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and flooding 
is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


3.  Fragments in soil:  Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight 
rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.



	Property evaluated: WTD_AVG FRAGS > 250mm 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 5 to 15 percent
		Not limiting		 < 5 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.	



4.  Surface fragments:  Soils that have large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage 
criteria are as follows.


	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 3 to 15 percent
		Not limiting		 < 3 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.



5.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is 
unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become an environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 200cm.

            Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-200CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                 	> 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Somewhat Limiting       	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Not limiting           	 =< 14.1 micrometers/sec

            Null Ksat values are assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.


6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil 
features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
7.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and ponding is 
a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2



8.  Mean annual precipitation: Localities that have low rainfall are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low rainfall, moisture will need to be added to 
maintain biological activity in the composting mass.  The site feature considered is mean annual precipitation.

	Property used: PRECIPITATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 400 mm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 400-1200 mm
		Not limiting		 > 1200 mm
		
	Null precipitation is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
	
	
	
9.  Slope:  The slope of the soil surface influences its trafficability for equipment and also can cause erosion hazard if steep.

	Property evaluated: SLOPE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 8 percent  
		Somewhat limiting 	<= 8 to 3 percent
		Not limiting		< 3 percent
		
	Null slopes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
10.  Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay 
mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the
thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.

        Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)

        Restriction limits:
                Limiting                	=> 8
                Somewhat limiting        	> 5 to < 8
                Not limiting           	 	=< 5

        Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the ""Not rated"".
        
        
        
11.  Mean annual air temperature: Localities that have very low or very high mean annual air temperature are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low mean annual 
air temperature, the onset of decomposition may be delayed by low biological activity in the composting mass.  The additional expense of covering or insulating the composting mass may be 
incurred.  In very warm areas, adding extra water and more frequent turning of the mass adds to the cost of composting.  The site feature considered is mean annual air temperature.

	Property used: MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 <= 8 and >30 degrees C 
		Somewhat limiting	 8 to <=10 and 22 to <=30 degrees C
		Not limiting		 >10 to <=22 degrees C
		
	Null mean annual air temperature is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.

12.  Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and 
levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is 
applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive 
feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting		=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class."|07/27/2017 17:30:06|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528132"
"FL095"|"FOR - Construction Limitations for Haul Roads/Log Landings"|"limitation"|"FOR - CONSTRUCTION LIMITATIONS FOR HAUL ROADS/LOG LANDINGS
----------------------------------------------------------
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings reflect limitations for constructing haul roads and log landings.

Ratings assess:

* Earth moving activities to meet standards and specifications for haul roads and log landings.

* Excavating, removal and shaping of native soil materials to develop haul roads and log landings for forest harvesting and other management activities.  

* Cuts and fills less than 10 feet in depth.

* The use of bladed crawler tractors, excavators, graders and other primary construction equipment.

* Year-round water tables, year-round ponding and permafrost.

* Frequency and duration of flooding.

Ratings assume:

* Construction activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.  

* Roads are up to one mile in length with up to a 20-foot running surface.

Ratings do no assess:

* Snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Slight - Little or no limitations to construction activities.

* Moderate - One or more limitations that cause some difficulty.

* Severe - One or more limitations that make road or log landing construction very difficult or more costly.

Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528133"
"FL095"|"FOR - Hand Planting Suitability"|"limitation"|"FOR - HAND PLANTING SUITABILITY
-------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* Ratings indicate the expected difficulty of hand planting.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include the proper placement of the root systems of tree and shrub seedlings to a depth of up to 12.

* The use of bareroot stock, tublings, containerized stock and cuttings.

* The use of spades, dibbles, planting bars or other similar planting tools.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Necessary site preparation is completed before hand planting.

* Planting activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-held powered equipment such as power augers.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited - Little or no restrictions to hand planting; planting rates are not affected.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions that impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions that severely impede planting and reduce planting.

* Unsuited - Site factors and features prevent the proper planting of seedlings."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528134"
"FL095"|"FOR - Harvest Equipment Operability"|"limitation"|"FOR - HARVEST EQUIPMENT OPERABILITY
-----------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The suitability for operating harvesting equipment.

Ratings assess:

* The off-road transport or harvest of logs and/or wood products by ground-based wheeled or tracked equipment.

* The use of standard rubber-tire skidders and bulldozers used for ground-based harvesting and transport.

* Activities that disturb from 35 to 75 percent of the surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.
 
* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.  

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited- Little or no restrictions to equipment operability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions make the use of equipment impractical or unsafe."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528135"
"FL095"|"FOR - Log Landing Suitability"|"limitation"|"FOR - LOG LANDING SUITABILITY
----------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The suitability of the soil at the forest site to serve as a log landing.

Ratings assess:

* Efficient and effective use of equipment for the temporary storage and handling of logs.

* The use of grappel hooks, skidders, trucks, loaders, cable yarders and other similar equipment.

* Activities that disturb 100 percent of the soil surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.

* The landscape in its natural setting.

* Frequency and duration of flooding, ponding and depth and duration of water table.

Ratings assume:

* Vegetation and debris is cleared from an area sufficient in size for the  road or landing before use begins.  

Ratings do no assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soil.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to road or log landing suitability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce site suitability.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions generally make the use of the site for a landing very difficult or unsafe."|01/08/2013 20:53:33|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528136"
"FL095"|"FOR - Mechanical Planting Suitability"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHCANICAL PLANTING SUITABILITY
--------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* The difficulty of planting trees or shrubs using a mechanical planter.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include the proper placement of the root systems of tree and shrub seedlings to a depth of up to 12.

* The use of bareroot stock, tublings, containerized stock and cuttings.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

* The use of mechanical planters that create narrow furrows or trenches to a depth of 12 and are operated on the contour or cross-slope.

* The use of mechanical planters on a 3-point hitch with coulter, shank or trench shoe and packing wheel pulled by sufficiently powered equipment.

Ratings assume:

* Planting activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

* Necessary site preparation is completed before mechanical planting.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).
 
* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited - Little or no restrictions to mechanical planting; planting rates are not affected.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions that impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions that severely impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Unsuited - Site factors and features prevent mechanical planting of seedlings."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528137"
"FL095"|"FOR - Mechanical Site Preparation (Deep)"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION (DEEP)
----------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* Ratings indicate the suitability of using deep soil tillage equipment.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include subsoiling, ripping and other subsurface soil disturbance across the slope.

* Activities that treat up to 50 to 75 percent of the site to 36 in depth to break up restrictive or compacted layers and increase infiltration for plant growth.

* Features and characteristics from the surface to 36 in depth.
The use of rippers, subsoilers and other implements pulled by bulldozers (D8 or equivalent) that till at a depth greater than 12.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to deep mechanical site preparation.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Unsuited - One or more restrictions generally prevent a sufficient level of deep mechanical site preparation."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528138"
"FL095"|"FOR - Mechanical Site Preparation (Surface)"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION (SURFACE) 
-------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the suitability of using surface-altering soil tillage equipment.

Ratings Assess:

* Activities that include modifying the soil surface to prepare the site for planting or seeding.

* Activities that treat up to 50 to 75 percent of the site to 12 in depth. Features and characteristics from the surface to 12 in depth. The use of brush rakes, chisels, disks and other similar types of implements pulled by bulldozers or tractors (D6/D7, 150 h.p. tractor or equivalent).

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings Assume:

* Activities for such work occur during customary periods for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Ratings:

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to surface mechanical site preparation.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Unsuited - One or more restrictions generally prevent the effective and safe use of equipment."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528139"
"FL095"|"FOR - Potential Erosion Hazard (Off-Road/Off-Trail)"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL EROSION HAZARD (OFF-ROAD/OFF-TRAIL)
---------------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of soil loss from off-road and off-trail areas after disturbance activities that expose the soil surface.

Ratings assess:

* Sheet and rill erosion from exposed soil surfaces caused by various silvicultural practices, grazing, mining, fire, firebreaks, etc.

* Activities that disturb the site resulting in 50 to 75 percent bare ground in the affected area
 
* The use of any equipment type or size and uncontrolled grazing by livestock.

Ratings assume:

* 50 to 75% exposed, roughened mineral surface layer

Ratings do not assess:

* Clean tillage and other similar activities that disturb up to nearly 100 percent of the area and change the character of the soil
 
* Histosols.
 
* Individual precipitation or storm events.
 
* The impact of gully erosion.
 
* Sediment production/delivery ratio or streambank or streambed erosion for water courses on the site.  
 
* Ground disturbing activities on the amount of surface or subsurface water runoff.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* None - There is no erosion hazard associated with this activity.

* Slight - Erosion is unlikely under ordinary climatic conditions.

* Moderate - Some erosion is likely; control measures may be needed.

* Severe - Erosion is very likely; control measures for vegetation re-establishment on bare areas and structural measures are advised.

* Very Severe - Significant erosion is expected; loss of soil productivity and off-site damages are likely; control measures are costly and generally impractical."|01/08/2013 19:42:10|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528140"
"FL095"|"FOR - Potential Erosion Hazard (Road/Trail)"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL EROSION HAZARD (ROAD/TRAIL)
-------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The hazard or risk of soil loss from unsurfaced roads/trails.  Refer to the National Forestry Manual for soil rating criteria.

Ratings assess:

* The force that natural precipitation events have to dislodge and move soil materials on roads/trails and firebreaks.
 
* Activities on roads and trails that result in bare ground, compaction, and reshaping of the soil surface.

* Use by trucks, skidders, off-road vehicles and other similar equipment.

* The impact on compacted, bare road/trail surface using the representative value for slope gradient of the soil component

Ratings assume:

* Roads and trails are generally linear, continuous, and narrow ranging up to 25 feet in width.

Ratings do not assess:

* Frozen or snow-covered soil.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* No Erosion Hazard - There is no erosion hazard associated with this activity.

* Slight - Little or no erosion is likely.

* Moderate - Some erosion is likely; occasional maintenance may be needed; simple erosion control measures needed.

* Severe - Significant erosion can be expected; roads require frequent maintenance; costly erosion control measures are needed"|01/08/2013 19:42:10|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528141"
"FL095"|"FOR - Potential Fire Damage Hazard"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL FIRE DAMAGE HAZARD
-------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The potential hazard of damage to soil nutrient, physical, and biotic characteristics from fire. 

Ratings assess:

* The impact of fires (prescribed or wildfire) of moderate fireline intensity (116-520 btu's/sec/ft) that provide the necessary heat to remove the duff layer and consume soil organic matter in the surface layer. 

Ratings assume:

* Soils with a shallow surface layer lack the capacity to safely absorb the effects of fire.
 
* Steep slopes are more likely to erode if the protective duff layer is removed.

* Soil texture and rock fragment content relate to soil erodibility, vegetative recovery rate, and vegetative productivity.
 
* Medium textured soils, with their greater inherent water holding capacity, aaare more likely to be cooler and provide higher productivty potential
 
*Soils with large volumes of rock fragments transmit heat to a greater depth in a shorter period of time.
 
* Soils with less than 2 percent organic matter are more resistant to sheet and rill erosion and have greater water holding capacity.
 
Ratings do not assess:

* The time of year in which the fire occurs (winter versus summer).
 
* Fuel moisture content or volume.
 
* Whether conditions
 
Rating Classes (Crisp):

*None - No impact to the soil characteristis are expected. 

* Low - Little negative impact to the soil characteristics are expected.

* Moderate - Negative impacts to the soil characteristic may occur.

* High - Negative impact to the soil characteristics are expected."|02/09/2016 17:52:59|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528142"
"FL095"|"FOR - Potential Seedling Mortality"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL SEEDLING MORTALITY
---------------------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The likelihood of death of naturally or artificially propagated tree seedlings, as influenced by soil characteristic, physiographic features and climatic conditions.

Ratings assess:

* The impact of soil, physiographic, and climatic conditions on the survivability of newly established tree seedlings

Ratings assume:

* Site preparation is adequate for the establishment of tree seedlings.

* Artificially propagated tree seedlings are of adequate size and     quality, are adapted to the site, are planted during a time           sufficient to assure initial root growth with respect to moisture and temperature, and proper planting techniques are employed.

* Near normal monthly and yearly climatic conditions.

Ratings do no assess:

* Effects of overstory tree canopy greater than 15 feet in height.

* Effects of adjacent competing plants less than 15 feet in height.

* Effects of seedling pests (rodent, herbivore, insect, etc.).
 
Rating Classes (Crisp):

Low - Seedlings are expected to develop normally and become established.

Moderate - Root development is sufficiently retarded to cause death of some seedlings (up to 1 in 3) and establishment of surviving seedlings is delayed.

High - Seedlings are not expected to survive (at least 2 in 3 die) without special treatment or management."|01/08/2013 19:42:10|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528143"
"FL095"|"FOR - Road Suitability (Natural Surface)"|"limitation"|"FOR - ROAD SUITABILITY (NATURAL SURFACE)
---------------------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Suitability for using the natural surface of the soil component for roads by trucks for the transport of logs and other wood products from the site.

Ratings assess:

* The efficient and safe transport of forest products from the site.

* The landscape in its natural setting.
 
* Frequency and duration of flooding, ponding and depth and duration of water table.

* The use of trucks (1/2-ton to log-transport capability).

* Activities that disturb 100 percent of the soil surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.

Ratings assume:

* Vegetation and debris is cleared from an area sufficient in width for the road before use begins.  

* Using the natural setting of the soil without cut and fill construction.  

* Slopes are less than 20 percent gradient. 

* Use occurs during customary periods of such activity for the local area.

* Roads are generally less than 1 mile in length with up to a 20-foot wide running surface.

Ratings do no assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to natural road suitability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce site suitability.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions generally make the use of the site for a natural road very difficult or unsafe."|01/08/2013 20:53:33|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528144"
"FL095"|"FOR - Soil Rutting Hazard"|"limitation"|"FOR - SOIL RUTTING HAZARD
-------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of ruts in the uppermost soil surface layers by operation of forest equipment.  Soil displacement and puddling (soil deformation and compaction) may occur simultaneously with rutting.

Ratings assess:

* The operation of equipment on forest sites (3-10 passes) when the soil moisture is near field capacity.

* The use of standard rubber-tired vehicles (non-flotation tires).
 
* Year-long water tables < 12.
* Soil displacement and puddling which may affect aesthetics, groundwater hydrology, and productivity of the site.

Ratings assume:

* Rutting depths usually range from 2 to 24 and depends, in part, on the weight of equipment (including carried or pulled loads) and shape and size of wheels.

* Lack of organic/vegetation surface cover.

* Conditions occurs on soil with slopes and other characteristics that allow use of ground-based equipment.

Ratings do not assess:

* Impacts of rutting on sloping sites that may channel surface water and affect hydrology.

* Frozen soil within 24 of the surface.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Slight - Little or no rutting.

* Moderate - Ruts are likely.

* Severe- Ruts readily."|02/08/2016 18:36:02|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528145"
"FL095"|"Fragile Soil Index"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be rated based on their susceptibility to degradation in the ""Fragile Soil Index"" interpretation.  Fragile soils are those that are most vulnerable to degradation. They are easily degraded (have low resistance) and are highly susceptible to erosion with low resilience. They are characterized as having low organic matter contents, low water-stable aggregates and low soil structure. Fragile soils are generally located on sloping ground, have sparse plant cover, and tend to be in arid and semiarid regions. A fragile soil index interpretation was developed to rate soils based on their fragility. The index can be used in conservation and watershed planning to assist in identifying soils and areas with greater vulnerability to degradation.

Soils are placed into interpretive classes based on their index rating.  Interpretative classes are not fragile (index rating <= 0.009), slightly fragile (index rating > 0.009 and <= 0.209), moderately fragile (rating index > 0.209 and <= 0.409), fragile (rating index > 0.409 and <= 0.609), highly fragile (rating index > 0.609 and <= 0.809), or extremely fragile (rating index > 0.809 and <= 1.0).

Description:

Soil fragility defines how vulnerable a soil is to degradation processes. When used in soil survey the index assesses the inherent soil condition. Depending on a soils inherent characteristics and the climate, soils can vary from highly resistant, or stable, to those that are vulnerable and extremely sensitive to degradation. A soils fragility can change over time do to climate change and changes in site characteristics, and thus fragility will change. Under stress, fragile soils can degrade to a new altered state which may be less or unfavorable to plant growth and less capable of performing soil functions. To assess the fragility of the soil, vulnerability indicators to degradation processes (mostly erosion) are used. The minimum dataset of indicators of soil fragility are as follows:

Organic matter content - The greater the organic matter content, the less fragile the soil. The organic matter content indicates the capacity of the soil to resist and/or recover from degradation. Increases in organic matter can improve the soil pore structure, increase water infiltration, reduce soil compaction, and decrease runoff and soil erosion. Decreasing organic matter contents indicate there has been a reduction in the capacity of the soil to function.

Soil aggregation/structure characteristics - The greater the stability of aggregates or improvement in soil structure, the less fragile the soil. Aggregate stability/soil structure indicates the capacity of the soil to resist degradation from accelerated water erosion (by increasing the amount of infiltration). From a biological point of view it is the pore structure that is important because that is where life finds its habitat (Wall, 2005). Decreasing stability of aggregates and destruction of soil structure implies an increase in soil degradation.

Rooting/soil depth - The greater the rooting depth, the less fragile the soil. Shallow soils are more vulnerable to degradation because they have limited rooting depth and have a reduced capacity to generate new soil. Soil depth is important for productivity. As erosion removes the upper soil profile, productivity will decline if the subsoil is limiting for crop growth. If erosion processes continue, there will eventually be no soil.

Vegetation coverage - The greater the vegetation coverage, the less fragile the soil. Vegetation cover is the areal percentage of the soil surface that is covered with vegetation. It is the proportion of the soil surface that is obscured by above ground vegetation such as leaves, stems, and flowers. Uncovered soil is vulnerable to the processes of soil erosion, both by wind, water and gravity. Under a protective cover of vegetation, erosion goes on so slowly that it is seldom harmful and is associated with the natural environment (Bennett, 1951). 

Slope - The greater the slope, the more vulnerable the soil is to degradation (primarily from erosion). Slope is a measure of the steepness or the degree of inclination of a feature relative to the horizontal plane. The steeper the slope, the faster the runoff flow and the more force it will have to erode soil material.

Aridity - The greater the aridity, the more vulnerable the soil is to degradation (primarily from erosion). Aridity is defined by the shortage of moisture and is essentially a climatic phenomenon that is based on average climatic conditions over an area (Agnew and Anderson, 1992). Lack of water is a main factor limiting biological processes, and thus the capacity to recover from a disturbance (decreasing resilience with decreasing moisture). Land areas will differ in their susceptibility to degradation depending in part on their climate (Eswaran et al., 2001).

Fragile Soil Index

Response or scoring curves (Karlen and Stott, 1994) are developed for each indicator. Scoring curves standardize the relationship between an indicator and the vulnerability to degradation. They convert measured indicator data to relative values ranging from 0 to 1. The standardized scores are then weighted. Aridity is given three times the weight because of its importance. Without adequate water, soil health and vegetation are difficult to restore and biological processes cannot function. Vegetative cover is equally as important as slope with twice the weight. Without vegetative cover the soil is exposed to wind and rain energy and combined with steep slopes can be devastating (Pimentel, 2006). The weighted scores are then added together to form the Fragile Soil Index (FSI): 

FSI = (0.1 x OM) + (0.1 x AgS) + (0.1 x RD) + (0.2 x V) + (0.2 x S) + (0.3 x AI)

Where OM = organic matter content score, AgS = aggregate stability/soil structure score, RD = rooting depth score, V = vegetative cover score, S = slope score and AI = aridity index score. Index values range from 0 to 1 with one being the most fragile (or limiting). Interpretation ratings are produced for mapunit components and are generally aggregated to the mapunit. If organic matter, vegetative cover, slope, soil structure, or aridity index is not available (null), the mapunit component is not rated. Interpretation ratings (from 0 -1) and fragility classes are shown below:

 Fragile soil  	Fragility Class          Description
Index Rating 
 0.009	                Not fragile               Nearly level soils that are deep or very deep; have OM contents  
                                                                > 5.7% and are highly structured in the surface layer; and 
                                                                have > 85% vegetative cover; and have a wet (or very wet) 
                                                                aridity index rating.
0.010  0.209	Slightly fragile         Very steep slopes or is very shallow or has poor structure and
                                                                low OM or has low vegetative cover or has a semi-dry to 
                                                                mildly-wet aridity index rating.
0.210  0.409	Moderately fragile   Poor structure and low OM under low vegetative cover; poor 
                                                                structure and low OM on gentle slopes to very steep slopes; 
                                                                poor structure and low OM on shallow soils; poor structure and
                                                                low OM in semi-dry to mildly-wet conditions; very dry conditions 
                                                                on moderately steep slopes; moderately steep or steeper 
                                                                slopes with low vegetative cover with good structure and high OM 
                                                                under wet conditions; good structure and high OM in deep soils
                                                                under 100% veg cover on steep slopes under semi-dry conditions.
0.410  0.609	Fragile                     Poor structure and low OM with low vegetative cover on 
                                                                moderately steep or steeper slopes under wet condition; 
                                                                very dry conditions on steep or very steep soils.
0.610  0.809	Very fragile             Poor structure and low OM in very shallow soils with low vegetative 
                                                               cover on steep slopes under mildly wet to wet conditions.
0.810  1.000	Extremely fragile     Poor structure and low OM in shallow soils with low vegetative
                                                                cover on steep slopes under very dry conditions.

Scope: National


Criteria:

1. Organic Matter: The organic matter content of the surface horizon (""A"" or ""O"" horizons) is used in the index.

Property used: ORGANIC MATTER IS SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)

The scoring curve for soil organic matter content in the surface layer (""A"" or ""O"" horizon) is based on the curve developed by the Cornell soil health assessment (medium curve). This was chosen because of the high inherent organic matter contents of the northeast (based on climate and soils), and would provide the maximum potential for organic matter and soil health on agricultural soils (of that found within the US). The organic matter content ranges from 0 to 7% with a score of one as the most limiting with zero percent organic matter. Anything over 7% gets a score of zero. The scoring curve shape is sigmoid as follows:

          Organic Matter score = (a + cx + ex2)/(1 + bx + dx2 +fx3)
          a = 1.0002993; b = -0.14767395; c = -0.21024973; d = -0.0081101367; e = 0.009697; f = 0.0073572721; x = organic matter (%)

Organic matter (OM) limits:
          Extremely Low OM: < 1.3%
          Very Low OM: 1.3 to 2.6%
          Low OM: 2.6 to 3.9%
          Moderate OM: 3.9 to 5.2%
          High OM: 5.2 to 7.0%
          Very High OM: > 7%

Null organic matter is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.

2. Surface Structure: Soil structure of the surface layer is used in the index.

Property used: STRUCTURE INDEX OF SURFACE (Modality - representative value)

The scoring curve is based on the structure classes developed by Bob Grossman. The type, grade and size of structural units are grouped into classes as defined in Table 3 of the morphology index (Seybold et al., 2004). Structure classes range from 1 to 5 with 5 being the best.

Structure                          Criteria
  Class	
    5          Strong granular, strong very fine through medium blocky and very fine prismatic; 
                surface ""O"" horizons (structure is not applicable to organic layers); if soil structure is
                null and OM > 10%
    4          Moderate granular, moderate very fine and fine blocky; strong fine.
    3          Moderate medium blocky; very fine, fine and medium prismatic; strong very coarse
                and coarse blocky.
    2          Weak granular; moderate very coarse and coarse blocky; coarse and medium prismatic; 
                strong very coarse and coarse prismatic; weak platy; weak lenticular.
    1          All other soil structures (includes columnar, wedge, cloddy, massive, and single grain).
 
Scores are as follows:

	Structure Class score= 1 if structure class 1; 0.75 if structure class 2; 0.5 if structure class 3; 0.25 if structure class 4; 0 if structure class 5

Surface Structure limits:
          Poor structure: structure class = 1
          Weakly structured: structure class = 2
          Moderately structured: structure class = 3
          Well structured: structure class = 4
          Highly structure: structure class = 5
 
O horizons (and OM > 10 if structure is null) are assigned to the highly structured class.
Null surface structure is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.

3. Rooting Depth: Depth of the soil (or 152 cm) or to a root restrictive layer, whichever is shallower is used in the index. 

Property used: DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTION OR 152cm (Modality - representative value)

The scoring curve for effective rooting depth is developed based a maximum depth of 152 cm as being the least vulnerable to soil erosion. Response of crop yield to erosion is generally convex (Bakker et al., 2004). As erosion continues and the soil gets shallower increasingly severe productivity losses occur under equal erosion rates. The curve is based on depth to a root restrictive layer or 152 cm, whichever is shallower. The following is the scoring curve:

          Rooting Depth Score = a + bx + cx1.5 + dx3 
          a = 1.0000338; b = -0.019773028; c = 0.0011661322; d = -5.1038528e-08; x = rooting depth (cm)

Rooting depth limits:
          Very shallow: < 25 cm 
          Shallow: 25-50 cm 
          Moderately deep: 50-100 cm 
          Deep: 100-150 cm 
          Very deep: >150 cm

Null or zero depth is assigned to the not limiting class (Very deep).

4. Vegetative cover: The earth-cover-kind 1 and 2 for a map unit component is used in the index. If earth-cover-kind is null, then the majority NLCD land cover for a map unit is used. Using ArcMap, Zonal statistics of the USGS National Land Cover Database (NLCD; Landsat-based, 30-meter resolution, land cover database for the Nation) were conducted on gSSURGO FY2017 30-meter raster mapunits. The majority land cover of a mapunit was collected in a table by mapunit key. The table was inserted in the property script as a lookup and used by the fragile soil index interpretation.

Property used: LAND COVER NLCD (Modality - representative value). 

The scoring curve for vegetative cover is based on the percent cover assigned to each earth-cover-kind 1 and 2 for a component. If earth-cover-kind is null, then the majority NLCD land cover for a map unit is used. Vegetative cover can range from 0 to 100%. Percent cover for each earth-cover-kind in shown below:

        Earth Cover Kind	                    Veg. Cover (%)
Artificial Cover                                                   80
     Rural transportation                                     100
     Urban and built-up                                        80
Barren Land                                                       5
     Rock                                                              85
     Sand and gravel                                           5
     Culturally induced barren                             5
     Permanent snow and ice                              85
     Other barren                                                 5
Crop Cover (over the year)                              25
     Row crop                                                      20
     Close-grown crop                                         30
Grass/herbaceous Cover                                  80
     Rangeland, grassland                                  70
     Rangeland, savanna                                    70
     Rangeland, shrubby                                    70
     Rangeland, tundra                                      90
     Pastureland, tame                                       70
     Hayland                                                       70
     Marshland                                                   100
     Grass/herbaceous cover                             80
Tree Cover                                                       80
     Crop trees                                                   50
     Conifers                                                       90
     Hardwoods                                                  80
     Intermixed                                                  85
     Tropical                                                       80
     Swamp                                                       100
     Other crop trees                                        50
     Tree cover and hzname contain Ap	        50
     Tree cover and hzname contain A or O      80
Shrub Cover                                                    50
     Crop shrubs                                                40
     Crop vines                                                  40
     Native shrubs                                             60
     Other shrub cover                                     50
Water Cover                                                  100
Wetlands                                                        100	
Null earth-cover-kind and horizon designation contains O        80
Null earth-cover-kind and horizon designation contains Ap      25

The scoring curve shape is sigmoid as follows: 

          Veg Cover Score = (a + cx + ex2)(1 + bx +dx2)
          a = 0.99966629; b = -0.018080619; c = -0.019063775; d = 0.00018014742; e = 0.000090710991; x = veg cover (%)

Vegetative cover limits:
          Low vegetative cover: < 30
          Moderate vegetative cover: 30 - 60%
          Moderately-high vegetative cover: 60 - 80%
          High vegetative cover: > 80%

Null vegetative cover is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.

5. Slope: The slope percent for the component is used in the index.

Property used: SLOPE (Modality - representative value)

The scoring curve for slope was based on the study by Lui et al. (1994). They showed that for slopes between 9 and 50%, the soil loss was linearly related to the sine of the slope angle, similar to what is used in RULSE but takes into account steeper slopes. The shape of the curve in plot of slope percent versus soil loss normalized to 9% is slightly convex from 9 to 50% slopes. The Y axis (soil loss normalized to 9%) was replaced with 0 to 1 to produce the scoring curve. Below 9%, the shape is still convex but less steep.  The scoring curve is as follows:

	Slope score = (a + cx + ex2 + gx3)/(1 + bx + dx2 + fx3)
	a = -0.00097169878; b = -0.085569059; c = 0.022525266; d = 0.0068975356; e = -0.0036133219; f = 8.00000689E-05; g = 0.00024152235; x = slope gradient (%)

Slope limits:
          Very steep: > 45
          Steep: 28 - 45%
          Moderately steep: 16 - 28%
          Strongly sloping: 8 - 16%
          Gently sloping: 3 - 8%
          Nearly level: 0 - 3%

Null slope is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.

6. Aridity: The De Martonne (1926) aridity index (Am) (as reviewed in Maliva and Missimer, 2012 and Lunga et al., 2011) uses temperature as a proxy for ETp as follows: Am = P/(T + 10) where, P (mm) is the annual precipitation and T (C) the mean annual temperature. The equation is appropriate for temperatures greater than -9.9C. The De Martonne aridity index decreases (approaches zero) with increasing aridity. 

Property used: ARIDITY INDEX (Modality - representative value)

 The shape of the scoring curve is sigmoid as follows:
	Aridity Index score = (a + cx + ex2)/(1 + bx + dx2)
	a = 0.99992575; b = -0.069544299; c = -0.065093715; d = 0.0019192058; e = 0.0010584767; x = aridity index

Aridity index limits (classification according to De Martonne, 1926):
          Very dry: 0 - 5
          Dry: 5 - 15
          Semi-dry: 15 - 20
          Mildly wet: 20 - 30
          Wet: 30 - 60
          Very wet: > 60

Aridity index values greater than 30 are considered not fragile.
Null aridity index is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.


References:

Agnew, C., and W. Anderson. 1992. Water in the arid realm. Routledge, London.

Bakker, M.M., G. Govers, M.D.A. Rounsevell. 2004. The crop productivity erosion relationship: an analysis based on experimental work. Catena 57:55-76.

Bennett, H.H. 1951. Raindrops and erosion. Circular No. 895. United States Dept. of Agric. Washington, D.C.

De Martonne, E. 1926. Arisme et indice artidite. Comptes Rendus de LAcad Sci, Paris, 182:13951398.

Eswaran, H., Lal, R., & Reich, P. F. (2001). Land degradation: An overview. In E. M. Bridges, I. D. Hannam, L. R. Oldeman, F. W. T. Pening de Vries, S. J. Scherr, & S. Sompatpanit (Eds.), Responses to land degradation, Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Land Degradation, Khon Kaen, Thailand (pp. 2035). New Delhi, India: Oxford Press.

Lungu, M., L. Panaitescu, and S. Ni. 2011. Aridity, climatic risk phenomenon in Dobrudja. Present Environment and Sustainable Development 5(1):181-190.

Karlen and Stott. 1994. A framework for evaluating physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. pp. 53-72. In: J.W. Doran, D.C. Coleman, D.F. Bezdicek, and B.A. Stewart (Eds) Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 35. Madison, WI.

Maliva, R.G., and Th.M. Missimer. 2012. Chapter 2: Aridity and Drought. In: Arid lands water evaluation and management. 

Pimentel, D. 2006. Soil erosion: A food and environmental threat. Environment, Development and Sustainability 8:119-137.

Seybold, C.A., R.B. Grossman, H. Hoper, G. Muckel, and D.L. Karlen. 2004. Soil quality morphological index measured in the 1996 NRI pilot study. Soil Survey Horizons 45(3):86-95.

Wall, D.H. 2005. Biodiversity. p.136-141. In: D. Hillel (ed.) Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. Vol. 1. Elsevier, Oxford."|08/16/2017 20:00:40|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528146"
"FL095"|"GRL - Fencing, Post Depth =<24 inches"|"limitation"|"FENCING:
        1. Fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of animals and people.  Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts.  This rule was developed for conditions where the posts are set to a depth of 2 feet or less into the soil with strands of wire suspended between the posts.
 
        2. The guide, as shown in the Table below, is used to rate the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost.  Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug, metal posts are driven into the soil.
 
        3. Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts.  Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction.  Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost.  High water tables raise the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings.  High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment.  Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause lose of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography.  Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength.  Soil blowing causes maintenance problems.  Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts.  Steep slopes affect the use power augers and the delivery of supplies.  During the wet seasons surface creep on steep slopes increases maintenance.  Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs.
 
         
 
Table of Criteria for Fencing:

                            		 LIMITS

RATING CRITERIA 		WELL            		POORLY  	RESTRICTIVE
	OR PROPERTY     	SUITED   	SUITED 		SUITED          FEATURE
 
1.      USDA TEXTURE     	---     	---    		ICE     	PERMAFROST 

1a.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---     	---    		SC, SIC, C      TOO CLAYEY
        AVE. 0-24"")
 
1b.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT AV.      ---    	SC, SIC, C       ---    	TOO CLAYEY
        0-24"", KAOLINITIC
        MINERALOGY AND
        OXIC SUBGROUPS,
        AND OXISOLS AND
        UDIC MOISTURE
        REGIME)
 
1c.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---    LS, LCOS, VFS,  COS, S, 			TOO SANDY
        AV. 0-24"")              	LFS, LVFS       FS
 
2.      FLOODING        	NONE, RARE      OCCAS   	FREQ    	FLOODING
 
3.      DEPTH TO BEDROCK         ---     	---    		<24""     	DEPTH TO ROCK
        (HARD OR SOFT, IN)
 
4.      DEPTH TO CEMENTED        ---     	---    		<24""     	CEMENTED PAN
        PAN (IN)
 

5.      WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     	25-50   	>50     	TOO GRAVELLY
        2 mm-<3"" (0-24"")
 
5a.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     	25-50   	>50     	TOO COBBLY
        3-10"" (0-24"")	
  
5b.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<5      	5-15    	>15     	TOO STONY
        >10"" (0-24"")
 
6.      SHRINK-SWELL     	---     	---   		 >6      	SHRINK-SWELL
        THICKEST LAYER
        0-24"", LE (PCT)


7.      PONDING  		---     	---      	+     		PONDING
 
8.      DEPTH TO HIGH   	>2.0     	---    		<2.0    	WETNESS
        WATER TABLE (FT)
 
9.      SLOPE (PCT)     	<8      	8-15    	>15     	SLOPE
 
10.     POTENTIAL FROST
        ACTION   		---    		HIGH    	---    		FROST ACTION
 
11.     SALINITY (MMHOS/CM)      ---    	>8       	---    		EXCESS SALT
 
12.     SOIL REACTION (pH)       ---    	<3.5     	---    		TOO ACID"|03/04/2015 16:20:09|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528147"
"FL095"|"GRL - Fencing, Post Depth =<36 inches"|"limitation"|"FENCING:
        1. Fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of animals and people.  Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts.  This rule was developed for conditions where the posts are set to a depth of 3 feet or less into the soil with strands of wire suspended between the posts.
 
        2. The guide, as shown in the Table below, is used to rate the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost.  Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug, metal posts are driven into the soil.
 
        3. Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts.  Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction.  Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost.  High water tables raise the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings.  High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment.  Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause lose of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography.  Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength.  Soil blowing causes maintenance problems.  Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts.  Steep slopes affect the use power augers and the delivery of supplies.  During the wet seasons surface creep on steep slopes increases maintenance.  Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs.
  
 
Table of Criteria for Fencing:

                            		 LIMITS

RATING CRITERIA 		WELL            	POORLY  	RESTRICTIVE
	OR PROPERTY     	SUITED   SUITED 	SUITED          FEATURE
 
1.      USDA TEXTURE     	---     ---    		ICE     	PERMAFROST 

1a.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---     ---    		SC, SIC, C      TOO CLAYEY
        AVE. 0-36"")
 
1b.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT AV.      ---    SC, SIC, C       ---    	TOO CLAYEY
        0-36"", KAOLINITIC
        MINERALOGY AND
        OXIC SUBGROUPS,
        AND OXISOLS AND
        UDIC MOISTURE
        REGIME)
 
1c.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---    LS, LCOS, VFS,  COS, S, 		TOO SANDY
        AV. 0-36"")              	LFS, LVFS       FS
 
2.      FLOODING        	NONE, RARE      OCCAS   FREQ    	FLOODING
 
3.      DEPTH TO BEDROCK         ---     ---    	<36     	DEPTH TO ROCK
        (HARD OR SOFT, IN)
 
4.      DEPTH TO CEMENTED        ---     ---    	<36     	CEMENTED PAN
        PAN (IN)
 

5.      WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     25-50   	>50     	TOO GRAVELLY
        2 mm-<3"" (0-36"")
 
5a.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     25-50   	>50     	TOO COBBLY
        3-10"" (0-36"")
  
5b.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<5      5-15    	>15     	TOO STONY
        >10"" (0-36"")
 
6.      SHRINK-SWELL     	---     ---   		 >6      	SHRINK-SWELL
        THICKEST LAYER
        0-36"", LE (PCT)


7.      PONDING  		---     ---      	+     		PONDING
 
8.      DEPTH TO HIGH   	>2.0     ---    	<2.0    	WETNESS
        WATER TABLE (FT)
 
9.      SLOPE (PCT)     	<8      8-15    	>15     	SLOPE
 
10.     POTENTIAL FROST
        ACTION   		---    HIGH    		 ---    	FROST ACTION
 
11.     SALINITY (MMHOS/CM)      ---    >8       	---    		EXCESS SALT
 
12.     SOIL REACTION (pH)       ---    <3.5     	---    		TOO ACID"|03/04/2015 16:20:09|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528148"
"FL095"|"Ground Penetrating Radar Penetration"|"limitation"|"Introduction

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used by a diverse group of service providers that include agronomist, archaeologists, criminologists, engineers, environmental specialists, foresters, geologists, geophysicists, hydrologists, land use managers, and soil scientists. In recent years, GPR has gained recognition in the search for terrorism and military hazards. A common concern of GPR service providers is whether or not GPR will be able to achieve the desired depth of penetration in the soils of a project area. In many soils, high rates of signal attenuation severely restrict penetration depths and limit the suitability of GPR for a large number of applications. In saline and sodic soils, where penetration depths are often less than 10 inches (Daniels, 2004), GPR is unsuited to most applications. In wet clays, where penetration depths are typically less than 40 inches (Doolittle et al., 2002), GPR has very low potentials for most applications. However, GPR is highly suited to most applications in dry sands and gravels, where penetration depths can exceed 160 feet with low frequency antennas (Smith and Jol, 1995). 

Most GPR service providers have limited knowledge of soils and are unable to foretell attenuation rates, penetration depths, and the general suitability of the soils within project areas to GPR. Knowledge of the probable penetration depth and the relative suitability of soils would help service providers assess the appropriateness of using GPR and the likelihood of achieving acceptable results. Soil attribute data contained in the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) and the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) data bases have been used to develop thematic maps showing, at different scales and levels of resolution, the relative suitability of soils for many GPR applications. Both STATSGO and SSURGO data bases consist of digital map data, attribute data, and Federal Geographic Data Committee compliant metadata. These data bases are linked to soil interpretation records, which contain data on the physical and chemical properties of approximately 21,000 different soils (USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1994). 


Factors Influencing the Penetration Depth of GPR

The penetration depth of GPR is determined by antenna frequency and the electrical conductivity of the earthen materials being profiled (Daniels, 2004). Soils having high electrical conductivity rapidly attenuate radar energy, restrict penetration depths, and severely limit the effectiveness of GPR. The electrical conductivity of soils increases with increases in water, clay and soluble salt contents. 

Electrical conductivity is directly related to the amount, distribution, chemical composition, and phase (liquid, solid, or gas) of the soil water (McNeill, 1980). At a given frequency, the attenuation of electromagnetic energy increases with increasing moisture contents (Daniels, 2004). The lack of adequate data on soil moisture and the high spatial and temporal variations in the degree of soil wetness within most soil map units precluded the use of moisture content in the preparation of GPR soil suitability maps. As a consequence, properties selected to prepare these maps principally reflect variations in the clay and soluble salt contents of soils. These properties include clay content and mineralogy, electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, and calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate contents. 

Clays have greater surface areas and can hold more water than the silt and sand fractions at moderate and higher water tensions. Because of their high adsorptive capacity for water and exchangeable cations, clays produce high attenuation losses (Daniels, 2004). As a consequence, the penetration depth of GPR is inversely related to clay content. While soils with more than 35 percent clay are restrictive, soils with less than 10 percent clay are generally favorable to deep penetration with GPR. 

Soils contain various proportions of different clay minerals (e.g., members of kaolin, mica, chlorite, vermiculite, smectite groups). The size, surface area, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), and water holding capacity of clay minerals vary greatly. Variations in electrical conductivity are attributed to differences in the CEC associated with different clay minerals (Saarenketo, 1998). Electrical conductivity increases with increasing CEC (Saarenketo, 1998). Soils with clay fractions dominated by high cation exchange capacity clays (e.g., smectitic and vermiculitic soil mineralogy classes) are more attenuating to GPR than soils with an equivalent percentage of low cation exchange capacity clays (e.g., kaolinitic, gibbsitic, and halloysitic soil mineralogy classes). Soils classified as kaolinitic, gibbsitic, and halloysitic characteristically have low cation-exchange capacity and low base saturation. As a general rule, for soils with comparable clay and moisture contents, greater depths of penetration can be achieved in highly weathered soils of tropical and subtropical regions that have kandic or oxic horizons than in soils of temperate regions that have argillic horizons. Compared with argillic horizons, kandic and oxic horizons have greater concentrations of low activity clays (Soil Survey Staff, 1999).

Electrical conductivity is directly related to the concentration of dissolved salts in the soil solution, as well as the type of exchangeable cations and the degree of dissociation of the salts on soil particles (Soil Survey Staff, 1993). The concentration of salts in the soil solution is dependent upon the degree of water-filled porosity, the soil texture, and the minerals found in soils. In semi-arid and arid regions, soluble salts and exchangeable sodium accumulate in the upper part of some soil profiles. These salts produce high attenuation losses that restrict penetration depths (Doolittle and Collins, 1995). Because of their high electrical conductivity, saline (saturated extract electrical conductivity  4 mmhos cm -1) and sodic (sodium absorption ratio  13) soils are considered unsuited to GPR. 

Calcareous and gypsiferous soils are characterized by layers with secondary accumulations of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, respectively. These soils mainly occur in base-rich, alkaline environments in semi-arid and arid regions. High concentrations of calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfate imply less intense leaching, prevalence of other soluble salts, greater quantities of inherited minerals from parent rock, and accumulations of specific mineral products of weathering (Jackson, 1959). Grant and Schultz (1994) observed a reduction in the depth of GPR signal penetration in soils that have high concentrations of calcium carbonate. 

GPR Soil Indices

Soil properties selected to prepare GPR soil suitability maps are summarized in Table 1. Attribute index values (AIV) were assigned to each of the selected soil properties based on field experiences. Lower AIVs are associated with lower rates of signal attenuation, greater penetration depths, and soil properties that are characteristically more suited to GPR. For clay content, AIVs range from 1 to 5. Mineral soils with clay contents less than 10 percent in all horizons within a depth of 3.3 feet have a very high potential for most GPR applications and are assigned an AIV of 1. Mineral soils with clay contents greater than 60 percent in one or more horizons within a depth of 3.3 feet have a very low potential for most GPR applications and are assigned an index value of 5. A mineralogy override is used for highly weathered soils that are dominated by low activity clay minerals. Based on taxonomic criteria, a textural adjustment is applied to all soils that have kandic or oxic horizons and more than 10 percent clay. Fabric adjustments and separate indices are used for organic soils. Organic soils with more acidic reactions (dysic; AIV of 1) are typically more nutrient deficient and less limiting to GPR than organic soils with more neutral or alkaline soil reactions (euic; AIV of 2). Distinctions are also made for organic soils with mineral layers that are more than 12 inches thick and occur within depths of 4.1 feet (terric taxonomic subgroup). Because of their unsuitability to GPR, saline and sodic soils are assigned an AIV of 6. Based principally on taxonomic criteria, mineral soils with less than 60 percent clay that are characterized by high gypsum and/or calcium carbonate contents are assigned an added AIV of 1. Very fine textured soils (>60 percent clay) have very low potential for GPR and were not assigned this additional AIV.

For each component of a soil map unit, the most limiting condition (highest AIV) for each of the selected properties (clay content, electrical conductivity or SAR, and calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate content) at the soil horizon level is selected. These index values are summed to a depth of 3.3 feet for mineral soils and 4.1 feet for organic soils. The summation of the most limiting conditions represents the component index value (CIV). A CIV is computed for each soil in the map unit. Table 2 shows the relative composition (percentage) of different soil components and their CIVs for a hypothetical soil map unit.

A relative suitability index (SI) is computed for each map unit by summing the percentages of soils with the same CIV. Table 3 shows the results of summing the soil component percentages by the CIVs shown in Table 2. The dominant CIV is 4 for the map unit shown in Table 3. Soils with this index value make up 38 percent of the map unit. However, this map unit is also composed of soils that have more limiting (21%) and more favorable (41%) CIVs. The SI for a map unit represents the most dominant attribute properties, but does not identify or weighs the proportion of other soils that have different CIVs and occur within the map unit.

The final product is a lookup table consisting of the map unit identifiers and dominant GPR suitability indices (SI) shown in Table 4. The dominant SI for the soil components is joined to the map unit identifiers and displayed in graduated colors on digital maps. 

Relative Suitability of Soils for GPR

Soil attribute index values and relative soil suitability indices are based on observed responses from antennas with center frequencies between 100 and 200 MHz. For mineral soils, the inferred SI is based on unsaturated conditions and the absence of contrasting materials within depths of 3.3 feet. Penetration depths and the relative suitability of mineral soils will be less under saturated conditions. Contrasting physical and chemical properties will also affect attenuation rates and penetration depths.

Areas dominated by mineral soil materials with less than 10 percent clay or very deep organic soils with pH values < 4.5 in all layers have very high potential (SI of 1) for GPR applications. Areas with very high potential afford the greatest possibility for deep, high resolution profiling with GPR. However, depending on the ionic concentration of the soil solution and the amounts and types of clay minerals in the soil matrix, signal attenuation and penetration depths will vary. With a 200 MHz antenna, in soils with very high potential for GPR, the effective penetration depth has averaged about 16.5 feet. However, because of variations in textural layering, mineralogy, soil water content, and the ionic concentration of the soil water, the depth of penetration can range from 3.3 to greater than 50 feet. 

Areas dominated by mineral soils with 18 to 35 percent clay or with 35 to 60 percent clay that are mostly low-activity clay minerals have moderate potential (SI of 3) for GPR. Low activity clays are principally associated with older, more intensely weathered soils that form in materials weathered from highly permeable granitic parent rock on the Piedmont and Coastal Plains of southeastern United States. In soils with moderate potential for GPR, the effective penetration depth with a 200 MHz antenna has averaged about 7 feet with a range of about 1.6 to 16 feet. Though penetration depths are restricted, soil polygons with moderate potential are suited to many GPR applications. 

Mineral soils with 35 to 60 percent clay, or calcareous and/or gypsiferous soils with 18 to 35 percent clay have low potential (SI of 4) for GPR. Areas with low potential are very depth restrictive to GPR. In soils with low potential for GPR, the depth of penetration with a 200 MHz antenna has averaged about 1.6 feet with a range of about 0.8 to 6.5 feet. 

Areas that are unsuited (SI >5) to GPR consist of saline and sodic soils. These soil map units are principally restricted to arid and semiarid regions and coastal areas of the United States.

A more readable document can be found at:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/geo/?cid=nrcs142p2_053623



References

Daniels, D. J. 2004. Ground Penetrating Radar, 2nd Edition. The Institute of Electrical Engineers, London, United Kingdom. 

Doolittle, J. A. and M. E. Collins. 1995. Use of soil information to determine application of ground-penetrating radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33:101-108.

Doolittle, J. A., F. E. Minzenmayer, S. W. Waltman, and E. C. Benham. 2002. Ground penetrating radar soil suitability map of the conterminous United States. 7-12 pp. In: Koppenjan, S. K., and L. Hua (Eds). Ninth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar. Proceedings of SPIE Volume 4158. 30 April to 2 May 2002. Santa Barbara, CA.

Grant, J. A. and P. H. Schultz. 1994. Erosion of ejecta at Meteor Crater: Constraints from ground penetrating radar. 789-803 pp. In: Proceedings Fifth International Conference on Ground-Penetrating Radar. Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research and the Canadian Geotechnical Society. June 1214, 1994, Kitchner, Ontario, Canada. 

Jackson, M. L. 1959. Frequency distribution of clay minerals in major great soil groups as related to the factors of soil formation. Clays and Clay Minerals 6: 133-143.

McNeill, J. D. 1980. Electrical conductivity of soils and rock. Technical Note TN-5. Geonics Limited, Mississauga, Ontario.

Saarenketo, T. 1998. Electrical properties of water in clay and silty soils. Journal of Applied Geophysics 40: 73-88.

Smith, D. G. and H. M. Jol. 1995. Ground-penetrating radar: antenna frequencies and maximum probable depths of penetration in Quaternary sediments. Journal of Applied Geophysics 33: 93-1.

Soil Survey Staff. 1993. Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service, Handbook No. 18, US Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.

Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil Taxonomy, A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys 2nd Edition. US Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 436, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1994. State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) Database - Data Use Information. Misc. Publication No. 1492. National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.

USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1995. Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database - Data Use Information. Misc. Publication No. 1527. National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.

----------------------------------------------------------Tables-----------------------------------------------

 
Table 1. Soil properties and attribute index values (AIV) used to calculate soil component index values.
CIV = (A + B + C).
A. Clay
A1.1. Mineral Soils
Clay content Attribute Index Value 
 10 1 
> 10 and  18 2 
> 18 and  35 3 
> 35 and  60 4 
> 60 5 

A1.2. Mineralogy override for low activity clays
Taxonomic Order Attribute Index Value 
All Oxisols and those Ultisols that belong
to Kandic subgroups or great groups % clay index (A1.1) - 1 

A2. Fabric override for Organic Soils
Soil reaction group and Taxonomic Subgroup Attribute Index Value 
Dysic and not Terric subgroup 1 
Euic and not Terric subgroup 2 
Terric subgroup % clay index + 1 

B. Electrical Conductivity (mmho/cm) and Sodium Absorption Ratio
Salinity and Sodicity Attribute Index Value 
EC  4 or SAR  13 6 

C. Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulfate
Determined from Taxonomic Classification Attribute Index Value 
Calcic or Gypsic great group or subgroup 1 
Calcareous reaction class 1 
Rendolls suborder 1 
Histosols order and Marly mineralogy
Calcic, Gypsic, Calcareous, Illitic (calcareous),
Montmorillonitic (calcareous), or
Mixed (calcareous) mineralogy 1 
(Determined from representative
Calcium carbonate percent) > 10 1

Table 2
Computed index values for soil components in a hypothetical Sharpsburg soil map unit
Soil component     Component percent     CIV
Sharpsburg                      84                       4
Pawnee                              6                       4
Judson                               4                       3
Nodaway                           4                       3
Colo                                   2                       4

Table 3
Soil Component percents summed by CIV for the hypothetical Sharpsburg soil map unit
Sum component  percent                    CIV
          92                                              4
            8                                              3



Table 4
GPR potential ratings based on group suitability indices (SI)
GPR suitability index                               Potential
         1                                                 Very high
         >1 to 2                                        High
         >2 to 3                                      Moderate
         >3 to 4                                           Low
         >4 to 5                                      Very low
            >5                                           Unsuited
         99                                              No data"|06/22/2011 15:44:42|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528149"
"FL095"|"MIL - Bivouac Areas (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Bivouac Areas

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military training and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restrictive soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The ratings are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  Bivouac areas are tracts of land used intensively as sites for field operation centers for military activity.  Bivouac areas require such site preparation as shaping and leveling in the areas used for tents and parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines.  Bivouac areas are also subject to heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic.

The MIL - Bivouac Areas interpretation provides information about the soil limitations for use as a bivouac and identifies those soil properties that influence the ease of developing bivouac areas and the performance of the area after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are also important.  For tent or remote camp sites, the limitations would be less restrictive.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan are the main concerns in developing bivouac areas.  For good trafficability, the surface of bivouac area should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and presence of toxic materials.  Soils that are subject to flooding are particularly hazardous for bivouac areas because of the danger to life and property.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey surface layers are slippery and sticky when wet, are slow to dry, and, when dry, are usually hard.  Timing and techniques that are used in preparing a seedbed and in planting the seeds, mechanical use, and large animal hoof impact are affected.  Hard surfaces affect seedling emergence and survival.  These factors should be considered in selecting alternatives for use and management.

	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	> 27 to < 40%
		Not limiting	<= 27%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer may impede road and trail construction and maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 75%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	3.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock*"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	4.  Wetness:  A seasonal high water table results in poorly drained soils that are wet, have low trafficability, and maybe boggy.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 45 to < 75cm
		Not limiting	=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	5.  Sodium content: High concentrations of exchangeable sodium cause poor soil conditions that restrict trafficability and the growth of most plants.
		
	Property used: ""SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Not limiting	 < 13			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Flooding: Flooding from stream overflow, runoff, or high tides adversely affects the use and management of these areas.  Flooding delays use of the area until the floodwater has receded and the soils have dried sufficiently to allow renewed activity.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Too Gravelly: High gravel content in the soil surface may impede road and trail construction and maintenance.

	Property used: ""COARSE FRAGMENTS 2 to 75MM IN SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 50%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		 =< 25%
		
	Null passing #10 sieve is assigned to the Not lilmiting class.

	8.  Percs slowly: The slow movement of water through the soil can cause periodic wet soil conditions and increased runoff potential.
		
	Property used: ""KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Very limited	=< 0.42 micrometers/second
		Limited		 > 0.42 and < 4.2 micrometers/second
		Not limiting	=> 4.2 micrometers/second	
		
	Null Ksat is assigned to the not limiting class.

	9.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	10. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity in the surface layer may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the electrical conductivity of the surface layer.
		
	Property used: ""SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8 
		Somewhat limiting	=> 4 to < 8
		Not limiting		 < 4			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	11. Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

	12. Content of large stones: Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter in soil surface layer are may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 3%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1% to < 3%
		Not limiting		 =< 0.1%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	13. Too acid: Soils that are too acid restrict plant growth and site reclamation.  Acid soils generally contain sulfuric acid, have low base saturation, and have the potential for aluminum and/or manganese toxicity.  The addition of soil amendments and/or the selection of species that are tolerant to acid conditions are management considerations.
	
	Property used: ""SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=< 4.0
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4.0 to < 6.0
		Not limiting		=> 6.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	14. Sandy or loamy surface: Sandy surface layers are soft and loose, highly permeable, and generally low in fertility.  Planting techniques, seedling emergence, and survival are adversely affected.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: ""USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		""COS"", ""S"", ""FS"", and ""VFS""
		Somewhat Limiting	""LFS"", ""LVFS"", ""LCOS"", AND ""LS""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture is assigned to the Not rated class."|01/10/2013 22:59:31|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528150"
"FL095"|"MIL - Excavations Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated weapon emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.
 
The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after weapons have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and weapon readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for troop and weapon protection and support bases.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and weapon readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect weapon readiness.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 0 and 120cm.
		
	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 0-120CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 80%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 35 to < 80%
		Not limiting		<= 35%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Cutbanks cave: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols than cutbanks have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting 		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Property used: WTTP-TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""vertisols""
		Not limiting	not = ""vertisols""
		
	Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not rated class.

	3.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 and < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: ""WTTP-KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	     	Not limiting	 not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND

	Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
	     	Not limiting		    = ""Noncemented""
		
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

	4.  Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

	5.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 75cm and < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (lithic)"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	8.  Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact of this limitation.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	9.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in  horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 120cm deep.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-120CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% and < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

	10.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers between 50 and 150cm.
	
	Property used: ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	11.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	12.  Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528151"
"FL095"|"MIL - Excavations for Individual Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 60 cm (24 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated for individual fighting emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its natural condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.
 
The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after fighting positions have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and position readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 2 or 3 feet.  They are used for troop.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching tools and shovels.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and position readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect position readiness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 0 and 60cm.
		
	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 0-60CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 80%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 35 to < 80%
		Not limiting		<= 35%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 and < 50cm
		Not limiting		>= 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: ""WTTP-KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	     	Not limiting	 not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND

	Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
	     	Not limiting		    = ""Noncemented""
		
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

	3.  Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

	4.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 25cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25 and < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (lithic)"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	5.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact of this limitation.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	8.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 50 cm deep.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-50CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 65%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 20% and < 65%
		Not limiting		=< 20%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

	9.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/11/2013 22:10:07|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528152"
"FL095"|"MIL - Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"Rule: MIL - Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources.  Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non- limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 180 cm (72 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified providing the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated large vehicle and weapons emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.

The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after weapons and vehicles have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and weapon readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for troop, vehicle, and weapon protection and support bases.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and weapon readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect weapon readiness.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Criterion name: Clayey 35 To 80%

    Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult
    to compact.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum
    percent clay.

            Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT Maximum"" (Modality - high,
            low, and representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                >= 80%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 35 to < 80%
                    Not limiting            <= 35%

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Clay (35 to 80% Maximum)

        This evaluation checks the soil's clay content within a
        depth of and indexes the degree to which clay content is
        limiting.  Where the soil property ""CLAY PERCENT Maximum
        (TX)"" is:

                 => 80% the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 35 and < 80% the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as a number
        between 0 and 1.0.
                 =< 35% the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: CLAY PERCENT Maximum

            Data used: claytotal from component horizon table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Clay percent

            Logic: Finds the maximum clay percent for any
            horizon.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: normally each
            has a single value.

2.  Criterion name: Cutbank Caving Implicit

    Cutbanks cave: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or
    texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols than
    cutbanks have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for
    all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed
    to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and
    caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury
    or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture
    modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.

            Property used: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting         matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*""
                                or matches ""* GR""
               Somewhat limiting       all other USDA textures

            Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    OR

           Property used: TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting         = ""vertisols""
                    Not limiting    not = ""vertisols""

            Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not rated class.

        Evaluation applied: Taxonomic Order - Vertisol

        This evaluation checks soil's taxonomic order and indexes
        the degree to which order is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""TAXONOMIC ORDER"" matches:

                ""vertisols"" the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: TAXONOMIC ORDER

            Data used: taxorder from component table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Taxonomic order.

            Logic:  Finds the taxonomic order for the component
            and returns the name as the rv.

        Evaluation applied: USDA Texture Class & Modifiers - Sand
        and Sandy Gravel

        This evaluation checks the USDA texture group of the soil
        horizon between 50 and 180cm and indexes the degree to
        which the texture group is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm"" matches:

                ""*S *"", ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm
            
            Data used: texture_modifier_and_class from component
            horizon texture group table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Texture group.
                    2.  RV or First texture group
                    3.  In depth 50 to 180cm
                    4.  RV or first texture matches ""*S *"",
            ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR*""

            Logic:  Finds the USDA texture group and class codes
            for all horizons that have any portion in the depth
            range 20"" to 72"" (50-180 cm).

            Returns the group and class codes in rv: may have
            multiple values.

        Evaluation applied: USDA Texture Class & Modifiers - Sand
        and Sandy Gravel

        This evaluation checks the USDA texture group of the soil
        horizon between 50 and 180cm and indexes the degree to
        which the texture group is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm""
        matches:

                ""*S *"", ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm
          
            Data used: texture_modifier_and_class from component
            horizon texture group table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Texture group.
                    2.  RV or First texture group
                    3.  In depth 50 to 180cm
                    4.  RV or first texture matches ""*S *"",
            ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR*""

            Logic:  Finds the USDA texture group and class codes
            for all horizons that have any portion in the depth
            range 20"" to 72"" (50-180 cm).

            Returns the group and class codes in rv: may have
            multiple values.

3.  Criterion name: Depth to Cemented Pan 0 to 180cm

    Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components.  Depth to restrictive feature must be
    synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
    the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                 = 0cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 0 and < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
    AND
            Property used: ""KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting             = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or
    ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
                    Not limiting     not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or
    ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
    AND

            Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS""
    (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                not = ""Noncemented""
                    Not limiting                = ""Noncemented""

            Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to First Restrictive Feature 0
        to 180cm

        This evaluation checks the depth of the first restrictive
        feature and indexes the degree to which restrictive
        feature depth is limiting.  Where the soil property
        ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE"" is:
                  = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                  => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

            Data used:  resdept from the component restrictions table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Depth to the top of the first restrictive layer

            Logic:  Finds the top depth of the first restrictive
            feature.

        Evaluation applied: First Restrictive Feature Hardness =
        Noncemented

        This evaluation checks the hardness of any cemented pan
        and indexes the degree to which cemented pan hardness is
        limiting.  Where the soil property ""RESTRICTIVE FEATURE
        HARDNESS (TX)"" is:
                 not = ""Noncemented"" the soil is limited and the
        degree of limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                     = ""Noncemented"" the soil is not limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS
            (TX)

            Data used:  reshard from the component restrictions
            table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Restrictive feature hardness

            Logic:  Finds the restrictive feature hardness.

            Returns values for rv.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Cemented Pan
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic""
        or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" the soil is limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number
        1.0.
                 Not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic""
        or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" the soil is not limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used:  reskind from the component restrictions
            table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Restrictive feature type

            Logic:  Finds the soil's first restrictive feature
            kind.

            Returns the restrictive feature kind as rv, having a
            single value.

4.  Criterion name: Depth to Dense Layer; BD > 1.8 Within 180cm (TX)

    Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such
    as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground
    practice components.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality
            - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Somewhat limiting        < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to High Bulk Density > 1.8; 0
        to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of a dense layer
        and if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses
        the degree to which ""DENSE LAYER"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC
        (TX)"" is:

                 = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)

            Data used:  hzdept and dbthirdbar_h from the
            component table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Horizon depth to the first layer with
            bulk density high > 1.8

            Logic:  Finds the depth to the top of the first
            horizon having a high bulk density greater than 1.8
            g/cc.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

5.  Criterion name: Depth to Hard Bedrock 120 to 180cm (TX)
    Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top
    depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock
    (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
    depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                =< 120cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 120cm and < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    AND
            Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting             = ""bedrock (lithic)""
                    Not limiting    not  = ""bedrock (lithic)""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting
            class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Bedrock 120 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of ""bedrock*"" and
        if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses the
        degree to which ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" is:

                 =< 120cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 120cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)

            Data used: resdept and reskind from component
            restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*"" and if true
                    2.  resdepth

            Logic:  Reports the top depth of the first
            restrictive layer where kind equal bedrock.  Depth
            to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
            depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
            the horizon table.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Hard Bedrock
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""bedrock (lithic)"" the soil is limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number
        1.0.
                 Not = ""bedrock (lithic)"" the soil is not limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used: reskind from component restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*""

            Logic:  Reports the first restrictive layer kind.

6.  Criterion name: Depth to Soft Bedrock 50 to 180cm (TX)

    Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top
    depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock
    (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must
    be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown
    in the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Somewhat limiting        < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    AND
            Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting       = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
               Not limiting   not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Bedrock 50 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of ""bedrock*"" and
        if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses the
        degree to which ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" is:

                 =< 50cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 50cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)

            Data used: resdept and reskind from component
            restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*"" and if true
                    2.  resdepth

            Logic:  Reports the top depth of the first
            restrictive layer where kind equal bedrock.  Depth
            to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
            depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
            the horizon table.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Soft Bedrock
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"", ""bedrock (densic)""
        the soil is limited and the degree of limitation index is
        expressed as the number 1.0.
                 Not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"", ""bedrock (densic)""
        the soil is not limited and the degree of limitation
        index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used: reskind from component restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*""

            Logic:  Reports the first restrictive layer kind.

7.  Criterion name: Depth to Water Table 0 to 180cm (TX)

    Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are
    slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of
    heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the
    first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during
    any month.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                 = 0cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 0 to < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Water Table 0 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of a wet or
        saturated layer and if present indexes the depth.  This
        index expresses the degree to which ""WETNESS"" is a
        limiting feature.  Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO HIGH
        WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" is:
                  = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                  => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM
            (TX)

            Data used: comonth.month, soimoiststat, and
            soimoistdept from component month and component soil
            moisture table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  soimoiststat = ""wet"" or ""saturation""
                    2.  resdepth

            Finds the shallowest depth to soil moisture status
            ""wet"" or ""saturation"".

8.  Criterion name: Flooding Occasional or Frequent (TX)

    Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence
    seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting
    species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact
    of this limitation.

            Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Somewhat limiting   = ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
               Not limiting        = ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""

            Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Flooding ""FREQUENT"" or Greater (TX)

        This evaluation checks soil's flooding frequency and
        indexes the degree to which flooding is limiting.  Where
        the soil property ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS (TX)"" is:

                 = ""frequent"" or ""very frequent"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation is expressed as the
        number 1.0.
             not = ""frequent"" or ""very frequent"" the soil is not
        limited and the degree of limitation is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest
            (TX)

            Data used: flodfreqcl from the component month
            (comonth) table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Flood Frequency class

            Logic:  Finds the longest flooding frequency classes
            for all months.

            Returns each distinct frequency class in rv:
            multiple values are possible.

        Evaluation applied: Flooding ""OCCASIONAL"" (TX)

        This evaluation checks soil's flooding frequency and
        indexes the degree to which flooding is limiting.  Where
        the soil property ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS (TX)"" is:

                 = ""occasional"" the soil is limited and the
        degree of limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 not = ""occasional"" the soil is not limited and
        the degree of limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest
            (TX)
            Data used: flodfreqcl from the component month
            (comonth) table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Flood Frequency class

            Logic:  Finds the longest flooding frequency classes
            for all months.

            Returns each distinct frequency class in rv:
            multiple values are possible.

9.  Criterion name: Fragments >75mm, 15 to 50% by Wght. Av. 0-72"" (TX)

    Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil
    and restricts position installation and site reclamation.  Soil feature
    considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size
    greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0
    to 180 cm deep.

            Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-180cm
            (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                => 50%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 15% and  < 50%
                    Not limiting            =< 15%

            Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

        Evaluation applied: Fragments >75mm, 15 to 50%, Wght. Av.
        0-180cm (0-72"") (TX)

        The weighted average of the component horizon
        rock_frag_3_to_10_in and rock_frag_greater_than_10_in to
        a depth of 180cm (72"") indexes the degree to which LARGE
        STONES are limiting.  Where the soil property ""FRAGMENTS
        > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-180cm (TX)"" is:
                 => 50 the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 15 and < 50 the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation is expressed as a number between
        0 and 1.0.
                 =< 15 the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN
            DEPTH 0-180cm (TX)

            Data used: frag3to10 and fraggt10_r from component
            horizon table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  LAYER THICKNESS IN RANGE; ABOVE A
            RESTRICTIVE LAYER
                    2.  THICKEST LAYER
                    3.  frag3to10 and fraggt10_r

            Logic: Finds the average percentage of rock
            fragments of size greater than 3"" in the horizons
            from 0"" to 72"" (0 to 180 cm) deep or first
            restrictive layer.  Uses the rock percents from the
            Horizon table.  To compute a weighted average, the
            sum of rock 3-10"" and rock > 10"" for each horizon is
            multiplied by the horizon thickness, then averaged
            over all horizons to 72"".

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

10.  Criterion name: Humus Between 50 to 150cm (TX)

     Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high
    in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil
    feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers
    between 50 and 150cm.

            Property used: ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting        = pt, ol, or oh
                    Not limiting    not = pt, ol, or oh

            Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Unified; (Organic 50 to 150cm (20-
        60"")) (TX)

        This evaluation checks the Unified class of the soil
        between a depth of 50 to 150cm and indexes the degree to
        which unified class is limiting.  Where the soil property
        ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" is:

                     = ""OL"", ""OH"", or ""PT"" the soil is limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 1.0.
                 not = ""OL"", ""OH"", or ""PT"" the soil is not
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 0.

            Data required: UNIFIED IN SURFACE THICKER THEN 25CM
            (TX)

            Data used: unifiedcl, hzdept_r, hzdepb_r, and
            rvindicator from component, chorizon, and chunified
            tables.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Horizon depth;
                    2.  Unified class
                    3.  unified class rv flag set.

            Logic:  Finds the Unified class of the surface soil
            thicker then 25cm, where the unified rv is set to
            yes else the first unified class listed is selected.
            The representative or first unified class for each
            horizon is returned as the rv value.

11.  Criterion name: Ponding Duration All (TX)

    Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and
    affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil
    feature considered is ponding duration.

            Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting     = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
               Not limiting = ""none""

            Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Ponding Duration (All) (TX)

        This evaluation checks for the duration of Ponding.
        Where the soil property ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" is:
                 = ""VERY BRIEF"", ""BRIEF"", ""LONG"" or ""VERY LONG""
        the soil is limited and the degree of limitation index is
        expressed as the number 1.0.
                 = null the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: PONDING DURATION (TX)

            Data used: ponddurcl from component month table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Ponding duration.

            Logic:  Finds the  ponding duration classes for all
            months.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

12.  Criterion name: Slopes 8 to 15% (TX)

    Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and
    may require special system design and construction to overcome the
    slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.

            Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high,
            representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                => 15%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 8 and < 15%
                    Not limiting            =< 8%

            Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

        Evaluation applied: Slope 8 to 15% (TX)

        This evaluation checks slope and indexes the degree to
        which slope is limiting.  Where the soil property ""SLOPE
        (TX)"" is:
                 => 15 the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 8 and < 15 the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as a number
        between 0 and 1.0.
                 =< 8 the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: SLOPE (TX)

            Data used: slope from the component table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  slope percent

            Logic:  Finds the low, high, and rv values for
            component slope."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528153"
"FL095"|"MIL - Helicopter Landing Zones (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Helicopter Landing Zones

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military training and support activities on soil and the soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restrictive soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources.  Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's surface property has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Helicopter Landing Zones are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used as landing zones.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.

The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on site preparation and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after landing zones have been constructed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Helicopter Landing Zones are areas that are developed to land helicopters and transport troops and supplies.  Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence construction, maintenance, and readiness of helicopter landing zones.  Dusty surface layer, slope, or the amount of large stones influence the development and functionality of an area for landing helicopters.  Flooding or ponding may restrict the period when the landing zone can be used. 

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Flooding: Flooding limits construction and maintenance of fencing.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""frequent"", ""occasional"", ""rare"" or ""very rare""
		Not limiting	= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	  = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	3.  Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: ""USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting	all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	4.  Slope: Slopes impede the operation of helicopters due to the risk of the tail rotor striking the ground, the aircraft sliding downslope, and other safety concerns.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting	=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

	5.  Content of large stones: Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter in soil surface layer are may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 3%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1% to < 3%
		Not limiting	 =< 0.1%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class."|01/16/2013 17:33:04|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528154"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch) such as amphibious tracked vehicles used to carry cargo.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.
 
When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, mh, ml, cl, cl-ml 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.98	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, cl 
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sp-sm, mh, ml, cl-ml, ol
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, oh
	0.94	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, mh  
	0.98	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol
	0.97	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528155"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch).  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a maximum of 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.96	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.95	ml
	0.94	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.93	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	sc-sm
	0.90	cl	
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.82	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ml
	0.81	cl-ml
	0.80	sm, sw-sm
	0.73	ol
	0.69	oh
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ch
	0.95	sc-sm
	0.94	mh
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	ol
	0.91	cl-ml
	0.90	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, oh
	0.82	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528156"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 dry season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch).  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships, which produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  The exeption is the sandy Unified Class of the thickest layer which is within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw,gp,sw,sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.98	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw
	0.98	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp (0 to 15cm), sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, cl
	0.97	mh, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ml, cl-ml, ol
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, oh
	0.94	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.98	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528157"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures such as wide tracked tanks or landing vehicles (25,000-100,000 pound vehicle weight) or lighter wheeled vehicles such as pickup trucks and HumVee (3,000 to 10,000 vehicle weight).  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.   Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.97	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, , mh, ml, cl
	0.96	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.96	ch
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm, cl
	0.91	sp-sm
	0.88	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.87	cl-ml
	0.86	ml, ol, sm, sw-sm
	0.82	oh
	0.73	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.97	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch 
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.95	ol
	0.94	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, cl-ml, oh
	0.90	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528158"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a maximum of 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.95	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.92	ml
	0.89	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.86	ch
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc 
	0.84	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.82	sc-sm
	0.81	mh
	0.71	cl
	0.69	sp-sm
	0.67	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.65	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.49	cl-ml
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.93	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	sc-sm
	0.89	mh
	0.86	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.85	cl
	0.82	sm, sw-sm
	0.73	ml
	0.69	cl-ml, ol
	0.65	oh
	0.49	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528159"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  The exeption is the sandy Unified Class of the thickest layer which is within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw,gp,sw,sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.96	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.96	ch, sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm, cl
	0.91	sp-sm, ml
	0.88	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.87	cl-ml
	0.86	sm, sw-sm, ol
	0.82	oh
	0.73	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.96	sp, 0 to 15cm

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528160"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 1-pass wet season

Summary:   Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Examples include heavy tracked vehicles such as M1 tanks,  amored bulldozer, or 105mm Howitzer or lighter wheeled vehicles such as 5 ton 6x6 cargo truck or  2.5 ton 4x4 cargo trucks with20-36 thousand pound vehicle weight.   Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.97	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.96	sc-sm, ml 
	0.95	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	cl
	0.87	sp-sm, mh
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.83	cl-ml
	0.82	sm, sm-sw
	0.81	ol
	0.79	ml
	0.72	oh
	0.68	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	ch
	0.96	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.95	mh
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	ol
	0.92	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.91	cl, oh	
	0.85	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528161"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 50-pass wet season

Summary:   Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	sm, sw-sm
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.85	ml
	0.70	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.76	mh
	0.72	ch
	0.71	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.49	cl 
	0.48	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.47	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.90	ch
	0.89	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.88	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.85	sc-sm
	0.82	mh
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.70	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.66	ml
	0.48	cl-ml, ol, oh
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528162"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.94	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sp (0-15cm)
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	cl, ml
	0.87	mh, sp-sm
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.83	cl-ml
	0.82	sm, sw-sm
	0.81	ol
	0.72	oh
	0.68	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.94	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528163"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Examples include heavy tracked vehicles in the range of 120,000 to 140,000 pound vehicle weights to wheeled vehicles in the range of 17,000 to 25,000 vehicle weight (Truck, van, 2-1/2 ton, 6x6, M109A1).  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.96	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm
	0.95	ml 
	0.94	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.89	cl
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.81	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.80	cl-ml
	0.79	sm, sm-sw
	0.76	ml
	0.72	ol
	0.68	oh
	0.64	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.95	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.94	mh
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	ol
	0.90	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.89	cl, oh	
	0.81	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528164"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	sm, sw-sm
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.85	ml
	0.70	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.73	mh
	0.72	ch
	0.71	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.49	cl 
	0.48	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.47	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.90	ch
	0.89	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.88	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.85	sc-sm
	0.82	mh
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.70	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.66	ml
	0.48	cl-ml, ol, oh
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528165"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.92	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 TO 30cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sp (0-15cm), sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	ml
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.89	cl
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.81	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.80	cl-ml
	0.79	sm, sw-sm
	0.72	ol
	0.68	oh
	0.64	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 8 to 23cm
	0.92	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528166"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks such as 5 ton 6x6 dump trucks or 5 ton 6x6 truck tractors in the weight range of 32,000 to 45,000 pounds vehicle weight.  Civilian semi tractors could be included in type 5.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.   Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.95	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.93	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.91	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	sc-sm
	0.86	cl
	0.85	mh
	0.80	sp-sm
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.72	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.71	cl-ml
	0.67	ol
	0.64	oh
	0.49	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm
	0.93	mh, cl
	0.91	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.90	ol
	0.88	sm, sw-sm
	0.87	ml, cl-ml
	0.82	oh	
	0.72	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528167"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increases as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.94	ch
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	sm, sw-sm
	0.91	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.89	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	mh, cl
	0.84	sc-sm
	0.74	ml
	0.66	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.73	mh
	0.68	ch
	0.67	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.66	sc-sm
	0.48	cl, sp-sm
	0.47	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.46	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.88	ch
	0.86	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.84	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.81	sc-sm
	0.73	mh
	0.70	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.66	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.49	ml
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528168"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.86	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.91	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	sc-sm
	0.86	cl, sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.85	mh
	0.80	sp-sm
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.72	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.71	cl-ml
	0.67	ol
	0.64	oh
	0.49	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.86	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528169"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use such as the 10 ton 6x6 M125A1 .  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.94	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.93	ml
	0.91	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.89	ch
	0.87	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.86	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.84	sc-sm, cl
	0.82	mh
	0.71	sp-sm
	0.69	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.68	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.49	cl-ml, ol
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	mh
	0.88	cl, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.84	sm, sw-sm
	0.80	ml
	0.79	ol
	0.73	cl-ml
	0.69	oh	
	0.65	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528170"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.90	sm, sw-sm
	0.88	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.83	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	mh
	0.79	cl
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.69	ml
	0.48	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.48	mh, ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.47	cl
	0.46	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.81	ch
	0.72	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.70	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.68	sc-sm
	0.66	mh
	0.49	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.48	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.47	ml
	0.46	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528171"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.72	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw
	0.89	ch
	0.87	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.86	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.84	sc-sm, cl
	0.82	mh
	0.72	sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.71	sp-sm
	0.69	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.68	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.49	cl-ml, ol
	0.48	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.72	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528172"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	ch
	0.95	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.94	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.91	ml
	0.82	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.84	ch
	0.82	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.81	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	sc-sm
	0.79	mh
	0.69	cl
	0.66	sp-sm
	0.64	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.49	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.96	sp-sm
	0.92	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.91	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.87	mh
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.82	cl
	0.80	sm, sw-sm
	0.71	ml
	0.65	cl-ml
	0.63	ol
	0.53	oh	
	0.48	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:02:12|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528173"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.93	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.91	ch
	0.90	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.86	sm, sw-sm
	0.81	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.73	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.69	mh
	0.68	cl
	0.64	sc-sm
	0.49	ml
	0.46	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.48	mh, ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.47	cl
	0.46	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.45	ol, oh, pt
	0.44	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.72	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.70	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.68	sc-sm
	0.66	mh
	0.49	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.48	sm, sw-sm
	0.46	ml, cl, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:02:12|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528174"
"FL095"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.68	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw
	0.84	ch
	0.82	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.81	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	sc-sm
	0.79	mh
	0.69	cl
	0.68	sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.66	sp-sm
	0.64	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.49	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.48	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.68	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528175"
"FL095"|"NCCPI - National Commodity Crop Productivity Index (Ver 3.0)"|"suitability"|"A soil may be a full member, partial member, or non-member of the set of soils that are suited to growing commodity crops.  This NCCPI is designed to predict the relative productivity of soils for growing major commodity crops.

Factors rated are soil chemical properties, soil physical properties, landscape characteristics, and climate.  The scope of this rating is nationwide.  Climate factors to a large extent drive what crops are grown in an area.  Version attempts to accomodate ""corn"", ""soybeans"", ""small grains"", and ""cotton"" climates and to an extent the differing soil property preferences of the different crops.

The major advancements are in the way RZAWC is handled for corn and how negative soil attributes are handled.

Detailed documentation for this model can be found at:

http://soils.usda.gov/technical/

Look forthe NCCPI User Guide.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_050734.pdf

This is the updated version of NCCPI.  It is current as of April 1, 2012.
This version is current as of 7/25/2017."|07/25/2017 21:15:02|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528177"
"FL095"|"Soil Susceptibility to Compaction"|"limitation"|"Soil Susceptibility to Compaction

Soils can be a full member, partial member, or non-member of the set of soils that are susceptible to compaction.  Soils are rated based on their susceptibility to compaction from the operation of ground-based equipment for planting, harvesting, and site preparation activities when soils are moist.  Soil compaction is the process in which soil particles are pressed together more closely that in the original state.  Typically, the soil must be moist to be compacted because the mineral grains must slide together.  Compaction reduces the abundance mostly of large pores in the soil by damaging the structure of the soil.  This produces several effects that are unwanted in agricultural soils since large pores are most effective at transmitting water and air through the soil.  Compaction also increases the soil strength which can limit root penetration and growth.  The ability of soil to hold water is adversely affected by compaction since the large pores hold water.  The degree of compaction of a soil is measured by its bulk density, which is the mass per volume, generally expressed in grams per cubic centimeter.

Compacted soils are less favorable for good plant growth because of high soil bulk density and hardness, reduced pore space, and poor aeration and drainage. Root penetration and growth is decreased in compacted soils because the hardness or strength of these soils prevents the expansion of roots. Supplies of air, water, and nutrients that roots need are also less favorable when compaction decreases soil porosity and drainage.

Interpretation ratings are based on soil properties in the upper 12 inches of the profile.  Factors considered are soil texture, soil organic matter content, soil structure, rock fragment content, and the existing bulk density.  Each of these is thought to contribute to resisting the susceptibility of a soil to compaction when present.  Organic matter in the soil provides resistance to compaction and the resilience to ameliorate the effects with time.  Soil structure adds strength as discrete aggregates and it is the aggregates that are deformed or destroyed by compactive forces, thus strong soil structure lowers the susceptibility to compaction.  Similarly, rock fragments in the soil can bridge and provide a framework to resist compaction.  Finally, if a soil is already fairly dense causing further compaction is more difficult. 

Definitions of the ratings:

Low - The potential for compaction is insignificant.  This soil is able to support standard equipment with minimal compaction. The soil is moisture insensitive, exhibiting only small changes in density with changing moisture content.

Medium - The potential for compaction is significant.  The growth rate of seedlings may be reduced following compaction.  After the initial compaction (i.e., the first equipment pass), this soil is able to support standard equipment with only minimal increases in soil density.  The soil is intermediate between moisture insensitive and moisture sensitive.

High - The potential for compaction is significant.  The growth rate of seedlings will be reduced following compaction.  After initial compaction, this soil is still able to support standard equipment, but will continue to compact with each subsequent pass.  The soil is moisture sensitive, exhibiting large changes in density with changing moisture content.

References:

Adams, P.W.  1998. Soil Compaction on Woodland Properties.  Oregon State University Extension Publication EC 1109.

Adams, P.W.  1981. Compaction of Forest Soils.  Oregon State University Extension Publication PNW 217.

Boyer, Don. 1997. Guidelines for Soil Resource Protection and Restoration for Timber Harvest and Post-Harvest Activities.  U.S Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Watershed Management.

Geist, J.M.; Hazard, J.W.; Seidel, K.W. 1989. Assessing Physical Conditions of Some Pacific Northwest Volcanic Ash Soils After Forest Harvest.  Soil Science Society of America Journal 53:946-950.

Froehlich, Henry A and David H. McNab. 1983. Minimizing Soil Compaction in Pacific Northwest Forests.  Proceedings of Sixth North American Forest Soils Conference, University of Tennessee.

Page-Dumrose, Deborah S.  1993. Susceptibility of Volcanic Ash Influenced Soils in Northern Idaho to Mechanical Compaction. U.S. Forest Service Intermountain Research Station.  Research Note INT-409."|08/14/2017 21:49:01|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528178"
"FL095"|"URB/REC - Camp Areas"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Camp Areas"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Camp Areas"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Camp areas are tracts of land used intensively as sites for tents, trailers, campers, and the accompanying activities of outdoor living.  Camp areas require site preparation such as shaping and leveling in the areas used for tents and parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines.  Camp areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing camping areas and the performance of the camping area after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are important.  For tent or remote campsites, the limitations would be less restrictive.

Slope, stoniness, and depth to bedrock or cemented pans are the main concerns in developing camp areas.  However, areas associated with picnic areas may have steep slopes and rough terrain for aesthetic purposes.  For good trafficability, the surface of camp areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and presence of toxic materials.  Soils that are subject to flooding are particularly hazardous for camp areas because of the danger to life and property.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15 percent
		Not limiting	>= 15 percent
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528179"
"FL095"|"URB/REC - Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Off-road motorcycle trails are primarily for recreational use.  Trails for other off-road vehicles may have similar criteria.  Little or no preparation is done to the trail, and the surface is not vegetated or surfaced.  Considerable compaction of the soil on the trail is expected.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing off-road motorcycle trails and the performance of off-road motorcycle trails after development.  Erodibility, revegetation, trafficability, and dustiness are the main concerns in developing paths and trails.  For good trafficability, the surface of a path or trail should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Considerations for desirable off-road challenges are not included.

Soil properties considered are stoniness, slope, wetness, texture of the surface layer, and flooding.  Slope affects the soil erodibility.  Large stones affect the configuration of the trail.  Small stones affect trafficability.  Wetness and flooding affect revegetation and frequency of use.  Surface texture affects erodibility, trafficability, revegetation, and probability of dust.

These soil properties and qualities are.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors and steep slopes have a tendency to erode and when used for paths and trails.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on these soils.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) and slope. 
		
	Property used: EROSION FACTOR FIRST LAYER NOT ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .35
		Not limiting		 < .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Not limiting		 < 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	2.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	         < 15 percent
		Not limiting        >= 15 percent
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25 and < 40%
		Not limiting	=< 25%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer may impede trafficability.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 65%
		Not limiting	<= 65%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 < 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 60cm
		Not limiting	=> 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

14.  Dust - Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the trail.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528180"
"FL095"|"URB/REC - Paths and Trails"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Paths and Trails "".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Paths and Trails "" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Paths and trails ratings apply to walking, horseback riding, and similar uses that require little or no cutting or filling.  The soils are rated based on the properties and qualities that influence trafficability and erodibility.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing paths and trails and the performance of paths and trails after development.  Stoniness, wetness, texture of the surface layer, slope, flooding, erodibility, and, in dry regions, dustiness are the main concerns in developing paths and trails.  For good trafficability, the surface of a path or trail should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.

These soil properties and qualities are.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors and steep slopes have a tendency to erode and when used for paths and trails.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on these soils.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) and slope. 
		
	Property used: EROSION FACTOR FIRST LAYER NOT ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .35
		Not limiting		 < .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Not limiting		 < 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	2.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15cm
		Not limiting	>= 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=< 15%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer may impede trafficability.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 65%
		Not limiting		<= 65%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Dusty: Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 60cm
		Not limiting		=> 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528181"
"FL095"|"URB/REC - Picnic Areas"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Picnic Areas"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Picnic Areas"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Picnic areas are natural or landscaped tracts used primarily for preparing meals and eating outdoors.  These areas are subject to heavy foot traffic.  Most vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking lots.  Soils ratings are based on properties that influence the development costs of shaping the site, trafficability, and the growth of vegetation after development.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing picnic areas and the performance of the picnic areas after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are important.

Slope and stoniness are the main concerns in developing picnic areas.  For good trafficability, the surface of picnic areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock, permeability, and the presence of toxic materials.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15 percent
		Not limiting	>= 15 percent
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

             19.Dust PM10 and PM2.5 Generation: Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).

 Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting	 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting	 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting	 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)"|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528182"
"FL095"|"URB/REC - Playgrounds"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Playgrounds"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Playgrounds"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Playgrounds are areas used intensively for games, such as baseball and football, and similar activities.  Playgrounds require a nearly level soil that is free of stones and that can withstand heavy foot traffic and still maintain adequate vegetation.  Soils ratings are based on properties that influence the cost of shaping, trafficability, and the growth of vegetation.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing playgrounds and the performance of playgrounds after development.  Slope and stoniness are the main concerns in developing playgrounds.  For good trafficability, the surface of playgrounds should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.

Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock, permeability, and the presence of toxic materials.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  5% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		  <  5%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15cm
		Not limiting	>= 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Moderately deep soil with slope greater then 2% and shallow or very shallow soils are considered restrictive.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.


	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	AND
	
	RV Slope is greater then 2%

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Moderately deep soil with slope greater then 2% and shallow or very shallow soils are considered restrictive.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	AND
	
	RV Slope is greater then 2%

OR
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 2 and < 6%
		Not limiting	=< 2%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 10%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the area.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting	 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting	 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting	 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528183"
"FL095"|"WMS - Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures of soil material that are constructed to impound water or protect land against overflow.  They generally are less than 20 feet high, are constructed of ""homogeneous"" soil material (without a core zone), and are compacted to medium density.  Embankments that have zoned construction (core and shell) are not considered.

Soil properties influence development of embankments, dikes, and levees including site selection, structure design, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for embankments, dikes, and levees are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Ratings are made for the soil that may be source of material for embankment fills.  The rating is given for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 5 feet, based on the assumption that soil horizons will be mixed in loading, dumping, and spreading.  The ratings do not indicate the suitability of the undisturbed soil for supporting the embankment.  Soil properties to a depth greater than the embankment height have an effect on the performance and safety of the embankment.  Generally, deeper onsite geologic investigations must be made to determine these important properties.


Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities to act as a natural barrier against seepage into deeper layers, without regard to cutoff trenches or other features that may be installed under the pond embankment.  Excessive slope in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the pond embankment seriously reduces the storage capacity of the reservoir area.  Suitable sites may be difficult to find on slopes steeper than about 10 percent.

Embankments, dikes, and levees require soil material that is resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and that has favorable compaction characteristics.  Organic soils are not suitable because of high compression, low strength, and unpredictable permeability.  When compacting with tamping rollers (sheepsfoot rollers) or pneumatic rollers, stones over 6 inches in size must be removed; therefore, stony soils are limited for this use.  If a water table is present, the depth of usable material and the trafficability are affected.

The content of sodium and salts affects the capability for plant growth on embankment surfaces.  These properties may also indicate dispersive soils that are highly erosive and susceptible to piping.  Soils that contain gypsum may have piping and uneven settling.

Low-density silts and clays in the supporting foundation generally have excessive settlement and low strength.  Loose soils in arid regions undergo much settlement very rapidly upon becoming saturated as water is impounded.  These soils generally do not provide adequate support for embankments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Hard to pack: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with high plasticity and liquid limits are difficult to compact.  These hard to pact soil are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low compaction index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are plasticity index and percent passing the 200 sieve of the thickest layer to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 40
		Somewhat limiting	 > 20 to < 40
		Not limiting		=< 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

	AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50
		Not limiting		 < 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	2.  Thin layer: Shallow depth to a cemented restrictive layer limits the amount of source materials available for constructing dikes, levees, or water retention embankments.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive hardness is not ""noncemented"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to  < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting		=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	7.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for all layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 >= 8 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.   Seepage: Soils that are high in gravel or sand or are very silty are prone to seepage when used as materials to build embankments, dikes, or levees.  The following child rules are joined by the OR operator and the one with the highest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing #200 Sieve, 25-200cm (Weighted Average) -- Gravelly or sandy soils allow seepage.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the soil between 20 and 200 cm or a restrictive layer.   

	
	
	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WTD_AVE 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTR LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 < 50 and > 10
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Unified Class, 25-200cm (Dominant Condition)  Soils in the  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", and ""pt"" are not suited for embankments, dikes, or levees.
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Unified =  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", ""pt""
		
		Not limiting		Unified !=  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", ""pt""
		
	Null Unified is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
	9.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting  not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Dust: Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting	 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting	 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|09/06/2013 18:52:24|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528184"
"FL095"|"WMS - Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for "" Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise ""Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

An aquifer-fed excavated pond is a body of water created by excavating a pit or dugout into a ground-water aquifer.  Excluded are ponds that are fed by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the original surface.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities that affect aquifer-fed excavated ponds are depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the aquifer, and quality of water as determined by inference from the salinity of the soil.  Large stones are also considered because of their effect on the ease of excavation.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Cutbanks cave: Soils with high water table are suited for aquifer-fed ponds.  However, cutbanks may cave or slump during excavation of the pond reservoir and pose a safety concern when the soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury or death.  Cutbanks caving can also reduce the life expectancy of the pond unless practices are applied to limit slumping once the reservoir is filled.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: USDA GROUP-CLASS IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures other then silt
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SI"" set at .5
					all other textures set at .1
		Not limiting		none
		
	Null USDA Texture class is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to water: Soils deep to an apparent water table are not potential sites for aquifer fed ponds.  These areas have little potential recharge capacity.  Soil feature considered is the depth to the first soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month and where all subsequent layer are either wet or saturated.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 150cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 60 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=< 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of an Aquifer-fed pond only when an apparent water table is at depth less then 150cm.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep and the presence of an apparent water table.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		  > 150cm
		Not limiting		 =< 105cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Slow refill: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat contained within an apparent water table governs the rate of water movement into an Aquifer-fed pond.  When this rate is low, refilling of the pond is slow.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and maximum permeability of the layers that occur within that depth.
	
	Property used: KSAT MAXIMUM of Apparent Water Table (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.0 and < 14 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 14 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) limits site preparation and restricts the installation of an Aquifer-fed pond only when an apparent water table is at depth less then 150cm.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".

	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Salty water: Salinity soils with a high apparent water table may have reduced potential for aquifer-fed ponds.  The water source may be to salty or to high a content of undesirable minerals to be used as a source of livestock or wildlife water.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm) and has an apparent water table within 150cm of the surface.
	
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	>= 4 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		 < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|09/27/2012 20:16:30|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528185"
"FL095"|"WMS - Irrigation, General"|"limitation"|"WMS-General Irrigation								Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS-Irrigation -General"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of irrigation systems.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. This interpretation is for non-specific irrigation methods and is intended to provide initial planning information.  If the type of irrigation system has been determined additional interpretations provide more specific information.  This interpretation does not apply if the crop planned for irrigation is rice or other crops (such as cranberries) with unique plant physiological characteristics.

The degree of limitation is expressed as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). NOTE: Several soil criteria that result in very limited responses, do not apply when irrigating rice. This report is not applicable to basin irrigation of rice. 

The General Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Temple, Texas interpretation and irrigation engineering staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas interpretation staff for General irrigation has been modified to meet the need for this application in other regions of the United States.  

This application is NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER. 

Scope: Irrigation systems are used to provide supplemental water to crops, orchards, vineyards, and vegetables in area where natural precipitation will not support desired production of crops being grown.

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in design and management are sodium adsorption ratio, depth to high water table, available water holding capacity, permeability, erosion factor, slope, calcium carbonate content, ponding, and flooding.  Soil properties and qualities that influence installation and tillage are stones, depth to bedrock or cemented pan, and depth to a high water table.  The properties and qualities that affect performance of the irrigation system are depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and soil reaction.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to irrigation.
 
CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown
in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 150 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	      = ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	      = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components.   Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature shown in the component restrictions table must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table in NASIS. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
	
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 and < 150cm
			Not limiting		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
			Not limiting		not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting 	       = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

4.  Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, water control structures, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. Soil feature used is 60 cm depth as limiting. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.


	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM IN GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 60 cm and <90 cm
			Not limiting		  => 90 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
5.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation system design and management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 150 cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 7.5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 7.5 to < 18cm
			Not limiting		=> 18cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.

6.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		> 20
			Somewhat limiting	> 6 and < 20
			Not limiting		< 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

7.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land, off site to receiving surface waters.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= frequent or ""occasional""
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8.  Percs slowly: Soils with low hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events.  Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soils with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters.  Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150 cm.

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting	  > 0.14 and < 1.40 micrometers/second
			Not limiting		=> 1.40 micrometers/second	
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

9. Ponding: Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  
	
	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	= brief or ""very brief""
			Not limiting		= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

10. Excess salt: Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-150 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4 
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

11. Slope: Limitation due to slope is highly dependant on type of irrigation system. Moderate slopes may increase runoff and erosion, when used with surface irrigation methods and specific types of mobile sprinkler irrigation systems (LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA).   LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA are sprinklers equipped with low pressure spray nozzles that operate on drops.  The closer the nozzle spacing and lower the drop the greater potential for runoff and irrigation induced erosion on a given soil.  Actual limiting slopes for sprinkler irrigation systems using spray nozzles on drops would be  average slope >1% for LEPA, average slope > 3.0% for LESA; and for LIPC and MESA systems average slope > 3% and surface texture finer than loam, or > 5% and surface texture loam or coarser.  All other sprinkler systems would have limitations at >= 15%.  Surface irrigation systems would have a limitation at or above 3 % slope.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 15 	
       			Somewhat limiting	   >1 and < 15			
			Not limiting 		=< 1%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

12. Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.    Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 100cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

13.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50% 
			Not limiting		  < 50 %
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.


14.  Seepage:	Rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increase irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150 cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 44.0 um/sec 
			Somewhat limiting	  > 14.0 to < 44.0 um/sec	
			Not limiting		<= 14.0 um/sec
Null Ksat is assigned to the Not limiting class.

15.  Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Large stones may also impact operation and maintenance requirements of the selected irrigation system and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN)      (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		  > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting	  > 25 % to 35 %
			Not limiting		=<25 %
Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.


16.  Content of large stones (b): Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Large stones may also impact operation and management requirements of the selected irrigation system and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting, and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.   Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 5%
			Somewhat limiting	 > 0.1 to < 5%
			Not limiting		<= 0.1%
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class

17.  Subsidence - The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.

	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	                If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	                10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Information:
Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:

Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS States Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS. Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations
Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature
regime:

taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|02/09/2016 16:25:56|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528186"
"FL095"|"WMS - Irrigation, Micro (above ground)"|"limitation"|"WMS - Micro-irrigation, (Above Ground)				Date: 7/02/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS- Micro-irrigation, (Above Ground)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for irrigation systems that apply water at a slow rate near the plants or crops being irrigated. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

The Drip or Trickle Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff in cooperation with the University of California. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Drip or Trickle Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.  

This application is NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER. 

Drip or trickle irrigation is the controlled application of water to supplement rainfall. The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.

Scope:  Micro-irrigation systems are irrigation systems that generally apply frequent application of small quantities of water on or below the soil surface: as drops, tiny streams or miniature spray through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line.   Generally, these irrigation systems are very efficient irrigation technologies in terms of both water and energy use and are suitable for used in vineyards, orchards, windbreaks, truck crops, nurseries, and on some row crops.  This interpretation report addresses micro-irrigation systems which emit or apply water at or on the soil surface.  The Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) report addresses micro-irrigation systems that apply water below the soil surface.  

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of drip irrigation systems are depth, wetness or ponding, a need for drainage, percolation, and flooding. The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are depth, flooding and ponding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are the amount of salts, lime, gypsum or sodium.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	= > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting	 not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to cemented pan: A shallow depth to cemented pan could also reduce rooting depth and available water capacity, making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction _ kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting	not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	= ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

4.  Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of irrigation chemical treatment constituents, nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. Used 90 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.  

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	=>60 to < 90 cm
			Not limiting		=> 90 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 20 
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting		<= 6			
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

6.  Flooding: Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most microirrigation systems involve a relatively high capitol investment. Most producers will want to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install the irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients, and agricultural and water treatment chemicals, which are typically applied through or in conjunction with this type of irrigation system.   Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional or "" frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

7.  Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth.    Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. 

	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting 	= very brief or brief
			Not limiting 		= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8.  Excess salt: Excess salts in soil can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significant increases in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and negatively impact crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4 
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

9.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 5 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 to < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

10.  Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 100cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
			Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.


11.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting 		  < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

12.  Seepage: Rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increase irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting	  > 21.0 to < 44.0 um/sec 
			Not limiting		<= 21.0 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

13.  Content of large stones (a): Large stone impede installation of irrigation system pipeline mains, laterals, and appurtenances.  Large stones may make O&M on buried irrigation infrastructure more difficult and may impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil available water content.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 25 % to <= 35 %
			Not limiting 		=< 25 %
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

14.  Content of large stones (b): Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede installation of irrigation pipelines and appurtenances to deliver water to microirrigation (above ground) systems.   Above ground installations of main pipelines and laterals can often be used to overcome this limitation.  Above ground installations will sometimes have more varmint damage issues than below ground system delivery pipelines.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	 => 5%
			Not limiting		< 5 %
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

15.  Subsidence - The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm

References: 
The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Above Ground had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. 

Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS States Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.

National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Sept. 1997. Part 652.0603

National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Conservation Practice Standard - Irrigation System, Micro -irrigation, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Texas, April, 2002.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|02/09/2016 16:25:56|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528187"
"FL095"|"WMS - Irrigation, Micro (subsurface drip)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip					Date: 7/02/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS - Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for irrigation systems that apply water at slow rates to the soil-rooting zone and installed beneath the soil surface.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

The Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip was developed by the Temple, Texas interpretation and irrigation engineering staffs and is NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.  The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other regions of the United States. The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.

Scope: Micro- irrigation systems are irrigation systems that apply low volume water application on or below the soil surface: as drops, tiny streams or miniature spray through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line. This report addresses Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) systems which are buried micro-irrigation systems that apply water directly to the subsoil very slowly.  Generally, these systems are very efficient irrigation technologies in terms of both water and energy use and are suitable for used in windbreaks, vegetables, berries, landscape plantings, vineyards, orchards, and some row crops.   The Micro- irrigation (Above Ground) report addresses those systems which emit or apply water at or on the soil surface.

Description: The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.  The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of drip irrigation systems are soil depth, available water capacity, wetness, or ponding, a need for drainage, percolation rate, pH, erosion potential, and flooding.  The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are soil depth, stoniness, flooding, and ponding.  The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are available water capacity, shrink-swell, salts, lime, pH and sodium.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	 => 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock can impede installation of irrigation system pipelines, appurtenances, and subsurface drip irrigation laterals.   A shallow depth to hard bedrock reduce available rooting depth, and available water capacity making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Shallow depth to bedrock also limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and <100 cm
			Not limiting		=> 100 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not	 = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock can impede installation of irrigation system pipelines, appurtenances, and subsurface drip irrigation laterals.   A shallow depth to soft bedrock reduce available rooting depth, and available water capacity making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.    Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the
restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 =< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	   > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		 => 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting 	not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan can impede installation of subsurface drip irrigation laterals, and could result in irrigation laterals being placed below the pan making uniform soil moisture distribution problematic.  A shallow depth to cemented pan could also reduce rooting depth and available water capacity, making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	  = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
			Not limiting	  not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or petrogypsic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

5.  Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, SDI lateral tubing, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of irrigation chemical treatment constituents, nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. Used 90 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 60 to < 90cm
			Not limiting		=> 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management.  Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting		<= 6			
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

7.  Flooding: Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most microirrigation (Subsurface Drip) systems involve a relatively high capitol investment. Most producers will want to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install this type of  irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients, and agricultural and water treatment chemicals, which are typically applied through or in conjunction with this type of irrigation system.    Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or frequent
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8.  Content of large stones (a): Large stone impede installation of irrigation system mains, subsurface drip laterals, and appurtenances.  Large stones have the potential to damage SDI tubing over time when tubing is installed in contact with stones.  Large stones may make operation and management on buried microirrigation tubing more difficult and may impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil available water content.    Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 25%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 0% and < 25%
			Not limiting		= 0%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

9.  Content of large stones (b): Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede installation of subsurface irrigation systems and mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (PAN) Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 5%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1 to < 5%
			Not limiting		<= 0.1%
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

10. Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer. Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 cm and < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm 
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.

11. Ponding:  Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth.    Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding any month during growing season. 
	
	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = brief or ""very brief""
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

12. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.
Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

13. Seepage: Microirrigation Subsurface Irrigation Systems utilize irrigation laterals installed below the normal tillage zone to prevent damage.  Especially in drier climates rapid permeability can result in crop germination problems if applied irrigation water is unable to move up to planted seeds to insure germination.  In addition, rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increases irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting	  > 21.2 to < 44.0 um/sec 
			Not limiting		<= 21.2 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Shrink-Swell: High shrink-swell potential limits the installation and maintenance of subsurface drip irrigation lines and emitters.  Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) tubing can be damaged due to stress imposed by movement of high shrink swell clays.  Damage to buried lateral lines and resulting sediment contamination from field repairs can be significant problems on high shrink swell soils tubing is exposed by cracks allowing easy rodent access.   In some cases this limitation can be addressed by operating and managing a microirrigation (subsurface drip irrigation) system to maintain soil moisture year round at a level that will prevent soil cracking.  In drier climates and limited water supply areas this may not be an option.  Soil feature considered is the maximum linear extensibility percent

	Property used: WMS - SHRINK-SWELL, MAXIMUM 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 10.5
			Somewhat limiting	  > 4.5 to < 10.5
			Not limiting		=< 4.5
	Null shrink-swell is assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.   Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

16. Subsidence: The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

References: 
The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.
Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS States Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.

National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Sept. 1997. Part 652.0603

National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Conservation Practice Standard - Irrigation System, Micro -irrigation, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Texas, April, 2002.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|08/15/2017 17:09:34|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528188"
"FL095"|"WMS - Irrigation, Sprinkler (close spaced outlet drops)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation, Close Spaced Outlets, Drops				Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation, Close Spaced Outlets, Drops"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of sprinkler irrigation systems equipped with close spaced outlets on drops. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is expressed as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. 

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and <1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Sprinkler irrigation systems (Close Spaced Outlets, Drops) are generally linear move or center pivots equipped with low pressure spray sprinkler nozzles mounted on close spaced drops that apply water close to the ground surface.  Examples of these types of systems include Low Pressure in Canopy (LPIC), Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA), Low Elevation Spray Application (LESA), and Mid Elevation Spray Application (MESA) systems.  These systems have separate slope criteria from other sprinkler systems because of their higher application rates which increase risk of runoff and irrigation induced erosion on steeper slopes.   This type of irrigation system is generally suitable for small grains, row crops, and vegetables.

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems utilizing close spaced spray nozzles on drops are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are surface texture and rocks, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, erosion potential, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates with associated increased potential for translocation of applied irrigation water.  The soil becomes extremely sticky when wet and causes deep rutting, which concentrates and conveys irrigation runoff.  These soils will increase operation and maintenance requirements due to stuck and slipping wheels and resulting improper sprinkler lateral alignment. These soils may also reduce plant growth and cause the irrigation system to not produce expected benefits. Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 	=> 60%
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 40 % and < 60%
			Not limiting 		=< 40 %
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.

2. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone. Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting 	not =""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 not =""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	 = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

3. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be necessary to install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  Soil feature considered is, for any month, the top depth where soil moisture status is wet or saturated any month in the growing season. Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM IN GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		=< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 60 to < 90 cm
			Not limiting 		= > 90 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 to < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	   > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		 <= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9. Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of underground supply pipelines and to supply sprinkler systems trafficability and tillage, planting and harvesting of crops.  Large stones may also impact operation and management  requirements of the irrigation system by damaging mobile system components and complicating pipeline and irrigation system repairs, and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep. The degree of limitation is reduced by subtraction. Given this constraint; a somewhat limiting 0.5 is the highest degree of limitation given. 

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limited 		=> 35%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 25% and < 35
			Not limiting 		=< 25%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most sprinkler irrigation systems involve a relatively high capital investment.   Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install a Sprinkler close spaced outlets on drops  will pay.  Significant ponding areas would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  

Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = ""very brief"" or brief
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity will tend to increase corrosion of metal irrigation system components.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity.  Leaching applications can be very difficult to apply without producing runoff due to high application rates associated with this type of sprinkler irrigation system. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and potential subsurface drainage during leaching applications from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Slopes may increase runoff and erosion, when used with specific sprinklers equipped with close spaced low pressure spray nozzles that are discharge types of sprinkler systems (LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA. LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA are sprinklers equipped with low pressure spray nozzles that operate on drops.  The closer the nozzle spacing and lower the drop the greater potential for runoff and irrigation induced erosion on a given soil.  Actual limiting slopes for sprinkler irrigation systems using spray nozzles on drops would be  average slope >1% for LEPA, average slope > 3.0% for LESA; and for LIPC and MESA systems average slope > 3% and surface texture finer than loam, or > 5% and surface texture loam or coarser.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 5 %
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1 and =< 5 %
			Not limiting		=< 1%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.


13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100cm and the surface horizon's Ksat. 

Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 0.14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec

	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restriction limits: Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or blockages of equipment from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.  Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Soils are subject to irrigation induced water erosion from this type of sprinkler irrigation system if the indicator is above .98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures.  Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope.

	Property used: WMS - SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION IDICATOR (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 3.0
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1.0 and < 3.0
			Not limiting		=< 1.0
	Null K factor is assigned Not rated.

17.  Subsidence: The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Information:
The Original Sprinkler Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Sprinkler Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature
regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|08/21/2014 18:22:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528189"
"FL095"|"WMS - Irrigation, Sprinkler (general)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation								 Date: 7/2/07	

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of sprinkler irrigation systems excluding those equipped with close spaced outlets on drops which are covered in a different interpretation report.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is expressed as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. 

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and <1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Sprinkler irrigation systems apply irrigation water to a field through a series of pipes and nozzles and can be either solid set or mobile.  Generally, this type of irrigation system is suitable for small grains, row crops, vegetables, and orchards. 

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are surface texture and rocks, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, erosion potential, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates with associated increased potential for translocation of applied irrigation water.  The soil becomes extremely sticky when wet and causes deep rutting, which concentrates and conveys irrigation runoff.  These soils can increase operation and maintenance requirements due to stuck and slipping wheels and resulting improper sprinkler lateral alignment on mobile systems. These soils also reduce plant growth and prevent the sprinkler irrigation system from producing expected benefits. Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 60%
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 40 % and <= 60%
Not limiting 		  < 40 %
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.

2. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone. Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting 	not =""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 not =""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	 = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

3. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 50 cm and <100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be necessary to install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  Soil feature considered is, for any month, the top depth where soil moisture status is wet or saturated any month in the growing season. Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.


	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM IN GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  => 60 and < 90 cm
			Not limiting 		= > 90 cm
Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 and < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent"" 
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9. Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of underground supply pipelines and to supply sprinkler systems trafficability and tillage, planting and harvesting of crops.  Large stones may also impact operation and management requirements of the irrigation system by damaging mobile system components and complicating pipeline and irrigation system repairs, and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep. The degree of limitation is reduced by subtraction. Given this constraint; a somewhat limiting 0.5 is the highest degree of limitation given. 

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 35%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 25% and <= 35%
			Not limiting 		=< 25%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most sprinkler irrigation systems involve a relatively high capital investment.   Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install a Sprinkler close spaced outlets on drops  will pay.  Significant ponding areas would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  


	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = ""very brief"" or brief
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will tend to increase corrosion of metal irrigation system components.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity.  Leaching applications can be very difficult to apply without producing runoff due to high application rates associated with this type of sprinkler irrigation system. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and potential subsurface drainage during leaching applications from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4 
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Steep slopes impede operation of sprinkler irrigation systems degrade system application uniformity, increase operation and management requirements on mobile sprinkler irrigation systems, and are subject to severe irrigation induced erosion.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 15%
			Somewhat limiting	   > 6 and < 15%
			Not limiting		=< 6%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.


13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100cm and the surface horizon's Ksat and soil mineralogy. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 0.14 to < 1.4micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec

	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.  Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16.  Subsidence: The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Information:
The Original Sprinkler Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Sprinkler Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature
regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|08/21/2014 18:22:22|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528190"
"FL095"|"WMS - Irrigation, Surface (graded)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Surface Irrigation (Graded)					Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for WMS-Surface Irrigation (Graded)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of graded flood or furrow irrigation systems. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications. 

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). 

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Graded surface irrigation systems include graded border and graded furrow irrigation systems.  Graded border irrigation systems allow irrigation water to flow across the soil surface while being confined by borders.  Graded furrow irrigation systems are systems that allow irrigation water to flow down furrow valleys while the crop being irrigated is planted on the furrow ridge. Generally graded border systems are suitable for small grains while graded furrow systems are suitable for row crops.


Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of graded surface irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. Features that affect system performance and plant growth are salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, calcium carbonate content, and available water holding capacity. 

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features. 

1. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting not 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting 		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		   < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	 => 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not   = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, water control structures, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain graded surface irrigation systems.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work and restrict the rooting zone. These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. See reference for growing season definition. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.


	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING THE GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value).Restrictive limits:
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 < 60cm
			Somewhat Limiting 	=>60 cm and <90 cm
			Not limiting 		 = > 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 150cm or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 7.5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 7.5 cm and < 18 cm
			Not limiting		=> 18 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.

6. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

7. Flooding:  Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land, Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent""
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8. Content of large stones: Large stones impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Large stones may also impact operation and management requirements of graded surface irrigation system and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC. Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to =<35 %
			Not limiting		=< 25 %
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

9. Seepage: Soils with high hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and low content of fine particles may have a seepage limitation that allows applied irrigation water to percolate rapidly below the root zone during and following irrigation.  High permeability is undesirable in graded surface irrigation systems and can significantly increase irrigation expense and labor requirements to overcome the limitation.  Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to SEEPAGE. Soil feature considered is the Ksat or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm. 
 
	Property used: WMS - KSAT, THICKEST LAYER, 0 TO 150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		 > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 14.1 um/sec and <= 44.0 um/sec
			Not limiting 		<= 14.1 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not limiting.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Many irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment. Soil feature considered is ponding duration during the growing season. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  

	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat Limiting 	= brief or ""very brief""
			Not limiting	 	= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity. 

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Excessive slope impedes site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces irrigation efficiency, and contributes to irrigation induced erosion.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very Limiting		=> 3%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1 and < 3%
			Not limiting		=< 1%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits: 
			Very limiting 		< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 0 .14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth. Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 150CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
                        	Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

			

15.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer will reduces irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone  may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 150cm (10 to 60 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat Limiting	=> 50%
			Not limiting		  < 50 %
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Soils are subject to water erosion if the indicator is above .98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures.  Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope.

	Property used: WMS - SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION IDICATOR (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very Limiting		=> 3.0
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1.0 and < 3.0
			Not limiting		=< 1.0
	Null K factor is assigned Not rated.

17.  Subsidence:  The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting	<= 10cm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference:
The Original Graded Border Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Graded Border Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.


Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|01/22/2013 16:23:28|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528191"
"FL095"|"WMS - Irrigation, Surface (level)"|"limitation"|"WMS- Surface Irrigation (Level)								Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""Surface Irrigation (Level)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for basin, paddy, level furrow, or level border irrigation systems.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.


Scope: Surface Irrigation Systems (Level) include basin, paddy, level furrow, or level border irrigation systems. Level surface irrigation systems are irrigation systems that use flood irrigation techniques to spread irrigation water at a specified depth across the application area.  Basin, paddy, and borders generally use external ridges or borders to confine the irrigation application while level furrow systems use furrow valleys and end blocks or border ridges to confine the irrigation application during irrigation.  With furrow irrigation the crop is usually planted on the furrow ridge. Generally, basin, paddy and level border irrigation systems are suitable for rice, small grain, pasture and forage production.  Level furrow systems are generally suited for row crops. 

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of level surface irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability, salinity, slope, and flooding.  The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are depth, flooding and ponding.  The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:	
			Very limiting	< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting => 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting	=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
			Not limiting	not  = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.
	
2.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, lithic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	= > 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very Limiting	     = ""bedrock, lithic""
		Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock, lithic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 150 cm
			Not limiting		=> 150 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very Limiting	     = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4.  Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Stones will increase operation and management requirements, complicate repair of damaged irrigation system components, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.


	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting	 > 25 % and <=35 %
			Not limiting		=< 25 %
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to water will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, water control structures, and earth forming that might be needed to install and maintain graded surface irrigation systems.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work and produce a restricted root zone. These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. See reference for growing season definition. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 60 and <90 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 150 cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very Limiting		=< 7.5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 7.5 to < 18cm
			Not limiting		=> 18cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land, off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= ""Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" 
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9.  Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4 
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

10.  Seepage: Rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increase irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150 cm. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-150 CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 14.1 um/sec and <= 44.0 um/sec
			Not limiting 		<= 14.1 um/sec 
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

11. Percs slowly: Soils with low hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) have slow percolation causing excess ponding during high precipitation or irrigation events.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm.  NOTE: RULE 13. PERCS SLOWLY, DOESNT APPLY IF PLANNED CROP IS RICE.  

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		  < 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 0.14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

12. Ponding: Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most level surface irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  Leaving a ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with irrigation land leveling or installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat Limiting	= ""very brief or ""brief"" 						Not limiting		= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

13. Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth. Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 1500CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 150CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
			Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.


14.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops. Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 150cm (10 to 60 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50%
			Not limiting 		  < 50 %
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

15. Slope: Excessive slope impedes site preparation and adds significantly to costs associated with land grading, shaping, and leveling, and construction of required confining borders.  If not removed through reshaping excessive slope will reduce irrigation efficiency.  Soil feature considered is component slope.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 2 %
			Not limiting		=< 2 %			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

16.  Subsidence:  The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.

	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TES""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	                10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm

---------------------------------------------------------------
References: 
The Furrow, Basin or Paddy Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff in cooperation with the University of California. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Furrow, Basin or Paddy Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.  

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:

Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:

taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|01/22/2013 16:23:28|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528192"
"FL095"|"WMS - Pond Reservoir Area"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""WMS - Pond Reservoir Area"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

A pond reservoir area is an area that holds water behind a dam or embankment.  Livestock or wildlife watering facilities are examples of the potential application of pond reservoir areas.

Soil properties influence development of pond reservoir areas including site selection, structure design, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for pond reservoir areas are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The soils best suited to this use have a low seepage potential, which is determined by permeability and depth to fractured or permeable bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other permeable material.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities to act as a natural barrier against seepage into deeper layers, without regard to cutoff trenches or other features that may be installed under the pond embankment.  Excessive slope in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the pond embankment seriously reduces the storage capacity of the reservoir area.  Suitable sites may be difficult to find on slopes steeper than about 10 percent.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and seepage may become a performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 50 to 180 cm.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-180cm 
	(Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits: (in micrometers/sec)
		Limiting 	 	 > 14.0
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 1.0 and <= 14.0
		Not limiting		 < 1.0
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation, reservoir depth, and pond maintenance. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Paralithic bedrock has less limitation then lithic and the rating is reduced by a power of 3.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT


	
	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=  0cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 0 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation, reservoir depth, and pond maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation and construction and restrict reservoir size and shape.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE 
	(Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Excess Lime: Soil containing significant amounts of marly materials are prone to seepage as these materials are dissolved and leached out of the system.  Soil feature considered is USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""mr""
		Not limiting	not = ""mr""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifiers are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Excess Gypsum: Soil containing significant amounts of gypsiferious materials are prone to seepage as these materials are dissolved and leached out of the system.  Soil feature considered is USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""gyp""
		Not limiting	not = ""gyp""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifiers are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class."|09/27/2012 20:16:33|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528193"
"FL095"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, Outflow Quality"|"limitation"|"WMS - Water Management System, Outflow Quality

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS - Water Management System, Outflow Quality"" evaluate a soil's limitations for outflow quality from conservation systems that involve the movement or conveyance of surface water across the landscape and excess subsurface water from the soil. Such conveyances are graded ditches, grassed waterways, terraces, diversions, tile drains and underground outlets etc. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limited condition) and 1.0 (limited condition). If a soil property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.  Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation= 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0). or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). 

Scope: The soil interpretation for WMS-Water Management System, Outflow Quality is designed to be used as a tool in evaluating and identifying soil limitations for the outflow quality of water being removed by drainage systems.

Description: Soil properties and qualities that affect Water Management Systems, Outflow Quality are salinity, pesticides, soil reaction, sodium, gypsum, sulfur, and susceptibility to water erosion. 
 
Criteria: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features. 

1. Salinity: Excess water-soluble salts may dissolve into water flowing to and through the subsurface drain. Subsurface drainage from these soils has the potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands. The soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity in depth range 0 to 150 cm.

Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150CM,   Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:
          Very Limited              >= 16 mmhos/cm
          Somewhat limited      > 4 to < 16 mmhos/cm
          Not limited                 <= 4 mmhos/cm
     NULL data are ""Not rated"".

OR

2. Pesticides and Nutrient Movement: Pesticides and nutrients (nitrates, etc.) may leach with water flowing to and through the subsurface drain. Surface and subsurface drainage from these soils has the potential to increase pesticide and nutrient levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity in depth range 0 to 150 cm, depth to high water table, and the presence of cracks in the soil.

Property used: KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION,  Modality: Representative Value
    Restrictive limits:
          Very Limited              >= 10 um/sec
          Somewhat limited     > 1.0 and < 10 um/sec
          Not limited                <= 1.0 um/sec
     NULL data are ""Not rated"".

     AND

     Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM,    Modality: Representative Value
     Restrictive limits:
          Very Limited             <= 60 cm
          Somewhat limited     < 150 and > 60 cm
          Not limited                >= 150 cm
     NULL data are assigned to the ""Not limited"" class.

     OR

     Property used: LINEAR EXTENSIBILITY THICKEST LAYER, 0-125CM,   Modality: Representative Value
     Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              >= 9%
          Somewhat limited     > 6 and < 9%
          Not limited                <= 6%
     NULL data areassigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
 
3. Extremely Acid pH: Low soil pH can result in corrosion of infrastructure which can significantly increase system operation and maintenance requirements. Subsurface drainage from limited soils has potential to impact downstream surface waters and wetlands. Soil features considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150 cm.

Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 150 CM,    Modality: Representative Value

Restriction limits: Too acid
   Very limited                 = < 3.5
   Somewhat limited       > 3.5 and <5.0
   Not limited	     => 5.0
Null pH values are assigned to the ""not rated"" class


OR

4. Extremely Alkaline pH:  High soil pH increases alkaline metallic ion availability but decreases micronutrient availability which restricts plant growth.  Infrastructure corrosion potential increases as pH increases. Soil feature considered is soil reaction (pH) from 0 to 150 cm.

    Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0-150CM,   Modality: Representative Value
       Multiplier: 0.5 is used to force all evaluation values greater than 1 into the ""Somewhat limited"" class
          Restrictive limits:
          Somewhat Limited     > 9.0
          Not limited                 <= 9.0
    	 NULL data are ""Not rated"".

OR

5. Excess Sodium: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio may disperse, limiting the flow of water to the tile, and suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm.

     Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150CM,    Modality: Representative Value
       Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              >= 13 
          Somewhat limited     > 4.5 to < 13
          Not limited                <= 4. 5
       NULL data are ""Not rated"".
 
6. EXCESS GYPSUM: Excess gypsum may dissolve into water flowing through the subsurface drain and cause subsidence or piping of the drain. It may also contaminate subsurface water at the discharge of the drain. Soil feature considered is the maximum gypsum percent between 0 and 150 cm or a restrictive layer.

    Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION,   Modality: Representative Value
    Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              >= 40%
          Somewhat limited     > 5 to < 40%
          Not limited               <= 5%
     	NULL data are assigned to the ""Not limited"" class.

OR

7.  Excess sulfur content: Soil in taxonomic Great Group ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists"" are high in sulfidic materials that restrict plant growth and re-vegetation of disturbed areas.  Soil feature considered is taxonomic Great Group.

Property used: TAXONOMIC GREAT GROUP,    Modality - representative value
    Restrictive limits:
         Very Limiting       Matches ""*sulf*""
         Not limiting          ""sulf"" string not part of the taxonomic Great Group
         Null taxonomic great group classes are assigned to the ""Not limiting"" class.

      OR

8. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Channel banks and bottoms are subject to water erosion if the indicator is above 0.98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures. Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope.
 
Property used: SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION INDICATOR,   Modality - representative value 
Restriction limits: 
         Very Limited              => 3.0
         Somewhat limited     > 1.0 and < 3.0 
         Not limited                =< 1.0 
          Null K factor is assigned to the ""not rated"" class."|09/27/2012 20:16:35|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528194"
"FL095"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Installation"|"limitation"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Installation 

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS  Subsurface Water Management, System Installation"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for systems that involve installation of underground drainage systems. These systems are designed to remove excess subsurface water from the soil and reduce soil saturation. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition. and do not consider present land use.
 
The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (1imiting condition). If a soil's property within 125 cm (49 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and 
application modifications.
  
Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation> 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). 



Scope: The soil interpretation for ""WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Installation"" is designed to be used as a tool in evaluating and identifying soil limitations for installation of subsurface drainage systems that involve installation of underground drainage pipe, tile, or tubing. As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its undisturbed condition and does not consider present land use. The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties on installation of Subsurface Water Management structures. 
 


Description: Subsurface drainage is the process of removing excess subsurface water from agricultural land. How easily and effectively a subsurface water management structure can be installed depends on the depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, soil texture, stability of excavations, coarse fragments and slope. 

Criteria: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features. 

A. A water table must be present. Monthly recorded water table within 125 cm (4 ft) from the surface must occur in one or more months or else ""drainage normally not required. 

AND 

B. INSTALLATION 
1. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, lithic. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK"" (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited < = 90 cm 
	Somewhat limited > 90cm and <= 125cm 
	Not limited > 125 cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 
Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESIRICTION"" (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited   	= bedrock, lithic"" 
	Not limited 	not =bedrock, lithic 

Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

OR 

2. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 
 

Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK. (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited = < 90 cm 
	Somewhat limited > 90cm and < =125cm 
	Not limited > 125 cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 

Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION"" (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited              = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic'' 
	Not limited 	not = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic"" 
Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

OR 

3. Depth to thick cemented pan: Shallow depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction thickness is > 46cm. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTVE FEATURE THICK,   (Modality- representative value) 
 Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited                =< 90cm, 
	Somewhat limited      > 90 and < = 125cm 
	Not limited                 > 125cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 

Property used: ""KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - representative value) 

        Restrictive limits: 
 	Very limited 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Not limited 	not = ""fragipan'' or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 

Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS  (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
                Very limited              not = ""Noncemented"" 
	Not limited 	 = ""Noncemented"" 
Null hardness is assigned to the""very limited"" class. 

OR 

4. Depth to thin cemented pan: Shallow depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction thickness is =< 46cm. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTVE FEATURE THIN,  (Modality- representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited < = 90cm 
	Somewhat limited > 90 and <= 125cm 
	Not limited > 125 cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 
 
 
Property used: ""KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION  (Modality - representative value) 

Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Not limited  not =; ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic' 
Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class.
 
AND 

Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS  (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Limited 	               not = ""Noncemented"" 
	Not limited 	= ""Noncemented"" 
Null hardness is assigned to the ""limited"" class. 

OR 
  
5. Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 0 and 125 cm.  Soils having content of clay in excess of 45 percent are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 0 and 125cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 0-125CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting	<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

6. Unstable excavation walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the cutbank can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of cutbanks.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	                LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	                 Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.

OR

7. Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations. Soil 
feature considered is the component slope. 

Property used: ""SLOPE"" , (Modality -low, high, representative value) 
	Restriction limits: 		
	Very limited 	=> 9% 
	Somewhat limited 	> 3 and < 9 % 
	Not limited 	<= 3 % 

Null slope is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
OR 

8. Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict Trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation, Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 125 cm deep. 

Property used: ""FRAGMENTS> 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0- 125 CM "" (Modality - high, low, representative value) 

Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited 	=> 25% 
	Somewhat limited 	> 15% and < 25% 
	Not limited 	=< 15% 
Null fragment data are assigned to the ""not rated"" class. 

AND

9. DEPTH TO SEASONAL HIGH WATER TABLE: Subsurface water management is typically not needed for soils with a seasonal high water table at depths greater than 125 cm.

     	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM WITHIN 125CM,   Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:
          Rated                              <= 125 cm
          Drainage not needed      > 125 cm

     NULL data are assigned ""Drainage not needed"".


---------------------------------------------------------------

Note

The original national ""Tile Drains and Underground Outlet"" interpretation was published in Part 
620, Soil Interpretation Rating Guides, of the National Soil Survey Handbook (1993 version). The 
national interpretation was dropped in the late 1990s. The original interpretation rules and 
criteria were modified and adapted to reflect Texas needs and converted to a state soil 
interpretation, ""WMS Tile Drains and Underground Outlets."" This interpretation was subjected to 
national review and is proposed for reestablishment as a National Soil Interpretation, ""WMS  
Subsurface Water Management, System Installation"|09/27/2012 20:16:35|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528195"
"FL095"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Performance"|"limitation"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Performance  

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS  Subsurface Water Management, System Performance"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for systems that involve performance and functionality of underground drainage systems. These systems are designed to remove excess subsurface water from the soil and reduce soil saturation. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.
 
The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 150 cm (59 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support 
the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications. 

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation> 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).
 

 
Scope: The soil interpretation for ""WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Performance"" is designed to be used as a tool in evaluating and identifying soil limitations for performance of subsurface drainage systems that involve functionality of underground drainage pipe, tile, or tubing. As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its undisturbed condition and does not consider present land use. The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties on performance of Subsurface Water Management structures. 
 
Description: Subsurface drainage is the process of removing excess subsurface water from agricultural land. How easily and effectively a subsurface water management structure can performed depend on the depth to dense layer, slow percolation, soil reaction, excess salts, excess sodium, subsidence, excess gypsum, sedimentation, water table depth, and flooding. 

         Criteria: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.
  A. A water table must be present. Monthly recorded water table within 125 cm (4 ft) from surface must occur in one or more months or else ""drainage normally not required. 

          AND

B. Performance and Functionality 

1. Dense layer:  This subrule deals with the relationship between soil bulk density and water movement.  As bulk density increases, water movement is incrementally limited and percolatio reduced.  At some point, water can no longer penetrate the soil and the bulk density becomes not just a limitor, but a restriction.  Bulk density is related to the texture of the soil, with sandy textured soils typically being denser than silty or clayey soils.  Silty soils are non-limiting over a wider range of bulk density than sandy or clayey soils.  Bulk density, therefore, is expressed as a ratio of the difference of the existing bulk density minus an optimal bulk density for each sand, silt, and clay combination divided by the theoretical difference between the water restricting bulk density minus the optimal bulk density at each combination of sand silt and clay.

Property used:  BULK DENSITY RATIO MAXIMUM 150CM OR RESTRICTION, Modality representative value


Restrictive Limits:
                                     Not limiting                < 0.8
                                     Somewhat limiting           >=0.8 to < 1.2
                                     Very limiting               >=1.2

Null bulk density is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

     OR 

2. PERCS SLOWLY: Soils with low hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) have slow percolation causing excess runoff   and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Tile drains installed in soils with this limitation may not perform as water percolate too slowly to the tile depth. Soil feature considered is the Ksat in the depth range 0 to 150 cm.

     Property used: KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION,   Modality: Representative Value
     Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              <= 0.1 um/s
          Somewhat limited     > 0.1 and < 1.0 um/s
          Not limited                >= 1.0 um/s
     NULL data are assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

OR
	
3. Flooding: Flooding frequency greater than rare has the potential to damage drainage infrastructure and impact expected crop response to drainage by causing frequent crop damaged. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months. 

Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest ANY MONTH 
        (Maximum Duration)"" (Modality - representative value) 
             Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited 	= Very frequent"" 
	Somewhat limited 	= ""occasional"" or"" frequent"" 
	Not limited 	= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" 
Null frequency is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

OR

4. Acid pH: Low soil pH can result in corrosion of infrastructure; significantly increase system operation and maintenance requirements. Subsurface drainage from limited soils has potential to impact downstream surface waters and wetlands. Soil features considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150 cm.

      Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 150 CM, Modality: Representative Value

	Restriction limits: Too acid
		Very limited   = < 3.5
		Somewhat limited > 3.5 and <5.0
		Not limited	=> 5.0
Null pH values are assigned to the ""not rated"" class


OR

5. Alkaline pH: High soil pH increases metallic ion and nutrient availability and restricts plant growth. Infrastructure corrosion potential increases as pH increases. Soil feature considered is soil reaction (pH) from 0 to 180 cm.

     Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0-150CM, Modality: Representative Value
     Multiplier: 0.5 is used to force all evaluation values greater than 0 into the ""Somewhat limited"" class

     Restrictive limits:
          Somewhat Limited     > 9.0
          Not limited          <= 9.0

     NULL data are assigned to the  ""not rated"" class.

OR
6. Excess Salt: Excess water-soluble salts may dissolve into water flowing to and through the subsurface drain. Subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity. 

Property used: ""SALINITY MAXIMUM"" (Modality - low, high, representative value) 
Restriction limits: 
	Very Limited 	        =>16 
	Somewhat limited 	> 4 to < 16 
	Not limited 	       =< 4 
Null EC is assigned to the ""not rated"" class. 

OR 

7. Excess Sodium: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio may disperse, limiting the flow of water to the tile, and suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm.

Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150CM,  Modality: Representative Value

     Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              >= 13 
          Somewhat limited     > 4.5 to < 13
          Not limited               <= 4. 5

 Null SAR is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

OR

8. SUBSIDENCE: NSSH 618.59, B, 1-3. The susceptibility of soils to subsidence is an important consideration for organic soils that are drained. If these soils are drained for community development, special foundations are needed for buildings. Utility lines, sidewalks, and roads that lack special foundations may settle at different rates, thus causing breakage, high maintenance costs, and inconvenience. If the soils are drained for farming, the long-term effects of subsidence, the possible destruction of land if it subsides below the water table must be considered. Subsidence as a result of drainage is attributed to the following factors. The first three factors are responsible for the initial subsidence that occurs rapidly, specifically within about 3 years after the water table is lowered.
     	-Shrinkage from drying,
     	-Consolidation due to loss of ground-water buoyancy,
     	-Compaction from tillage or manipulation,
    	 -Wind erosion,
     	-Burning,
     	-Biochemical oxidation.
After the initial subsidence, a degree of stability is reached and the loss of elevation declines to a steady rate, primarily because of oxidation. The oxidation and subsidence continue at this slower rate until stopped by the water table or underlying mineral material. The rate of subsidence depends on
     	-Ground-water depth,
    	 -Amount of organic matter,
     	-Kind of organic matter,
     	-Soil temperature,
     	-pH,
     	-Biochemical activity.
Soil feature considered is total subsidence.

Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL,  Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:
          Very limited    >= 30 cm
          Not limited     < 30 cm
     	NULL data are assigned to the ""not limited"" class.

OR

9. EXCESS GYPSUM: Excess gypsum may dissolve into water flowing through the subsurface drain and cause subsidence or piping of the drain. It may also contaminate subsurface water at the discharge of the drain. Soil feature considered is the maximum gypsum percent between 0 and 150 cm or a restrictive layer.

Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION,   Modality: Representative Value
    	 Restrictive limits:
          Very limited               >= 40%
          Somewhat limited     > 5 to < 40%
          Not limited          <= 5%
     	NULL data are assigned to the ""not limited"" class.

OR

10. SEDIMENTATION: Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration or electromagnetism. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation) There is typically not enough energy in the system to transport particles larger than fine sand in suspension. As energy (flow) rates vary the fine sand and very fine sand fractions settle out first when energy is reduced while the smaller particle fractions tend to stay in suspension longer and be transported further. The accumulation of the fine sand and very fine sand fraction may reduce tile drain capacity and potentially compromise the performance of tile drains. The soil feature considered is the maximum amount of fine sand plus very fine sand in horizons that have less than 12 percent total clay in the depth range 60 to 125 cm.

Property used: USDA TEXTURE FS+VFS WHEN <12% C, MAX IN DEPTH 60-125CM,   Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:
          Very limited                >= 50%
          Somewhat limited      > 20 and < 50%
          Not limited                 <=20%
     NULL fine and very fine sand data are assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

 AND

11. DEPTH TO SEASONAL HIGH WATER TABLE: Subsurface water management is typically not needed for soils with a seasonal high water table at depths greater than 125 cm.

Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM WITHIN 125CM,  Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:

          Rated                              <= 125 cm
          Drainage not needed      > 125 cm
     NULL data are assigned ""Drainage not needed"" class.




___________________________________________________

The original national ""Tile Drains and Underground Outlet"" interpretation was published in Part 620, Soil 
Interpretation Rating Guides, of the National Soil Survey Handbook (1993 version). The national interpretation was dropped in the late 1990s. The original interpretation rules and criteria were modified and adapted to reflect Texas needs and converted to a state soil interpretation, ""WMS Tile Drains and Underground Outlets (TX)."" This 
interpretation was subjected to national review and is proposed for reestablishment as a National Soil 
Interpretation, ""WMS  Subsurface Water Management, System Performance (TX)."|09/27/2012 20:16:35|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528196"
"FL095"|"WMS - Surface Water Management, System"|"limitation"|"WMS  Surface Water Management, System 
	 
Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS - Surface Water Management, System"" evaluate a soil's limitations for conservation systems that involve the movement or conveyance of surface water across the landscape. Such conveyances are graded ditches, grassed waterways, terraces, diversions, etc. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.
 
The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limited condition) and 1.0 (limited condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater than zero, then that soil property is limited and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.
 
Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation= 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0). or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).
 
Scope: The soil interpretation for WMS- Surface Water Management, System is designed to be used as a tool in evaluating and identifying soil limitations for the installation and performance of surface drainage systems involving construction of earthen drainage ditches, channels, diversions, terraces, etc that involve <60cm of cut. As part of the interpretation process the rating applies to each soil in its undisturbed condition and does not consider present land use. The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties on installation and function of these systems. Where there is concern about construction of drainage structures that involve> 60cm of cut, soil should be checked for bedrock or other restriction to planned excavation depth.
 
Description: Soil properties and qualities that affect construction and performance of Surface Water Management Structures (Ditch, Channel, or Ridge) are slope, flooding, ponding, surface and subsurface permeability, surface coarse fragments, depth to restrictive feature (bedrock, pan, or dense layer), sodium, salinity, gypsum, and susceptibility to water erosion. 
 
Criteria: The interpretive rating is the most limited of the following restrictive features. 

1. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock impedes workability of the soil and restricts proper shaping of drainage structures.

Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK, (Modality - representative value)

Restrictive limits: 
                Somewhat limited    < 60 cm 
	Not limited 	=> 60 cm
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

2. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits percolation of surface water into the subsoil and supports the performance and function of the surface drain. 

Property used: FIRST RESTRICTVE FEATURE,  (Modality- representative value) 

Restrictive limits: 
	Somewhat limited 	         < 60cm 
	Not limited 	         => 60cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 

Property used: KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION, (Modality - representative value)

Restrictive limits: 
                Very Limited   = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic' or ""ortstein' or ""petrogypsic"" 
                Not limited    not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic'' 
Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND
 
Property used: FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS,  (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
                 Very Limited         not = ""Noncemented"" 
                 Not limited           = ""Noncemented"" 
Null hardness is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

3. Content of large rock fragments. Large rock fragments impede the workability of the soil and restrict proper shaping of the drainage structure.
 
Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-60 CM, (Modality - high, low, representative value) 

Restrictive limits: 
	Very Limited           => 15% 
	Somewhat limited  > 5% and < 15% 
	Not limited             =< 5% 
Null fragment data are assigned to the ""not rated"" class. 

4. Slope: Slopes more than gently sloping impede the performance of a surface drain and remove water at a velocity that may exceed soil resistance to erosion.
 
Property used: SLOPE,  (Modality -low, high, representative value)
Restriction limits: 
	Very limited             => 6% 
	Somewhat limited    > 3 and < 6% 
	Not limited               =< 3% 

Null Slope is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
5. Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then occasional restricts installation of drainage structures and inhibits free flow of surface water from the drainage area. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months. 

Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (Maximum Duration), (Modality - representative value)

	Restrictive limits: 
	Very Limited            = ""very frequent""  
	Somewhat limited    = ""frequent"" 
	Not limited               = ""none"" or ""very rare, rare, or occasional

Null frequency is assigned to the ""not limited"" class.

	

6. Ponding: Ponding frequency greater than ""occasional"" restricts installation of drainage structures and inhibits free flow of surface water from the drainage area. Soil feature considered is maximum ponding frequency classes over 12 months.
 
Property used: Ponding FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (Maximum Duration),   (Modality - representative value) 
	Restrictive limits:
                           Very limited             = very frequent
	           Somewhat limited    = frequent
	           Not limited               = ""none"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
	 	 
Null frequency is assigned to the ""not limited"" class.


 
7. Rapid percolation: The slow movement of water through the surface layers of the soil limits percolation of surface water into the subsoil and supports the performance and function of the surface drain.
 
Property used: KSAT MINIMUM IN DEPTH O-50 CM,  (Modality - low, high, representative value) 
Restriction limits: 
	Very limited             => 14 micrometers/second 
	Somewhat limited   > 1.4 and < 14 micrometers/second 
	Not limited               =< 1.4 micrometers/second
 
Null Ksat is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 
 
 
8. Excess salt: Excess water-soluble salts may dissolve into water flowing through the surfaces drain and contaminate surface water at the discharge of the drain.
 
Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50CM, (Modality -Low, high, representative value) 
Restriction limits: 
	Very limited            => 16 mmhos/cm
	Somewhat limited   > 4 to < 16 mmhos/cm
	Not limited              =< 4 mmhos/cm
Null EC is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
9. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop dispersive soil conditions in channel banks causing significant maintenance issues, as well as, infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water. Surface drainage from these soils has potential to increase sodium levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 60 cm.
 
Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0- 60 cm, (Modality - low, high, representative value) 
	Restriction limits: 		 
	Very limited                => 20  
	Somewhat limited      > 6 to < 20 	 
	Not limited                 <= 6  
Null SAR is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
10. Excess gypsum: Excess gypsum may dissolve into water flowing through the surface drain and cause subsidence or piping of the drain. It may also contaminate surface water at the discharge of the drain. Soil feature considered is the maximum. gypsum percent between 0 and 50cm (0 to 20 inches) or a restrictive layer. 


Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM 0-50CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION, (Modality - low, high, representative value)  
	Restriction limits:  
	Very limited             => 40% 
	Somewhat limited   > 1 to < 40%  
	Not limited               =< 1% 	

Null gypsum is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 



11. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Channel banks and bottoms are subject to water erosion if the indicator is above 0.98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures. Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope. 

 
Property used: SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION INDICATOR, (Modality - representative value) 
Restriction limits: 
	Very Limited             => 3.0
	Somewhat limited    > 1.0 and < 3.0 
	Not limited               =< 1.0 
Null K factor is assigned to the ""not rated"" class."|09/27/2012 20:16:35|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528197"
"FL095"|"AGR - Pesticide Loss Potential-Leaching"|"limitation"|"Soil Survey interpretations are developed for use in evaluating and determining the potential of the soil to transmit pesticides through the profile and the likelihood of the contamination of ground-water supplies.  Evaluations also consider potential surface runoff and the contamination of surface water.

 Pesticide loss potential - leaching

		(1)  ""Pesticide loss potential - leaching"" is the potential for pesticides to be transported by percolating water below the plant root zone.  Pesticides in ground-water solution are leached from the soil surface layer and transported vertically or horizontally through the soil and vadose zone by percolating water.  Leaching pesticides have the potential to contaminate shallow and deep aquifers, springs, and local water tables.

		(2)  The pesticides considered available in leaching are those applied to or incorporated into the surface layer of the soil.  The Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by using the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLLR  algorithm is defined as:
		SLLR =  (Surface Layer Depth)*(Organic Matter Content).

		(3)  Precipitation, either as rain, sleet, or snow, and irrigation are considered the major sources of soil moisture available for leaching pesticides through the soil and vadose zone.  The Aridic and Ustic moisture regimes are given one lower Surface Leaching Loss Rating because the drier climate conditions are associated with these regimes if they are not irrigated.

		(4)  The soil properties and qualities considered are those that affect soil attenuation capacity, water infiltration, and soil permeability.  As shown in Table 620-35, these soil properties are soil texture, surface layer thickness, organic matter content, structure, bulk density, permeability of soil or bedrock, shrink-swell potential, depth to rock, depth to water table, and slope.

		(5)  Soil attenuation capacity is represented by the SLLR (Soil Leaching Loss Rating).  Infiltration rate is interpreted from slope and the soil hydrologic group which considers soil texture, permeability, restrictive layers, depth, and shrink-swell potential.  Soil permeability is a function of soil structure, particle-size distribution, and bulk density; presence of a restricting layer; and depth to that restricting layer.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type, size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.  Bedrock permeability should be evaluated on a State or regional level for those soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches.

		(6)  The soil rating guide is based on the potential for soils to retain pesticides within the boundaries of the root zone and is not directed toward any particular pesticide or family of pesticides.  For the purpose of this guide, pesticides are considered to be applied to bare soil by either surface or aerial methods.

Reference

Goss, M.J., Howse, K.R., Colbourn, P. & Harris, G.L. (1988) Cultivation systems and the leaching
of nitrates. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference, ISTRO 2:679-684, Edinburgh.

Criteria:

1.  Soil Leaching Loss Rating HYDGRP A:  The Soil Leaching Loss Rating  (SLLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by using the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLLR  algorithm is defined as: 
		SLLR =  (Surface Layer Depth)*(Organic Matter Content).
This quantity is examined for various slopes and various hydrologic soils groups.  HSG indicates the rate of water movement throught the soil, with higher rates indicating a more serious leaching potential.  This is partially balance by the SLRR, which considers the ability of the soil to attenuate pesticides.  Also a factor is the slope, since less infiltration occurs on steeper slopes.

Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP A (0-15%)

Restrictive Limits:

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group A
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG A at	                  >65		   30-65		   <30		LOW ADSORPTION
Slope 0-15%


Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP A (>15%)

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group A
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG A at		  >30		      <30		    ---		LOW ADSORPTION
Slope >15%

2.  Soil Leaching Loss Rating HYDGRP B:  The Soil Leaching Loss Rating  (SLLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by using the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLLR  algorithm is defined as: 
		SLLR =  (Surface Layer Depth)*(Organic Matter Content).
This quantity is examined for various slopes and various hydrologic soils groups.  HSG indicates the rate of water movement throught the soil, with higher rates indicating a more serious leaching potential.  This is partially balance by the SLRR, which considers the ability of the soil to attenuate pesticides.  Also a factor is the slope, since less infiltration occurs on steeper slopes.

Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP B (0-15%)

Restrictive Limits:

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group B
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG B at	                  >45		   5-45		   <5		LOW ADSORPTION
Slope 0-15%


Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP B (>15%)

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group B
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG B at		  >5		      <5		    ---		LOW ADSORPTION
Slope >15%

3.  Soil Leaching Loss Rating HYDGRP C and D:  The Soil Leaching Loss Rating  (SLLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by using the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLLR  algorithm is defined as: 
		SLLR =  (Surface Layer Depth)*(Organic Matter Content).
This quantity is examined for various slopes and various hydrologic soils groups.  HSG indicates the rate of water movement throught the soil, with higher rates indicating a more serious leaching potential.  This is partially balance by the SLRR, which considers the ability of the soil to attenuate pesticides.  Also a factor is the slope, since less infiltration occurs on steeper slopes.

Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP C

Restrictive Limits:

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group C
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG C 	                  >=0		   ---		   ---		LOW ADSORPTION
Any Slope

Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP D

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group D
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG  D at		  >=0		      ---		    ---		LOW ADSORPTION
Any slope


4. Depth to High Water Table (Leaching):  Pesticides dissolved in shallow ground water can move rapidly and contaminate shallow wells.  This water can also contaminate streams into which it is discharged.

Property Used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM

Restrictive Limits:


PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Depth to High	                 >122		   61-122		    <61		WETNESS
Water Table (cm)

5. Depth to Layer Having Ksat >42 um/sec:  Soil layers that are highly transmissive can allow rapid movement and no attenuation of pesticides.

Property used: DEPTH TO KSAT >42 UM/SEC

Restrictive limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Depth to Layer	                >152		  61-152		  <61		SEEPAGE
with Permeability
(>42 um/sec)(cm)


6. Depth to Bedrock with Ksat (Leaching):  A transmissive bedrock can move pesticides rapidly and allow little possibility of attenuation.  This subrule examines the saturated hydraulic conductivity of any bedrock layers and the depth at which they may occur, as tempered by the Hydrologic Soils Group for the soil.

6a. Depth to Bedrock with Ksat >14um/sec (HYDGRP A): Soils that are members of HSG A are quite permeable.  Bedrock must be deep to avoid contamination by pesticides.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.

Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP A
	
Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6a. Hydrologic Group A	>152		---		<152		POOR FILTER

6b. Depth to Bedrock having Ksat > 14 um/sec (HYDGRP B):  Soils that are members of HSG B are fairly permeable.  Bedrock must be deep to avoid contamination by pesticides.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.

Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP B

Restrictive limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6b. Hydrologic Group B	>152		---		<152		POOR FILTER


6c. Depth to Bedrock having Ksat >14 um/sec (HYDGRP C): Soils that are members of HSG C are only moderately permeable.  Bedrock does not need to be so deep to avoid contamination by pesticides.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.

Property Used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP C

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6c. Hydrologic Group C	>102		51-102		<51		POOR FILTER

6d. Depth to Bedrock having Ksat <14 um/sec (HYDGRP D): Soils that are members of HSG D are slowly permeable.  Bedrock does not need to be so deep to avoid contamination by pesticides.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.

Property Used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP D

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6d. Hydrologic Group D	>102		51-102		<51		POOR FILTER

6e.  Depth to Bedrock with Ksat >14um/sec (All HYDGRP):  A thin soil layer of any HSG is prone to leaching.    Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.


Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP ALL


Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6e. All Hydrologic       	>51	     	   <51		   ---		POOR FILTER
    Soil Groups"|04/20/2011 17:14:14|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528198"
"FL095"|"AGR - Pesticide Loss Potential-Soil Surface Runoff"|"limitation"|"Background:


Soil Survey interpretations are developed for use in evaluating and determining the potential of the soil to transmit pesticides through the profile and the likelihood of the contamination of ground-water supplies.  Evaluations also consider potential surface runoff and the contamination of surface water.

Pesticide loss potential - soil surface runoff

		(1)  ""Pesticide loss potential - soil surface runoff"" is the potential for pesticides to be transported by surface runoff beyond the field boundary where the pesticide was applied.  Pesticides are transported by surface runoff as either pesticides in solution or pesticides adsorbed to sediments suspended in runoff.  Pesticides that are surface transported have a potential to contaminate surface waters, such as lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers.

		(2)  The pesticides considered available to surface loss are those applied to the surface of the soil.  Loss occurs from either pesticides moving in runoff solutions or pesticides attached to sediments moving with surface runoff.  The Surface Loss Rating (SLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by applying the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLR is a function of hydrologic groups and K values and is determined using the following criteria:
		--	For all soils in Hydrologic Group A, the SLR is < 0.
		--	For soils in Hydrologic Group B with a K factor <.17, the SLR is 0 to < 1.0.
		--	For soils in Hydrologic Group B with a K factor >.17, for all soils in Hydrologic Group C, and for soils in Hydrologic Group D with a K factor                                                      <.20, the SLR is 1.0 to 2.8. and 
		--	For soils in Hydrologic Group D with a K factor >.20, the SLR is >2.8.

		(3)  The soil properties and qualities considered in the pesticide surface loss guide, as given in Table 620-36, are those that affect rates of runoff and erosion.  These soil properties and qualities are soil texture, organic matter content, structure, particle-size distribution, permeability, restricting layers, depth, drainage, depth to a water table, slope, and shrink-swell potential.  Runoff is represented by slope and the soil hydrologic group, which considers soil texture, permeability, restrictive layers, depth, drainage, and shrink-swell potential.  Soil erodibility is represented by the K factor, which is estimated from soil particle-size distribution, organic matter content, structure, and permeability.  Flooding has the potential of catastrophic surface pesticide loss.  It may remove large quantities of pesticides, either those in solution or those adsorbed to sediments, in a single event.  Ponding can concentrate pesticides that are surface transported, and draining ponded areas adversely affects the receiving surface waters.

		(4)  The soil rating guideline is based on the potential for soils to retain pesticides within the boundaries of the field where they are applied and is not directed toward any particular pesticide or family of pesticides.  For the purpose of this guide, pesticides are considered to be applied to bare soil by either surface or aerial methods.

Reference:

Goss, M.J., Howse, K.R., Colbourn, P. & Harris, G.L. (1988) Cultivation systems and the leaching
of nitrates. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference, ISTRO 2:679-684, Edinburgh.


Criteria:

1. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		                < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	                 => 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	                      = ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	                      = ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.


2. Installed artificial drainage:  This subrule considers the hydrologic soil group, which indicates a need for drainage, and the component local phase (and the obsolete component other phase) as an indicator of whether or not the soil component is indeed drained.  The pesticide carrying ability of the water moving through the drainage system is considered the same as runoff from the surface.

               Property used:  PONDING AND DRAINED CLASS (DUAL HSG, LOCAL PHASE)

               Restictive Limits:
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

 Ponding		              Undrained	                        ---		Drained		Drained Artificial


3. Flooding (Soil Surface Runoff) - Moving water can remove pesticides from the soil surface.

               Property used:  FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS (GOSS)

               Restrictive limits:
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

 Flooding		            None, Rare	                      Occas		  Freq		Flooding


4.  Soil Loss Rating:  The pesticides considered available to surface loss are those applied to the surface of the soil.  Loss occurs from either pesticides moving in runoff solutions or pesticides attached to sediments moving with surface runoff.  The Surface Loss Rating (SLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by applying the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  


A. Soil Loss Rating (0-2% slopes)

Property used: SOIL LOSS RATING (0-2%)

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY	SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Soil Loss Rating    	0		---                             ---                            Excess Runoff
at 0 to 2% slopes

B. Soil Loss Rating (2-6% slopes)

Property used: SOIL LOSS RATING (2-6%)

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Soil Loss Rating (SLR)	<1.0		1.0-2.8		>2.8		Excess Runoff
at 2 to 6% slopes


C. Soil Loss Rating (6 to 15% slopes)

Property used:  SOIL LOSS RATING (6-15%)

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Soil Loss Rating		---		<2.8		>2.8		Excess Runoff
at 6-15% slopes

D. Soil Loss Rating (>15% slopes)

Property used:  SOIL LOSS RATING (>15%)

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Soil Loss Rating		   ---		    <0		   >0		Excess Runoff
at >15% slopes"|04/20/2011 20:09:40|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528199"
"FL095"|"WLF - Gopher Tortoise Burrowing Suitability"|"suitability"|"Gopher Tortoise Burrowing Suitability 

The Gopher Tortoise Burrowing Suitability is a rating of the soil as a habitat component according to its potential to be used by gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) in excavating burrows.  Burrows are considered a necessary part of specific local habitat.  This soil interpretation is intended to provide suitability ratings based on the dominant soil characteristics that influence the suitability of the site for burrowing by gopher tortoise.  The information allows the user identify areas of concern prior to the application of conservation practices.  This interpretation concerns only the soil properties as they are populated in the soil survey and does not take into account the climate, vegetation, or soil temperature that may influence the presence or distribution pattern of the species.  The presence or absence of a species is determined at the local level. The final identification and selection of a site suitable for burrowing by gopher tortoise is determined by the limitation of the soil as it influences excavation, maintenance, and preservation of the burrows.  The guide identifies the soil restricting features that will have the most effect on suitability for burrows.
Soil suitability ratings rate a soil based on selected criteria and assign each criteria a fuzzy number rating between 0 and 1.  In this rating, 1 represents more suitable soil characteristics, and 0 represents less suitable soil characteristics.  Each criteria is calculated separately and the lowest rating is reported as the overall soil suitability rating, representing the most liming factor in the soils suitability.  
Rating classes have been defined as follows:
Highly suited (fuzzy values 0.95-1): These soils have no restrictions to use and are favorable for burrowing by gopher tortoise.  Colonization and population densities may be above average if other habitat factors are not limiting.
Moderately suited (fuzzy values 0.5-0.95): These soils are suitable and somewhat favorable for burrowing by gopher tortoise.  Some restrictive features may limit the use of the site to a minor extent.  Colonization and population densities may be average to above for the area if the other habitat requirements are met.
Less suited (fuzzy values 0.05-0.5): These soils have characteristics that may limit establishment, maintenance, or use of the site by gopher tortoise.  Colonization and population densities may be below average or restricted in the area due to the limiting factors even though all of the other species habitat requirements are met.
Unsuitable (fuzzy values 0-0.05): These soils have characteristics that may limit establishment, maintenance, or use of the site by gopher tortoise.  



The criteria used for rating the soils for gopher tortoise habitat are as follows:

					
Criteria	                                             soil property used	Unsuited (0)	Less Suited	Moderately Suited	Well Suited (1)
diggability index/ texture	                     %sand	             <=15 % sand	 	 	>= 70% sand
	Depth to first layer with >=20% clay (cm)	                           0	0-50	                        50-100	>100
depth to restrictive layer	
              depth to first restrictive layer	                                              <=50 cm	 	  	                           >=200
	Depth to first layer with >=35% clay	                                 <=50	 	 	                                          >=100
Fragments >5mm	frags 3-10 in; wtd ave 0-100 cm                               >10	 	                                              	<=1 
Ponding	ponding frequency                                             	Occasional, Frequent, Common	 	rare	none
Depth to seasonal high water table (cm)	
              MLRA 133A, 137, 153A, 153B; any texture	                                        <=50	 	 	>=100
	MLRA 152A and 138; Depth to layer with >20% clay >=100 cm	            <=30	 	 	>=80
	MLRA 152A and 138; Depth to layer with >20% clay <100 cm	            <=40	 	 	>=90
	MLRAs 155, 154, 156A, 156B; Depth to layer with >20% clay >=100cm	<=20	 	 	>=70
	MLRAs 155, 154, 156A, 156B; Depth to layer with >20% clay <100 cm	<=30	 	 	>=80
Slope	component slope	                                                                        >=35 percent	 	 	<15 percent
Flooding Frequency		                                                              Frequent, Very Frequent 	Common	Occasional	none or very rare

The following explains in detail the National Soil Information System (NASIS) criteria, rules and evaluations used in calculating the Burrowing Suitability Index.
Criteria (Subrules):
1.	Gopher Tortoise Habitat Diggability (v6.6):  Tortoise Habitat Soil Diggability Index is a method of assessing the ease of excavation of the soil material by the gopher tortoise based on soil texture. Soil Diggability looks at soil texture of the top 100 cm of the soil.  Soil textures with less than 15 % sand are considered too fine, while anything greater than 70% sand is well suited to gopher tortoise burrows.  Percent sand is evaluated as a weighted average of the zone 0 to 50 cm depth and 50 to 100 cm depth. The texture of the top 50 cm of soil is weighted more heavily than the lower 50 cm of soil.  In order to account for soils that contain shallow kandic or argillic horizons with an increase in clay, the depth to the first layer with >=20% clay is also assessed in the diggability rating.  If a layer with >=20% clay is within 100 cm of the soil surface, the diggability rating is lower than a soil that contains no layer with >=20% clay. 

 
 


Evaluations used: 
a.	Gopher Tortoise - Wtd Avg Sand 0-50 (Suitability):
Calculates the weighted average sand content between 0 and 50 cm.  Rates this value as 0 for <15% sand content and 1 for >70% sand content.  Sand contents between 15 and 70% are rated on a curve. 

b.	Gopher Tortoise - Wtd Avg Sand 50-100 (Suitability)
Calculates the weighted average sand content between 50 and 100 cm.  Rates this value as 0 for <15% sand content and 1 for >70% sand content.  Sand contents between 15 and 70% are rated on a sigmoid curve.
 
c.	Gopher Tortoise - Depth to clay content >=20%
Calculates the depth to a layer with 20% or more clay.  If this layer begins at the soil surface, the rating is given a 0.  If this layer begins at 100 cm or greater, or there is no layer with >=20% clay within the profile, the rating is given a 1.  Depths between 0 and 100 cm are rated based on a linear evaluation. 
 

2.	Gopher Tortoise - Depth to Restrictive Layer (Suitability):  Restrictive layers such as plinthic zones, fragipan, or spodic horizons are thought to adversely affect the potential depth of excavation by burrowing species.  Layers that contain a high percent clay are limiting to gopher tortoises as well. The layers may be too dense for the species to excavate or these layers may perch water.  Shallow depth to a restrictive layer limits the depth of habitat.  
 
Evaluations Used: 
a.	Gopher Tortoise - Depth to first restrictive layer 0-200 cm
The depth to the first restrictive layer is assessed in which soils where this layer begins at a depth <50 cm is given a rating of 0 and soils where this layer begins at a depth >200 cm is given a rating of 1.  Soils with a clay layer beginning between 50 and 200 cm is rated on a sigmoid curve.  

b.	Depth to clay content >35%
The depth to a layer with a clay content >35% is assessed in which soils where this layer begins at a depth <50 cm is given a rating of 0 and soils where this layer begins at a depth >100 cm is given a rating of 1.  Soils with a clay layer beginning between 50 and 100 cm is rated on a sigmoid curve.  

 

3.	Fragments > 4.76mm 0-200cm (Suitability): Gravel adversely affects the potential depth of excavation by burrowing species.  High concentrations of gravel and rock fragments adversely affect the excavation of soil by burrowing species.  The horizons with gravel and or rock fragments that is greater than 5 mm in size and contains 15 percent by volume or more limits the species ability to excavate a burrow if it is within 80 inches of surface. The physical effort to dislodge or transport the rock fragments from the burrow may be beyond the abilities of the species.  
Evaluations Used:
a.	Fragments >4.76mm 0-200cm (Suitability)
Calculates the weighted average of fragments from 3 to <10 inches in the layers from 0 to 100 cm or to a restriction, whichever is first.  Rates soils with 1% or less fragments with a 1; Rates soils with 10% or more fragments with a 0.  Values between 1 and 10% are rated using a sigmoid curve. 
 
b.	Fragments >75mm 0-200cm (Suitability)
This evaluation considers the gravel from 4.76mm to 3 inches as a proportion of what passes the #4 sieve.
Not suited (0)	 	<65 % passing
		Somewhat suited (0.16)	 65-85% passing
		Well suited  (1)              	>85% passing

4.	Tortoise Habitat Ponding Rating (Suitability): Ponding or standing water adversely affects gopher tortoise habitat
Restrictive limits:
		Not suited (0)	 	""occasional"", ""common"", ""frequent""
		Somewhat suited (0.16)	 ""rare""
		Well suited  (1)              ""none""

Null ponding frequency is assigned to the well suited class.

5.	Gopher Tortoise - Depth to High Water Table MLRA_Clay V6_6: A seasonal high water table can affect burrowing species by restricting burrowing, and possibly cause drowning when the water table returns.  Caving or tunnel collapse may be a problem, especially during the rising and falling of the water table depths between seasons of year. Perched or apparent water tables can increase drowning of species during wet periods especially during inactive times.  
In soils that are sandy throughout the profile in regions where evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall, water tables are generally more flashy and high water tables do not pose as much of a limitation for habitat as in areas where high water tables will remain for longer periods.  For this reason, the water tables are adjusted regionally based on MLRA.  The adjustment varies with the depth to a layer with >=20% clay, as soils with shallow clay layers will perch water longer than those that are coarse textured throughout.  
The evaluation rates soils with an adjusted seasonal high water table:
		Poorly suited (0)	 				0-50 cm
		Somewhat suited (linear rating between 0 and1))	50-100 cm
		Well suited  (1)             					 >=100 cm
 

6.	Tortoise Habitat Slope 15-35% (Suitability): Soils that have a surface slope that is steeper than 15 percent fall per 100 feet horizontal distance tend to adversely affects habitat suitability.
A.	The evaluation looks at the slope of a component using the following conditions:
		Poorly suited (0)	 				>35% slope
		Somewhat suited (curve rating between 0 and1)		15-35% slope
		Well suited  (1)             					0-15% slope
 
7.	Flooding Frequency Rating Revised (Suitability): Flooding from stream over flow can adversely affect habitat and burrowing suitability.  In areas subject to flooding, the gopher tortoise are evicted, species are drowned both young hatchling and adults, eggs destroyed, and the walls of the burrows may collapse or become filled with debris and water.  Any effort of the animals to return to the site is delayed until the floodwater has receded and the soils have dried sufficiently to allow renewed activity. Also, gopher tortoises may have a higher impact from predation during flooding events while evicted from burrows.
Restrictive limits:
		Not suited (0)	 	""common"", ""frequent"", ""very frequent""
		Somewhat suited (0.5)	 ""rare"", ""occasional""
		Well suited  (1)           	 ""none"", ""very rare"""|01/27/2017 22:26:45|10/05/2017 22:19:32|5|"12680"|"4528200"
"FL117"|"ENG - Unpaved Local Roads and Streets"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Unpaved Local Roads and Streets"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Unpaved Local Roads and Streets"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Unpaved local roads and streets are those roads and streets that carry traffic year round but have a graded surface of local soil material or aggregate. 

Scope: National

The roads and streets consist of
(1) the underlying local soil material, either cut or fill, which is called ""the sub-grade"";
(2) the surface, which may be the same as the subgrade or may have aggrate such as crushed limestone added.

They are graded to shed water, and conventional drainage measures are provided.  These roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand.

Soil interpretations for local roads and streets are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities that affect local roads and streets are those that influence the ease of excavation and grading and the traffic-supporting capacity.  The properties and qualities that affect the ease of excavation and grading are hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, flooding, the amount of large stones, and slope.  The properties that affect traffic-supporting capacity are soil strength as inferred from the AASHTO group index and the Unified classification, subsidence, shrink-swell behavior, potential frost action, and depth to the seasonal high water table.  The dust generating tendacy of the soil is also considered.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Frost action: Frost heaving can cause roadbeds to shift and paving to crack.  Soil feature considered is frost action.
	
	Property used: POTENTIAL FROST ACTION (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	= ""high""  
		Somewhat Limiting 	= ""moderate""
		Not limiting		all others
		
	Null frost action values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5 to < 8
		Not limiting		=< 5
			
	Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by 90%.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	11. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	15.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Subsidence due to gypsum: Soils that contain large amounts of gypsum are susceptible to collapse due to gypsum dissolution and transport under a modified hydrologic regime.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM
	
	Restrictive Limits:
		Limiting		>30cm
		Somewhat Limiting	10cm to 30cm
		Not Limiting		<10cm
		
	Null values are assigned to the Null Not Rated class.
	
	17. Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gupsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392854"
"FL117"|"ENG - Small Commercial Buildings"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Small Commercial Buildings"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Small Commercial Buildings"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Small commercial buildings are those buildings that are less than three stories without basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper. 

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for small commercial buildings are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities affecting the capacity of the soil to support a load without movement and those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties and qualities affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are presence of a high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are flooding, a high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount and size of coarse fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope:  Steep slopes affect the design and function of installed systems and facilities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 >= 4 and < 8%
		Not limiting	< 4%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	14.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.

              15.  Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the soil gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of more water to the soil than can be removed by evapotranspiration.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therefore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

Property used: SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM (REV)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting                     >18 cm
                                Somewhat limiting    >=3 to 18 mc
		Not limiting	 <3 cm 
	
	Null gypsum is assigned to the Not rated class.

					
These impact ratings are from: National Coal Board Classification of Subsidence Damage. 1975. Subsidence Engineers Handbook."|01/20/2015 16:28:41|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392853"
"FL117"|"ENG - Shallow Excavations"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Shallow Excavations"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Shallow Excavations"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for pipelines, sewer lines, telephone and power transmission lines, basements, open ditches, grave sites, etc.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for shallow excavations are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging and resistance to sloughing.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 50 and 180cm.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 50-180CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 60%
		Somewhat limiting	> 40 to < 60%
		Not limiting		<= 40%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Unstable  Excavation Walls: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols then excavation walls have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around excavation walls to protect from cave in injury or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.
	
	Property used: USDA GROUP-CLASS IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures other then silt
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SI"" set at .5
					all other textures set at .1
		Not limiting		none
		
	Null USDA Texture class is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""vertisols""
		Not limiting	not = ""vertisols""
		
	Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Dense layer:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater then 1.8.

	Property used: High Bulk Density 50 to 150cm (20-60"") (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers between 50 and 150cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED 50-150cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
		8.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support small buildings with basements. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limit site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	13. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	
	14. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 75 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

              15.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content and the amount of traffic on the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392852"
"FL117"|"ENG - Sewage Lagoons"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Sewage Lagoons"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Sewage Lagoons"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the wastes.  Lagoons have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted, relatively impervious soil material.  Relatively impervious soil for the lagoon floor and sides is desirable to minimize seepage and contamination of local ground water.  

Scope: National

Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent. Sewage lagoons interpretations are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for safe disposal of liquid effluent.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Soil permeability is a critical property in evaluating a soil for sewage lagoons.  Most porous soils will eventually seal when being used for a sewage lagoon.  Until they do, however, the hazard of pollution is severe.  Soils that have a permeability rate that exceeds 2 inches per hour generally are too porous for the proper operation of sewage lagoons and may cause contamination.  Fractured bedrock within a depth of 40 inches may create a pollution hazard.  Bedrock and cemented pans create construction problems.

Slope must be gentle enough and the soil material must be thick enough over bedrock or a cemented pan to make smoothing practical so that the lagoon is uniformly deep throughout.

If floodwater overtops the lagoon, it interferes with the functioning of the lagoon and carries away polluting sewage before sufficient decomposition has taken place.  Ordinarily, soils susceptible to flooding have a severe limitation for sewage lagoons.  If floodwater velocities are slow and flooding is rarely deep enough to overtop the lagoon embankment, the susceptibility to flooding does not constitute a severe limitation rating.

Soils that contain a large amount of organic matter are not suitable for the floor of an aerobic lagoon.  The organic matter promotes an anaerobic rather than aerobic environment.

Depth to water table is important if it influences the water level in the lagoon.  If it does, a pollution hazard exists.  Sometimes depth to water table is disregarded if the lagoon floor is of slowly permeable soil material that is at least 4 feet thick.  Soils that contain excess rock fragments greater than 3 inches are undesirable sites because the fragments interfere with the manipulation and compaction needed to prepare the lagoon floor. 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil in Unified class ol or oh are not as restrictive and their interpretive rating is reduce 50%.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers and the most restrictive condition is reported.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= pt
		Somewhat limiting	= ol or oh
		Not limiting		not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.  

	AND
	
	Property used: USDA SURFACE TEXTURE LAYER
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting       	= ""MPM, SPM, HPM""
		Limiting		not = ""MPM, SPM, HPM""
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons between a depth of 0 to 50 cm.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-50CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 35%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 20% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		< 20%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
		5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 30 to 150 cm, excluding the surface layer.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 30-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 4.0 and <= 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 < 4.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits construction, installation, and functioning of sewage lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Slope:  Steep slopes impede site preparation and construction and restrict lagoon size and shape.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 7%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 2 and < 7%
		Not limiting		=< 2%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 105cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 105 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND NOT

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to =< 90cm
		Not limiting		 > 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392851"
"FL117"|"ENG - Septic Tank Absorption Fields"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Septic Tank Absorption Fields"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Septic Tank Absorption Fields"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.  

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Septic tank absorption fields are subsurface systems of tile or perforated pipe that distribute effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil.  The centerline depth of the tile is assumed to be 24 inches or deeper.  Only the soil between depths of 24 and 60 inches is considered in making the ratings.  Soil properties and site features considered are those that affect the absorption of the effluent, those that affect the construction and maintenance of the system, and those that may affect public health.

Scope: National

Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent.  Septic Tank Absorption Field interpretations are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for safe disposal of household effluent.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage to the soil surface, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Soil properties and qualities that affect the absorption of the effluent are permeability, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, depth to a cemented pan, and susceptibility to flooding.  Stones and boulders and a shallow depth to bedrock, ice, or a cemented pan interfere with installation.  Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance.  Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in down-slope areas.  In addition, soil erosion is a hazard where absorption fields are installed in steep soils.
 
Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth less than 4 feet below the distribution lines.  In these soils, the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new; consequently, ground water supplies may be contaminated.
 
Percolation tests are used by some regulatory agencies to evaluate the suitability of a soil for septic tank absorption fields.  These tests should be performed during the season when the water table is highest and the soil is at minimum absorptive capacity.
 
1/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, l969 Manual of Septic Tanks, PHS Publication No. 526, p. 8.
 
2/ Bouma, J.  l974.  New Concepts in Soil Survey Interpretations for Onsite Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent.
 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1. Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 60 to 150cm or to the depth of a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER 24 to 60 (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 42.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.  
	
	2. Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3. Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
		Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	4. Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer deeper then 60 cm and above a restrictive layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER >60  (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 < 10.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 10.0 and <= 40.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 40.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	6. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	7. Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of septic tank adsorption fields and other site applications.  Shallow soils have limited adsorptive capacity and biologically active zones through with waste materials can percolate.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as filter fields.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	8. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of septic tank adsorption fields and other site applications.  Shallow soils have limited adsorptive capacity and biologically active zones through with waste materials can percolate.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as filter fields.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 100 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	9. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated. 
	
	10. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause septic tanks and septic tank adsorption fields to shift or collapse.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 60cm
		Not limiting	 < 60cm
			
	Null values are assigned to the Not limiting class. 
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone:  Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 120cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 120 to < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	12. Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  (added for testing 7/2004) 
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
	13.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392850"
"FL117"|"ENG - Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as "" Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the "" Sanitary Landfill (Trench)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sanitary landfill (trench) is a method of disposing solid waste by placing refuse in successive layers in an excavated trench.  The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the trench.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 5 or 6 feet).  However, because trenches may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the landfill developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed trench bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the landfill.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of refuse.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a trench-type landfill operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the fill.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when landfills are installed.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
            2.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 25-180cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION,  (Modality -high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting	<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated
OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	3.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishments of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= ""cos"" or ""s"" or ""fs"" or ""vfs"" or ""sg""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""lcos"" or ""ls"" or ""lfs"" or ""lvfs""
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null USDA textures are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to <= 120cm
		Not limiting		 > 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16. Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392849"
"FL117"|"ENG - Sanitary Landfill (Area)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Sanitary Landfill (Area)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Sanitary Landfill (Area)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sanitary landfill (area) is a solid-waste disposal practice where successive layers of refuse are placed on the soil surface.  The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is imported from a source away from the site.  A final cover of soil at least 2 feet thick is placed over the completed landfill.   Properties and qualities that influence trafficability and risk of pollution are the important considerations for area sanitary landfills.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Flooding is a serious problem because of the risk of washouts and pollution downstream and the difficulty of moving trucks in and out of flooded areas.  Permeability of the soil is an important consideration in all but the most arid parts of the country.  If permeability is too rapid or if fractured bedrock or a fractured cemented pan is close to the surface, the risk of contaminating the water supply by leachate is great.  A high water table may also transmit pollutants to the water supply and is likely to restrict truck movement during wet seasons.  

Slope is a consideration because of the extra grading required to maintain roads on sloping soils.  Furthermore, leachate may flow along the soil surface on sloping soils and cause difficult seepage problems in completed fills.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 50 to 100 cm.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when area landfills are installed.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 


	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when area landfills are installed.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to <= 90cm
		Not limiting		 > 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

            9.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392848"
"FL117"|"ENG - Local Roads and Streets"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Local Roads and Streets"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Local Roads and Streets"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Local roads and streets are those roads and streets that have all-weather surfacing (commonly of asphalt or concrete) and that are expected to carry automobile traffic year-round.

Scope: National

The roads and streets consist of
(1) the underlying local soil material, either cut or fill, which is called ""the sub-grade"";
(2)  the base material, which may be lime-stabilized soil, cement-stabilized soil, gravel, or crushed rock;
(3) the actual road surface or street pavement, which is either flexible (asphalt), rigid (concrete), or gravel with binder in it.
They are graded to shed water, and conventional drainage measures are provided.  With the probable exception of the hard surface, roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand.

Soil interpretations for local roads and streets are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities that affect local roads and streets are those that influence the ease of excavation and grading and the traffic-supporting capacity.  The properties and qualities that affect the ease of excavation and grading are hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, depth to a water table, flooding, the amount of large stones, and slope.  The properties that affect traffic-supporting capacity are soil strength as inferred from the AASHTO group index and the Unified classification, subsidence, shrink-swell behavior, potential frost action, and depth to the seasonal high water table.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Frost action: Frost heaving can cause roadbeds to shift and paving to crack.  Soil feature considered is frost action.
	
	Property used: POTENTIAL FROST ACTION (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	= ""high""  
		Somewhat Limiting 	= ""moderate""
		Not limiting		all others
		
	Null frost action values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and provides a limitation for the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.  This property is modified by a multiplication factor of .5 to reduce the limitation below that of hard bedrock.  

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5 to < 8
		Not limiting		=< 5
			
	Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by 90%.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	11. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	15.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16.  Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the soil gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of more water to the soil than can be removed by evapotranspiration.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therefore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.



		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm

17. Void formation: Soluble bedrock, such as gypsum and halite and to a lesser extent, limestone bedrock, is susceptible to dissulution which can leave large voids that compromise the strength of the overlying structure.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
                                  NOTE!!!  This evaluation is given a 0.3 weight.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	                If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type."|02/16/2016 16:56:30|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392847"
"FL117"|"ENG - Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Lawn, Landscape, Golf Fairway"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Soils are rated for their use in establishing and maintaining turf for lawns and golf fairways and ornamental trees and shrubs for residential or commercial landscaping.

Scope: National

Soil interpretations for lawn, landscape, or golf fairways are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.  These ratings are based on the use of soil material at the location that may have some land smoothing.  Irrigation may or may not be needed and is not a criterion in rating.  Traps, trees, roughs, and greens are not considered as part of the golf fairway.

The soil properties and qualities considered in rating soils for lawns, landscaping, and golf fairways include those that affect growth and trafficability after vegetation is established.  The properties that affect plant growth are the content of salt, sodium, or calcium carbonate; sulfidic materials; soil reaction; depth to the water table; depth to bedrock or a cemented pan; and the available water capacity in the upper 40 inches of soil.  The properties that affect trafficability after vegetation is established are flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of clay, sand, or organic matter in the surface layer.
Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity are droughty.  This condition restricts plant growth and the establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed to a depth of 100cm or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 5cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5 to =< 10cm
		Not limiting		 > 10cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  5% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		  <  5%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate equivalent to a depth of 40cm.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALENT MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 40 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  USDA Texture Modifiers - Surface Organics: Soils with surface USDA Texture In-Lieu-Of ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat"" or USDA Texture Modifier ""mucky"" or ""peaty"" are high in organic materials, have low strength, and are hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture In-Lieu-Of or USDA Texture Modifier of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN-LIEU-OF ""Surface Layer"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat""
		Not limiting	not = ""mpt"" or ""muck"" or ""peat""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE IN-LIEU-OF is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""mucky"" or ""peaty""
		Not limiting	not = ""mucky"" or ""peaty""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is assigned to the Not rated class.


AND 	
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm
		
	6. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11.    
Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	13. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Sulfur content: Soil in taxonomic Great Group ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists"" are high in sulfidic materials that restrict plant growth and re-vegetation of disturbed areas.  Soil feature considered is taxonomic Great Group.
	
	Property used: TAXONOMIC GREAT GROUP (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists""
		Not limiting	not = ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	17. Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		""COS""
		Somewhat limiting 	""LCOS"" or ""S""
		Not limiting	all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

19.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, time of year, and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting	 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|05/06/2015 17:17:39|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392846"
"FL117"|"ENG - Dwellings With Basements"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Dwellings With Basements"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Dwellings With Basements"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Dwellings with basements are single-family houses of three stories or less with basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of about 7 feet.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for dwellings with basements are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities affecting the capacity of soil to support a load without movement and on those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are presence of a seasonal high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are flooding, a high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and the amount and size of coarse fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim. Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the deepest soil layer or the last layer above bedrock.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting		not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null FRAGMENTS > 75mm are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support small buildings with basements. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 150cm deep can cause building foundations to shift and basements to crack.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 60 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-150cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 6%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3% to < 6%
		Not limiting	 =< 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limit site preparation and restricts the installation of basements, shallow excavations, and lagoons.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting	=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 75 to < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	14.  Unstable fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.

                15.  Subsidence due to gypsum: Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the soil gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of more water to the soil than can be removed by evapotranspiration.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therefore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

Property used: SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM (REV)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting                     >18 cm
                                Somewhat limiting    >=3 to 18 mc
		Not limiting	 <3 cm 
	
	Null gypsum is assigned to the Not rated class.

					
These impact ratings are from: National Coal Board Classification of Subsidence Damage. 1975. Subsidence Engineers Handbook."|10/28/2015 20:57:30|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392845"
"FL117"|"ENG - Dwellings W/O Basements"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Dwellings W/O Basements"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Dwellings W/O Basements"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Dwellings without basements are single-family houses of three stories or less without basements.  The foundation is assumed to be spread footings of reinforced concrete built on undisturbed soil at a depth of 2 feet or at the depth of maximum frost penetration, whichever is deeper.

Scope: National

Soil properties influence the development of building and construction sites, including the selection of the site, the design of the structure, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for dwellings w/o basements are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities affecting the capacity of soil to support a load without movement and on those that affect excavation and construction costs.  The properties and qualities affecting load-supporting capacity without movement are the presence of a high water table, flooding, and the shrink-swell behavior and compressibility of the soils.  Compressibility is inferred from the Unified classification.  Properties influencing the ease and amount of excavation are a seasonal high water table, slope, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and the amount and size of rock fragments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of  small buildings and roads or streets. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Shrink-swell:  Excessive shrink-swell in the thickest layer between 25 and 100cm deep can cause building foundations to shift, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is percent linear extensibility of the thickest layer between a depth of 10 to 40 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL THICKEST LAYER 25-100cm OR ABOVE ROCK (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 6%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to <= 6%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Depth to thick cemented pan: Depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to thin cemented pan: Depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the installation of small buildings and roads or streets.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer less then or equal to 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Subsidence: Soils with high subsidence can cause building and road foundations to shift or collapse, flooring slabs to crack and roadways to buckle.  Soil feature considered is total subsidence.
	
	Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	=> 30cm
		Not limiting	 < 30cm
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14.  Unstable Fill:  Soils that are reconstructed because of land reclamation practices can cause differential settlement.  These areas of differential settlement are difficult to identify and are typically destructive to engineering infrastructure.  Soil feature considered is the component local phase.
	
	Property used: COMPONENT LOCAL PHASE
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting             = ""unstable fill""
		Not limiting	 not = ""unstable fill""
	
	Null local phase is assigned to the Not limiting class.

15. Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the soil gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of more water to the soil than can be removed by evapotranspiration.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therefore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

Property used: SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM (REV)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting                     >18 cm
                                Somewhat limiting    >=3 to 18 mc
		Not limiting	 <3 cm 
	
	Null gypsum is assigned to the Not rated class.

					
These impact ratings are from: National Coal Board Classification of Subsidence Damage. 1975. Subsidence Engineers Handbook."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392844"
"FL117"|"ENG - Daily Cover for Landfill"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Daily Cover for Landfill"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Daily Cover for Landfill"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is applied daily to compacted solid waste in a sanitary landfill.  The cover material is obtained offsite, transported, and spread on the area.  The required soil characteristics for both daily and final cover materials are similar enough to share one rating.

Scope: National

Soil interpretations for Daily Cover for Landfills are a tool for guiding the user in barrow site selection and has additional application for the reclamation of some quarries, pits, and surface mine operations.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.

Suitability of a soil for use as cover is based on properties that reflect workability and the ease of digging and of moving and spreading the material over the refuse daily during both wet and dry periods.  Soils that are loamy or silty and that are free of stones are better suited than other soils.  Clayey soils may be sticky and difficult to spread, and sandy soils may be subject to soil blowing.  Slope affects the ease of excavation and of moving the cover material.  It also may affect the final configuration of the borrow area and, thus, runoff, erosion, and reclamation.

The soils selected for daily cover for landfill should also be suitable for growing plants.  They should not contain significant amounts of substances that are toxic to plants, such as a high content of sodium, salts, or lime.  They should be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table so that material can be removed efficiently while leaving a borrow area that can be revegetated.  However, some damage to the borrow area is expected and plant growth may not be optimum.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too Acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 10"" to 72"" (25-180 cm) or restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	2.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent for the thickest horizon that has any portion in the depths 10"" to > 60"" (25 to 500 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25, >150CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 > 40%
		Not limiting	=< 40%
		
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	3.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 150cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 25-150cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION,  (Modality -high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting	<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated

	4.  Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) may impede the workability of the soil and restrict site reclamation.  This condition is restrictive when the soil contains a high content of gravel and not in the set of soils considered organic as defined by the soil Not in unified class ""pt"".  Soil feature considered is weighted average of rock fragments of size 2mm to <75mm in all horizons above a restrictive layer or within 180cm of the surface.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2mm-<75mm WT. AVE. 0-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	> 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null sieve and unified classes are assigned to the Limiting class.

And	
	
	Property used: UNIFIED (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits: Pt or Null Unified classes are not considered by this rule and if present will give a Not limiting rating for Gravel content.

		
	5.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, have low strength, and are hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	6.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	> 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
				
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
	7.  Seepage:  When the thickest soil horizon's Ksat is high then the rate of water movement through these materials is high and seepage and/or leaching is an environmental, health, and performance concern.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 42 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 14 to < 42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	8.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and kind where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null  USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	9.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
					  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	10. Salinity: Soils with high salinity and not in aridic moisture regimes have reduced available water capacity which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm).
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmnos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	11. Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	12. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	13. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
		
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 mmnos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 13 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	15. Hard to compact: Soil's are HARD TO PACK if they are in Unified classes mh, ol, oh, or ch.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the first or rv Unified class of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy. 


	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= ol, oh, ch, mh
		Somewhat limiting	= ol, oh, ch, mh
					   If kaolinitic
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null UNIFIED class is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by .5.
			
		Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not limiting.
		
	16. Too Sandy: Sandy soils may be subject to soil blowing and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the first or rv USDA texture of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 180cm or above a restrictive layer.
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		= cos, s, fs, sg
		Somewhat limiting	= cos, s, fs, sg
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null USDA textures are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetated and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 45 to =< 105cm
		Not limiting		 > 105cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

18.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, time of year, and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|09/27/2012 20:16:34|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392843"
"FL117"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Topsoil"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Topsoil"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of topsoil.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of topsoil.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Topsoil"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

The term ""topsoil"" has several meanings.  As used here, the term describes soil material used to cover an area and improve soil conditions for the establishment and maintenance of adapted vegetation. 

Generally, the upper part of the soil, which is richest in organic matter, is most desirable for use as topsoil; however, material excavated from deeper layers is also used.  In this rating, the upper 40 inches of soil material is evaluated for use as topsoil.  In the borrow area, the material below 40 inches is evaluated for its suitability for plant growth after the upper 40 inches is removed.

Scope: National

Soil properties that are used to rate the soil as topsoil are those that affect plant growth; the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading; and the reclamation of the borrow area.

The physical and chemical soil properties and qualities that influence plant growth are the presence of toxic substances, soil reaction, and those properties that are inferred from the soil texture, such as the available water capacity and fertility.  The properties that influence the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading are the amount of rock fragments, slope, depth to the water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material.  The properties that influence the reclamation of the borrow area are the slope, depth to the water table, amount of rock fragments, depth to rock, and the presence of toxic material.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent of the thickest horizon that has any portion between depths 0"" to 40"" (0 to 100 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Too Clayey: Clayey soils, low in organic matter, may become sticky when wet and have poor tilth.  When used for topsoil, controlling compaction, proper seedbed preparation and establishing new growth is difficult.  Soil features considered are the maximum percent clay and organic matter content to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.  The model is constructed so that soils with clay content between 30 and 40% and have organic matter are not as restrictive as those with clay content in excess of 40%.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 30%
		Not limiting		=< 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
OR	
	
	DEPENDENCY INDEX
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 3% (Index numbers decrease from 1 at 3% organic matter to .5 at 0% organic matter. This index number is multiplied by the clay index to derive a dependency index.)
		Not limiting		=> 3%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	* 
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 40%
		Not limiting		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Hard to reclaim:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater then 1.8.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Hard to reclaim: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches are poor sources of top soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve; Thickest Layer 40 to 72 inches -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: PASSING # 10 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 40-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50% to < 75%
		Not limiting		>= 75%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles in the Thickest Layer 40 to 72 inches -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer between 40 and 72 inches deep can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer between a depth of 40 to 72 inches.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS  75mm to 250mm  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH  40-72 in (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Rock fragments: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer to a depth of 40 inches are poor sources of top soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve in the Thickest Layer to 40 in. -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer of the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: PASSING # 10 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 70% to < 90%
		Not limiting		>= 90%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles in the Thickest Layer to 40 inches -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer of the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS  75mm to 250mm  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH  0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Content of organic matter: Soil with high in organic matter, has low strength, and is difficult to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 15% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		 < 15%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
				
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 0 to 100cm or a cemented restictive layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the thickest layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) for the thickest horizon within 100cm of the soil surface.
		
	Property used: SOIL SALINITY THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 <= 4 to >= 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
	
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER 0 to 100 CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 85
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 85
		Not limiting		<= 70
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 	=< 10cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 15
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the thickest layer is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio in the thickest layer have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation when used as a source of topsoil.  Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's sodium adsorption ratio within a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 90cm
		Not limiting		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

                        16.  Aluminum saturation -- Some agricultural crops suffer from aluminum toxicity when the Al saturation is only 10%. Aluminum interferes with the photosynthetic cycle by complexing with phosphate, so with high soluble aluminum the plant is starved for phosphate. Al-toxicity also stunts root growth thereby limiting the amount of soil the plant can exploit for nutrients. Stunted roots can also limit water uptake and can cause plants to wilt with only a few days without water. Some plants (e.g. cassava) have high tolerance to high levels of soluble aluminum. High soluble Al and acidity may adversely affect soil health by inhibiting beneficial organisms. When liming soils with high soluble aluminum the rule of thumb is to add 1.5 tons of CaCO3 per acre for every milliequivalents of soluble aluminum. The pH only needs to be raised to about 5.5 to eliminate the harmful effects of high soluble aluminum. (Source: Dr. Robert Gavenda, PhD; PowerPoint presentation on soil degradation)

About one-third of the tropics (1.5 billion hectares) has sufficiently strong soil acidity for soluble aluminum to be toxic to most crop species. This constraint is defined as having more than 60% Al saturation in some part of the top 50 cm of soil. A soil pH value of less than 5.5 usually indicates this problem (Evans and Kamprath, 1970). Aluminum toxicity is most prevalent in the humid tropics and acid savannas. This constraint is found mainly in soils classified as oxisols, ultisols and closely related inceptisols and is correlated with low nutrient capital reserves. Aluminum toxicity is usually the overwhelming constraint in these soils and must be tackled first, either by modern lime application practices, by using Al-tolerant plant species or by breeding for Al-tolerant varieties (Sanchez and Salinas, 1981). It is relevant to note that aluminum toxicity is rare in most smallholder farming areas of subhumid and semiarid Africa, except for parts of Rwanda, Burundi, Northern Zambia, Southern Congo, KwaZulu Natal Province in South Africa and in some sandy soils of Zimbabwe (Sanchez et al., 1997). Two-thirds of the tropics does not have enough aluminum saturation to worry about. Aluminum toxicity can become a positive soil quality attribute when using Al-tolerant plants in P-deficient soils. The low pH facilitates the dissolution of phosphate rocks, letting, in effect, the H+ ions in the soil do what a superphosphate factory doestreating rock phosphates with acids (Sanchez and Salinas, 1981). High aluminum saturation, as defined by this modifier, is also a positive attribute for rubber and tea production (Smith, 1989).  (Source: Fertility capability soil classification: a tool to help assess soil quality in the tropics by Pedro A. Sancheza,, Cheryl A. Palma, and Stanley W. Buol)

Property Used:  ALUMINIUM SATURATION WTD AVE TO 100CM

Suitability limits:  

                < 15 %	       Suited
	15 - 80%        Moderately suited
	>= 80%         Not suited

17.  Exchange capacity -- Some soils lack the ability to retain cations.  Application of liming materials and other fertilizers must be more frequent to maintain the intended vegetation.  Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the measure of how well a soil can retain cations, such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium.  CEC is measured in milliequivalents (meq) per 100 grams soil.  Here a capacity is used and the measurement is milliequivalents per unit volume soil in the rooting depth or to 100cm.  In soils having pH less than 5.5, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) is reported. 

Property used:  MEQ 0-100cm (ECEC FIRST) OR RESTRICTION

Suitability limits:      Well suited                 >20 meq
                               Moderately suited      0-20 meq
                               Unsuited                     0 meq

18.   Liquefaction -- Some soils can hold so much water that they lose strength under stress and can flow as a liquid.  This condition is indicated by a Unified Classification of OH-T.  This is a proposed classification for some volcanic soils found on the islands in the Pacific, although the condition could exist elsewhere as well.  This should not be confused with seismically-induced liquefaction, although these soils would be affected by a siesmic event.

Property used:  UNIFIED DOMINANT CONDITION IN DEPTH 25-100CM

Restrictive limits:

                                    Suited                   Not OH-T, Does not liquefy
                                    Not suited             OH-T,  Liquefaction


19.  Too acid -- In some areas, such as the Pacific Basin, where liming materials are scarce, low pH can render soil material unsuitable for use as topsoil.  If the pH is below 5.5 and the soil is well buffered, the amount of lime needed to raise the pH to levels where plants can grow may be prohibitive.

Subrule used:  pH and Lime Requirement, which reports the highest fuzzy number from these subrules:

       a.  pH in Thickest Layer 0-100cm

                Property used:  WTD_AVG PH 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
               Suitability limits:
                                                Suited                        pH>5.5
                                                Moderately suited     pH 3.5 to 5.5
                                                Not suited                 pH<3.5

                                               OR

       b.  Lime requirement for Andisols/*Andic*
                 Property used:     TAXONOMIC SUBGROUP
                                            Suitability limits:  Sugroup=*Andic* or *vitrandic*
                                                      OR
                Property used:     TAXONOMIC ORDER
                                            Suitability limits: Order = Andisols

                                                       OR
                Property used:   SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm
                                           Suitability limits:
                                                                        Suited                           pH>5.5
                                                                        Moderately suited        pH 4.8 to 5.5
                                                                        Not suited                    pH < 4.8
                                               
                                                    OR
               
        c.   Lime requirement for Histosols
               Property used:  TAXONOMIC ORDER
                                                              Suitability limits: Order = Histosols

                                               OR

                       Property used:   SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100cm
                                           Suitability limits:
                                                                        Suited                           pH>4.8
                                                                        Moderately suited        pH 4.0 to 4.8
                                                                        Not suited                    pH <4.0"|03/30/2017 14:52:37|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392842"
"FL117"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Sand Source"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a ""Sand Source"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of sand.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then desirable source of sand.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Sand Source "" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Sand as a construction material is usually defined as particles ranging in size from 0.074 mm (sieve #200) to 4.75 mm (sieve #4) in diameter.  Sand is used in great quantities in many kinds of construction.  Specifications for each purpose vary widely.  The intent of this rating is to show only the probability of finding material in suitable quantity.  The suitability of the sand for specific purposes is not evaluated.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of sand.  The soil interpretation for sand source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The properties used to evaluate the soils as a probable source of sand are the grain size as indicated by the Unified soil classification, the thickness of the sand layer, and the amount of rock fragments in the soil material.  They are listed in Table 620-8.  If the lowest layer of the soil contains sand, the soil is rated as a probable source regardless of thickness.  The assumption is that the sand layer below the depth of observation exceeds the minimum thickness.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials and not a good source of construction materials.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers.
	
	Property used: NOT UNIFIED (pt, oh, ol) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		    = pt
		Not limiting		not = pt
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Bottom layer: If the bottom layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and not the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the bottom layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.   There is no layer thickness restriction on the bottom layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing #4 Sieve - #200 Sieve (Bottom Layer) -- Sandy: Soil with a sandy bottom layer is a source of sand.  Soil feature considered is estimated sand of the bottom layer or the last layer above bedrock using the difference between the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 50 and < 95
		Not limiting		>= 95
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm BOTTOM LAYERS (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Limiting class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments > 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments greater then 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10-inch rock fragments are assigned to the Limiting class.
	
	4.  Thickest layer: If the thickest layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and does not pass the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the thickest layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:
	
	Layer Thickness -- Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null thickness is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	AND

	Percent Passing #4 Sieve - #200 Sieve (Thickest Layer) -- Sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer is a source of sand.  Soil feature considered is estimated sand of the soil's thickest layer above a cemented layer using the difference between the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 50 and < 95
		Not limiting		>= 95
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class."|12/21/2012 18:31:04|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392841"
"FL117"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Roadfill"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Roadfill"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of roadfill.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of roadfill.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Roadfill"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Roadfill consists of soil material that is excavated from its original position and used in road embankments elsewhere.  The evaluations for roadfill are for low embankments that generally are less than 6 feet in height and are less exacting in design than high embankments, such as those along superhighways.  The rating is given for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 5 feet, based on the assumption that soil horizons will be mixed in loading, dumping, and spreading.  In Table 620-7 criteria, limits, and restrictive features for rating soils for local roads and streets are given.  Soils are rated as to the amount of material available for excavation, the ease of excavation, and how well the material performs after it is in place.

Scope: National

Soil properties that affect the amount of material available for excavation are thickness of suitable material above bedrock or other material that is not suitable.  The percent of coarse fragments more than 3 inches in diameter, the depth to a seasonal high water table, and the slope are properties that influence the ease of excavation.  How well the soil performs in place is indicated by the AASHTO classification and group index and by the shrink-swell potential.  A high content of gypsum can cause piping or pitting.  Some damage to the borrow area is expected; but if revegetation and erosion control are likely to be difficult, the soil is rated severe.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grade stabilization.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragments are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Shrink-swell: Excessive shrink-swell (weighted average) between 25 and 150cm deep can cause roads to shift and paving to crack.  Soil feature considered is weighted average percent linear extensibility between a depth of 10 to 60 inches or above bedrock.

	Property used: SHRINK-SWELL 25-150cm OR ABOVE Restrictive Layer Wt_Ave. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 9%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3% to < 9%
		Not limiting		 < 3%
		
	Null linear extensibility is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=< 15%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	4.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and packing. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity and reduces the soil's potential as a site for roadfill.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the thickest soil layer below 25cm or to a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: AASHTO GIN THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5 to < 8
		Not limiting		=< 5
			
	Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by 90%.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as roadfill.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as roadfill. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 90cm
		Not limiting		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

10.  Gypsum content -- Roads, pipelines, and structures built on soils containing gypsum are susceptible to damage from differential settling if the gypsum should dissolve to due the addition of water to the soil.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution occurs and therfore no subsidence.
* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

11. Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is less than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).



Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

				 Restriction limits:
					Suited			 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat suited	 	20-70 percent sand
					Poorly suited		 <=20 percent sand



Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

			 Restriction limits:
					Poorly suited		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat suited		 2-15 percent gypsum
					Well suited		 <=2 percent gypsum



Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

			 Restriction limits:
					Poorly suited		 >= 5  
					Somewhat suited		 0.3-5  
					Well suited		 <=0.3  
					

					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
					

References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.


12.  Liquefaction -- Some soils can hold so much water that they lose strength under stress and can flow as a liquid.  This condition is indicated by a Unified Classification of OH-T.  This is a proposed classification for some volcanic soils found on the islands in the Pacific, although the condition could exist elsewhere as well.  This should not be confused with seismically-induced liquefaction, although these soils would be affected by a siesmic event.

Property used:  UNIFIED DOMINANT CONDITION IN DEPTH 25-200CM

Restrictive limits:

                                     Not OH-T                  Does not liquefy
                                     OH-T                         Liquefaction"|09/01/2017 15:28:26|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392840"
"FL117"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Reclamation"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Reclamation"" material.  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of reclamation material.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then a desirable source of reclamation material.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the "" Reclamation"" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Soil reconstruction of areas drastically disturbed, as in surface mining, is the process of replacing layers of soil material or unconsolidated geologic material, or both, in a vertical sequence of such quality and thickness that a favorable medium for plant growth is provided.

Most new state strip mine programs emphasize that the land surface be restored to about its natural configuration or better and that the soil be reconstructed to maintain or improve its suitability for the intended use.  Thus, knowledge of the soil and underlying material is needed to plan proper reconstruction operations of mined land.  This guide for soil reconstruction material evaluates the material as a medium for plant growth.  This guide does not cover areas of quarry, pit, dredge, and older surface mine operations that require an offsite source of soil reconstruction material.

When the soil materials are properly used in reconstruction, a rating of good means that vegetation is relatively easy to establish and maintain, that the surface is stable and resists erosion, and that the reconstructed soil has good potential productivity.  Material rated fair can be vegetated and stabilized by modifying one or more properties.  Topdressing with better material or applications of soil amendments may be necessary for satisfactory performance.  Material rated poor has such severe problems that revegetation and stabilization are very difficult and costly.  Topdressing with better material is necessary to establish and maintain vegetation.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of reconstruction material.  The soil interpretation for reconstruction material source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Vegetation is difficult to establish on soils that have high pH.  Many of these soils also have a high sodium adsorption ratio, which indicates potential instability and water transmission problems.  Materials that are extremely acid or have the potential upon oxidation of becoming extremely acid are difficult and expensive to vegetate.  They also contribute to poor water quality, in runoff or in ground water.

The available water capacity also is important in establishing vegetation.  Soils that have a low available water capacity may require irrigation for the establishment of vegetation.

The stability of the soil depends upon its erodibility by water and wind and its strength.  Water erodibility is indicated by the K factor; wind erodibility is rated according to the ""I"" value of the wind erodibility group.  Potential slippage hazard is related to soil texture, and although other factors also contribute, the ratings of soil texture represent one important factor.

The fraction 3-10 inches is a weight percentage of rock fragments in the material used for soil reconstruction.  The amount and size of rock fragments influence the ease of excavation, stockpiling, and respreading and the suitability for the final use of the land.  A certain amount of rock fragments can be tolerated depending upon their size and the intended use of the reclaimed area.  If the size of rock fragments exceeds 10 inches, problems are more severe.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	> 30 to < 40%
		Not limiting		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		<= 25%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors have a tendency to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to water erosion.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with high K factors.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) within a depth of 40 inches. 
		
	Property used: SOIL EROSION FACTOR MAXIMUM 1/99 (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .70 
		Somewhat limiting	 > .35 to < .70
		Not limiting		<= .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate equivalent.
	
	Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALENT MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat Limiting 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Not limiting		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Droughty: Soils with high available water capacity are not droughty.  This condition encourages vigorous plant growth and the establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.5 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restricive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Low content of organic matter: Soil low in organic matter has poor tilth and inherent fertility.  Organic matter should be add to these soil when they are used as reclamation material.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a cemented restrictive layer within a depth of 180cm.
	
	Property used: ORGANIC MATTER PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-180CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 1%
		Not limiting		=> 1%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too alkaline: Soils with high pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the maximum pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Maximum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 > 8.5
		Not limiting	=< 8.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	12. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.  Low pH values below 100cm are not as restrictive as those above 100cm
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER IN DEPTH 0-100cm (min) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 < 4.0
		Somewhat limiting	=> 4.0 to < 6.5
		Not limiting		=> 6.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER  IN DEPTH 100-150cm (min) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 4.0
		Not limiting		=> 4.0
		
	13. Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 <= 8 to >= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) THICKEST LAYER 0 to 100 CM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 85
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 85
		Not limiting		<= 70
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT  THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 	=< 10cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 15
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the thickest layer is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	15. Wind erosion: Soils in low WEG (Wind Erodibility Group) have a tendency to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to wind erosion.  Wind erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with low WEG.  Soil feature considered is WEG. 
		
	Property used: WIND ERODIBILITY GROUP (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		""1"" and ""2""
		Not limiting		all others			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class."|07/08/2015 16:46:43|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392839"
"FL117"|"ENG - Construction Materials; Gravel Source"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for construction materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meets some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.

Suitability ratings and associated restrictive features are for roadfill, topsoil, sand, gravel, and soil reconstruction material.  The ratings do not consider the quality of the source material because quality depends on how the source material is to be used.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a "" Gravel Source"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soils potential as a source of gravel.  The soil property contributing lest is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less then desirable source of gravel.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the "" Gravel Source"" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Gravel as a construction material is defined as particles ranging in size from 4.76 mm (sieve #4) to 76 mm (3 inches) in diameter.  Gravel is used in great quantities in many kinds of construction.  Specifications for each purpose vary widely.  The intent of this rating is to show only the probability of finding material in suitable quantity.  The suitability of the gravel for specific purposes is not evaluated.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of gravel.  The soil interpretation for gravel source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a probable source of gravel are grain size as indicated by the Unified soil classification, the thickness of the gravel layer, and the amount of rock fragments in the soil material.  If the lowest layer of the soil contains gravel, the soil is rated as a probable source regardless of thickness.  The assumption is that the gravel layer below the depth of observation exceeds the minimum thickness.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most suited of the following soil features.

	1.  Bottom layer: If the bottom layer contains significant amounts of material that passes the #4 sieve and not the #200 sieve, and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the bottom layer is a potential source for sand.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.   There is no layer thickness restriction on the bottom layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing the #4 Sieve (Bottom Layer) -- Gravelly: Soil with a gravelly bottom layer is a source of gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the bottom layer or the last layer above bedrock.
	
	Property used: PASSING # 4 SIEVE BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 50
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm BOTTOM LAYERS (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Limiting class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Bottom Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments > 10 inches in size) in the bottom layer limits the layers potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments greater then 10 inches in size in the bottom soil layer and above bedrock.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm BOTTOM LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10-inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Limiting class.
	
	2.  Thickest layer: If the thickest layer contains significant amounts of material that does not passes the #4 sieve and does not contain rocks or coarse fragments, then the thickest layer is a potential source for gravel.  The bottom layer takes precedence over the thickest layer.  The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Layer Thickness -- Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Percent Passing the #4 Sieve (Thickest Layer) -- Gravelly: Soil with a thick gravelly layer is a potential source of gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: PASSING # 4 SIEVE THICKEST LAYER and NOT BOTTOM. (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 10 and < 50
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Coarse Fragments 3 to 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
		
AND

	Coarse Fragments > 10 inch (Thickest Layer) -- Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the thickest layer limits the layer's potential as a source of commercial gravel by reducing the volume of available gravel.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the thickest soil layer within depth of 0 to 72"" (0 to 180cm) or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 35%
		Somewhat limiting	> 0% to < 35%
		Not limiting		= 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND

	Thin layer: The thickest soil layer is derived from layer depth to evaluate the potential quantity of sand or gravel available as a commercial source.  The thinner the layer the less potential.  Soil feature considered is layer thickness above a cemented restrictive feature.
	
	Property used: THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 30cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 30 and < 100cm
		Not limiting		>= 100cm
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials and not a good source of construction materials.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of all soil layers.
	
	Property used: NOT UNIFIED (pt, oh, ol) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		    = pt
		Not limiting		not = pt
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class."|11/27/2012 17:55:38|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392838"
"FL117"|"DHS - Suitability for Composting Medium and Final Cover"|"suitability"|"Summary:

Soil survey interpretations for composting medium and final cover materials are made to provide guidance to users in selecting the site of a potential source.  Soils may be selected as potential source materials because they are nearby, are the only source available, or meet some or all of the physical or chemical properties required for the intended application.  In theory, every soil may be used as source materials, but in reality, only a few soils have the profile characteristics that meet the defined criteria and performance requirements when rated for a specific propose.  The use of rating guides can provide the user a means to select potential sites for further evaluation.  Final site evaluation and selection require an onsite inspection to determine the suitability and quality of the materials for the intended purpose.  Implementation of these interpretations helps minimize the need for excessive random exploratory investigation by pinpointing potential sites.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are suited as a source of ""Composting Medium and Final Cover"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property contributes to the soil's potential as a source of composting medium or final cover.  The soil property contributing the least is identified as the soil feature making this soil a less than a desirable source of composting medium or final cover.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices of the soil interpretive property that comprise the ""DHS - Composting Medium and Final Cover"" interpretive rule.

Soils are placed into suitability rating classes per their rating indices.  These are poor (rating index = 0), fair (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or good (rating index = 1.0).

Description:


Generally, the upper part of the soil, which is richest in organic matter, is most desirable for use as medium or cover material; however, material excavated from deeper layers is also used.  In this rating, the upper 100cm of soil material is evaluated for use as topsoil.  In the borrow area, the material below 100cm inches is evaluated for its suitability for plant growth after the upper 100cm is removed.

Scope: National

Soil properties that are used to rate the soil as a composting medium and final cover material are those that affect plant growth; the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading; and the reclamation of the borrow area.

The physical and chemical soil properties and qualities that influence plant growth are the presence of toxic substances, soil reaction, and those properties that are inferred from the soil texture, such as the available water capacity and fertility.  The properties that influence the ease of excavation, loading, and spreading are the amount of rock fragments, slope, depth to the water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable material.  The properties that influence the reclamation of the borrow area are the slope, depth to the water table, amount of rock fragments, depth to rock, and the presence of toxic material.  The presence of even a small percentage of rock fragments in excess of 4.7mm is detrimental to the desirability of the compost material produced.


Criteria used:


1.  Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species. Soil feature considered is calcium carbonate equivalent of the thickest horizon that has any portion between depths 0"" to 40"" (0 to 100 cm) or above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CaCO3 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited 	 	=> 40 %
		Somewhat suited 	> 15 and < 40 %
		Well suited		=< 15 %
				
	Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
2.  Too Clayey: Clayey soils, low in organic matter, may become sticky when wet and have poor tilth.  When used for topsoil, controlling compaction, proper seedbed preparation and establishing new growth is difficult.  Soil features considered are the maximum percent clay and organic matter content to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.  The model is constructed so that soils with clay content between 30 and 40% and have organic matter are not as restrictive as those with clay content in excess of 40%.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 30%
		Suited			=< 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
OR	
	
	DEPENDENCY INDEX
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat suited	 	< 3% (Index numbers decrease from 1 at 3% organic matter to .5 at 0% organic matter.
					 This index number is multiplied by the clay index to derive a dependency index.)
		Well suited		=> 3%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	* 
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 40%
		Somewhat suited		 > 30 to < 40%
		Well suited		<= 30%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
3.  Hard to reclaim:  Shallow depth to layers with high bulk density are diffucult to revegetate and reclaim.  These layers have low available water capacity and percolation rates.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first soil layer where high bulk density is greater than suitable for root growth.

	Property used: DEPTH TO ROOT LIMITING BULK DENSITY BELOW AN ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		=< 50cm
		Somewhat suited		 > 50 to < 100cm
		Well suited		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	The restrictive feature is difficulty of area reclamation.
	
	
	
	
4.  Rock fragments: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the depth to 100cm are poor sources of composting medium and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve, WTD_AVG to 100cm -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer of the upper 100cm of the soil can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: WTD_AVG PASSING NO10 SIEVE 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		<= 70%
		Somewhat suited		 > 70% to < 90%
		Well suited		>= 90%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles, WTD_AVG, 0 to 100cm -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer of the upper 100cm of the soil can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer in the upper 100cm of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 0 to 100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 5% to < 25%
		Well suited		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
5.  Hard to reclaim: Soils that have gravel and rocks in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm are poor sources of compost medium soil and interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.   The following child rules are joined by the AND operator and the one with the lowest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing  #10 Sieve, WTD_AVG, 100 to 200cm -- Gravel content: Excessive gravel in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm can interfere with grading, seeding, germination, and plant growth.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #10 sieve of the thickest soil layer above cemented restrictive feature.

	Property used: WTD_AVG PASSING NO10 SIEVE 100-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		<= 50%
		Somewhat suited		 > 50% to < 75%
		Well suited		>= 75%
		
	Null #10 sieve data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
AND	
	
	Cobbles, WTD_AVG, 100 to 200cm -- Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the thickest layer between 100 and 200cm deep can interfere with construction equipment and grading.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size of the thickest layer between a depth of 100 and 200cm.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 100-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 5% to < 25%
		Well suited		<= 5%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
6.  Content of organic matter: Soil with high in organic matter, has low strength, and is difficult to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 100cm.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 30%
		Somewhat suited		=> 15% to <= 30%
		Well suited		 < 15%
		
	Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited  	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Well suited		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Well suited class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		= ""cpf""
		Suited 			not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Suited class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		= ""pf""
		Suited			not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Suited class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil or for site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Well suited		 > 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits the volume of material suitable for use as topsoil and for recliamation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Well suited		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		not = noncemented
		Suited			    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Suited class.
	
	
	
10.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
				
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		=> 15%
		Somewhat suited 	 > 8 and < 15%
		Well suited		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio in the thickest layer have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation when used as a source of topsoil.  Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's sodium adsorption ratio within a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG SAR 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		=> 13 
		Somewhat suited		 > 4 to < 13
		Well suited 		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
12.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the thickest layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) for the thickest horizon within 100cm of the soil surface.
		
	Property used: WTD_AVG EC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited		  > 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat suited 	 <= 4 to >= 8 mmhos/cm
		Well suited		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
	
	Null EC is assigned to the ""Well suited"" class.
	
	
	
13.  Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		>= 85
		Somewhat suited  	 > 70 and < 85
		Well suited		<= 70
		
	Null sand content is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY PERCENT 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited	 	=< 10
		Somewhat suited  	 > 10 and < 15
		Well suited		=> 15
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
14.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table have limited volume of material suitable for use as fill materials and maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		=< 30cm
		Somewhat suited		 > 30 to < 90cm
		Well suited		=> 90cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
15.  Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the thickest horizon in the depth range 0 to 100cm or a cemented restictive layer.
	
	Property used: WTD_AVG PH 0-100cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Poorly suited	 < 3.5
		Suited		=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class."|09/27/2012 20:16:32|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392837"
"FL117"|"DHS - Suitability for Clay Liner Material"|"suitability"|"Clay Liner for Waste Disposal				

Clay Liner for Waste Disposal is a constructed geologic barrier used to confine and isolate solid and liquid waste in disposal sites where protection of soil, ground water, and surface water is important.  The primary objective of the geologic barrier is to control leachate and gas migration.  Flexible membranes and drainage layers may be used with clay liner for waste disposal.  In some situations, bentonite is added to soils low in clay to achieve the desired hydraulic conductivity.

This interpretation rates potential sites for sources of clay liner material.  The primary assumption for clay liner for waste disposal is that the hydraulic conductivity of soils or geologic materials in the foundation of the waste disposal site is too high and leachate and gases from the buried waste can migrate into the soil, ground water, or surface water.  It is assumed that the source clay liner material would be a minimum of 50 cm thick before it would be feasible to excavate.  The material should be free of large rock fragments, roots, or other debris since it would be difficult to screen such clayey material to separate undesirable components.  Once it is excavated, it would be transported to the waste disposal site and it would be placed directly into the trench.  Water would be added if needed for appropriate compaction.  Bentonite would be added to the clay liner material at this time also, if needed. 

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water through seepage or migration of gases.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property, such as the use of a flexible membrane, drainage layers, or increased thickness of the geologic barrier.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 feet).  However, because excavations may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates or migration of gases to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of rough bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in getting an adequate seal at the boundary of the rock and the Clay Liner material that would adequately reduce the potential pollution of underground water.

Soil properties that influence the risk of pollution and the ease of excavation and installation or compaction are major considerations.  Soils that have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in installing the liner.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the clay liner material is dug and placed is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil also determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact.  The Plasticity Index and the mineralogy of the soil help define the consistency of the soil.  

See the Daily Cover for Waste Disposal, Large-scale Event national soil interpretation to determine if suitable soils materials are available for the final cover of the site.  It may be desirable to stockpile the surface soil layer in the Clay Liner borrow area for use in the final blanketing of the fill.

The minimum requirements for the geologic barrier are as follows:

Landfill for hazardous waste - Ksat 10-9 m/sec  thickness  5 m
Landfill for non-hazardous waste - Ksat 10-9 m/sec  thickness  1 m
Landfill for inert waste - Ksat 10-7 m/sec  thickness  1 m
(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle B - Ksat 10-7 cm/sec  thickness  2 ft, flexible membrane at least 60 mil (1.5 mm)).
(EPA - 3 ft soil layer) 

Criteria:
1.	Soil shall be free of roots, debris, organic or frozen material.
2.	Soil shall have a maximum clod size of 50 mm (2 in) at the time of compaction.
3.	Soil max. particle size  25 mm
(12.5 mm if flexible membrane is used)*
4.	Soil min. percent passing 4.75 mm sieve  80
5.	Soil min. percent passing 0.075 mm sieve  50
6.	Soil min. liquid limit  35
7.	Soil min. plasticity index  10
8.	Soil max. plasticity index  40

These criteria were determined based on information from the following references:

USDA. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1997. Agricultural Waste management Field Handbook. Chapter 10. 31 pages. 

US Army Corps of Engineers. August 2004.  Unified Facilities Guide Specifications No. 023377. 17 pages.   http://www.ccb.org/docs/ufgshome/pdf/02377.pdf

Environmental Protection Agency


*In the NASIS database, no size breaks easily equivalent to these sizes are used.  There is no break between 4.76 (number 4 sieve) and 75 mm.  It was thought that basing the rating on the material passing the Number 4 sieve would be too restrictive so the 75 mm size is used to approximate the 25 mm.  As a concession, the amount of >75mm material allowed is kept very low (5 percent).



Criteria Used:


1.  Area reclaim:  Soil reconstruction of areas drastically disturbed, as in obtaining material for a clay liner, is the process of replacing layers of soil material or unconsolidated geologic material, or both, in a vertical sequence of such quality and thickness that a favorable medium for plant growth is provided.

When the soil materials are properly used in reconstruction, a rating of good means that vegetation is relatively easy to establish and maintain, that the surface is stable and resists erosion, and that the reconstructed soil has good potential productivity.  Material rated fair can be vegetated and stabilized by modifying one or more properties.  Topdressing with better material or applications of soil amendments may be necessary for satisfactory performance.  Material rated poor has such severe problems that revegetation and stabilization are very difficult and costly.  Topdressing with better material is necessary to establish and maintain vegetation.

Soil properties influence selection of a site as a potential source of reconstruction material.  The soil interpretation for reconstruction material source is used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability or identifying the soil limitations as a potential source.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Vegetation is difficult to establish on soils that have high pH.  Many of these soils also have a high sodium adsorption ratio, which indicates potential instability and water transmission problems.  Materials that are extremely acid or have the potential upon oxidation of becoming extremely acid are difficult and expensive to vegetate.  They also contribute to poor water quality, in runoff or in ground water.

The available water capacity also is important in establishing vegetation.  Soils that have a low available water capacity may require irrigation for the establishment of vegetation.

The stability of the soil depends upon its erodibility by water and wind and its strength.  Water erodibility is indicated by the K factor; wind erodibility is rated according to the ""I"" value of the wind erodibility group.  Potential slippage hazard is related to soil texture, and although other factors also contribute, the ratings of soil texture represent one important factor.

The fraction 3-10 inches is a weight percentage of rock fragments in the material used for soil reconstruction.  The amount and size of rock fragments influence the ease of excavation, stockpiling, and respreading and the suitability for the final use of the land.  A certain amount of rock fragments can be tolerated depending upon their size and the intended use of the reclaimed area.  If the size of rock fragments exceeds 10 inches, problems are more severe.



Criteria used for area reclaim:

    Criterion name: AWC 0 to 30cm, 2 to 5cm/cm

    Droughty: Soils with high available water capacity are not as likely to
    be droughty.  This condition encourages vigorous plant growth and the
    establishment of grasses, shrubs, and trees.  Soil feature considered
    is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through
    the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

            Property used: AWC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality -
    high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited          =< 2.0 cm
                    Somewhat suited         > 2.0 to 5.0 cm
                    Well suited            => 5.0 cm

            Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: CaCO3 WTD_AVG 0-30cm 15 to 40

    Carbonate content: Soils with high calcium carbonate content in the
    thickest layer may limit vegetative growth of some plant species.  Soil
    feature considered is the layer with the maximum calcium carbonate
    equivalent.

            Property used: WTD_AVG CaCO3 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited           => 40 %
                    Somewhat suited          > 15 and < 40 %
                    Well suited             =< 15 %

            Null CaCO3 values are assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Clay Content WTD_AVG to 30 cm

    Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult
    to spread and compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent
    clay to a depth of 100cm or above a cemented restrictive feature.

            Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                   Poorly suited           >= 40%
                   Somewhat suited         > 30 to < 40%
                   Well suited             <= 30%

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: Cobbles, Stones, WTD_AVG 25 to 50% - 0 to 30cm

    Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in
    size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with
    construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted
    average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper
    72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

            Property used: FRAGMENTS >75mm 0 to 30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICT,
    WTD_AVE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           > 50%
                    Somewhat suited         > 25% to <= 50%
                    Well suited            <= 25%

            Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: EC WTD_AVG 0 to 30 cm, 8-16mmhos

    Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water
    capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in
    disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity
    (electrical conductivity) for all layers.

            Property used: WTD_AVG EC 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - low, high, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited           > 16 mmhos/cm
                    Somewhat suited         <= 8 to >= 16 mmhos/cm
                    Well suited             < 8 mmhos/cm

            Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Erodibility Factor Maximum

    Water erosion: Soils with high K factors have a tendency to erode and
    when used as reclamation materials are subject to water erosion.  Water
    erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils with high K
    factors.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole)
    within a depth of 40 inches.

            Property used: SOIL EROSION FACTOR MAXIMUM 1/99 (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited          => .70
                    Somewhat suited         > .35 to < .70
                    Well suited            <= .35

            Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Gravelly, Fragments 4.7 to 75mm WTD_AVG 0-30cm

    Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in
    size) in the upper 30cm of the soil can interfere with construction
    equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by
    weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 30cm of
    soil or above a restrictive layer.

            Property used: 4 SIEVE (NOT PASSING) 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICT
    LAYER WTD_AVG  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited            > 50%
                    Somewhat suited          > 25% to <= 50%
                    Well suited             <= 25%

            Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: Organic Matter < 1.5% to a Depth of 30 cm

    Low content of organic matter: Soil low in organic matter has poor
    tilth and inherent fertility.  Organic matter should be add to these
    soil when they are used as reclamation material.  Soil feature
    considered is percent organic matter content of the thickest soil layer
    above a cemented restrictive layer within a depth of 30cm.

            Property used: WTD_AVG OM 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality
    - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited         <= 0.2%
                    Somewhat suited        > 0.2 to < 1.5%
                    Well suited           => 1.5%

            Null layer organic matter contents are assigned to the Not
    rated class.


    Criterion name: Sand Content WTD_AVG 0 to 30 cm

    Too sandy: Soil with a thick sandy layer that is low in clay is hard to
    re-vegetate when used as topsoil or reclamation material.  They may
    also be subject to wind erosion.  Soil features considered are the
    percent clay and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes of the thickest layer
    within 100cm of the soil surface or above a cemented restrictive
    feature.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between
    the #4 and #200 sieve.

            Property used: WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           >= 85
                    Somewhat suited          > 70 and < 85
                    Well suited             <= 70

            Null sand content is assigned to the Not rated class.

    AND

            Property used: WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Poorly suited           =< 10
                    Somewhat suited          > 10 and < 15
                    Well suited             => 15

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.


    Criterion name: Sodium Absorption Ratio WTD_AVG, 0-30 cm

    Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the
    potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in
    disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium
    adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range
    0 to 30 cm.


            Property used: WTD_AVG SAR 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION
    (Modality - low, high, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited            > 13
                    Somewhat suited          > 4 to =< 13
                    Well suited             <= 4

            Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: Soil Blowing

    Wind erosion: Soils in low WEG (Wind Erodibility Group) have a tendency
    to erode and when used as reclamation materials are subject to wind
    erosion.  Wind erosion preventative practices are recommended on soils
    with low WEG.  Soil feature considered is WEG.

            Property used: WIND ERODIBILITY GROUP (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly suited        ""1"" and ""2""
                    Suited                all others

            Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.


    Criterion name: pH WTD_AVG 0-30

    Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing
    vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum
    pH (either measured as 1 to 1 water or .01m CaCl2) of any soil layer.

            Property used: pH WTD _AVG 0-30 CM (Modality - high, low,
    representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Poorly Suited            < 4.5 and > 8.5
                    Somewhat Suited         => 4.5 to 6.0 and >7.0 to 8.5
                    Well suited             => 6.0 to 7.0

            Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.





2.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered is restrictive feature depth where kind is permafrost.
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not suited		 < 50cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 50 to =< 170cm
		Well suited		 > 170cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
3.  Depth to saturation:  Soil that is saturated with water has lower bearing strength and has reduced workability.  Saturation (water table) depth criteria are as follows.

	Property evaluated: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM  (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not suited		 < 100cm
		Somewhat suited 	=> 100 to =< 200cm
		Well suited		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned  to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
4.  Flooding, or inundation with moving water, can cause damage to facilities and loss of property and life.  Flood waters can transport material away from the site and can deposit unwanted material on the site.  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value less than 1 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


5.  Surface fragments:  Soil that is has large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.

	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 2 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 2 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.
	
	
	
6.  Hard to pack:  The amount of soil material passing the number 200 sieve, the liquid limit, and the plasticity index of soil material relates to its compactability.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be readily compacted to a layer having low water transmission capabilities. 


These three soil characteristics are examined.  The least favorable of the three determines the soil's desirability as material for a clay liner.

	1.  Property evaluated: 200 SIEVE 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 50 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 50 to < 80 percent
		Well suited		>= 80 percent
		
	Null Number 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	

	2.  Property evaluated: PI 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 10 and over 80 percent
		Somewhat suited 	>= 10 to 40 and 55 to > 80 percent
		Well suited		> 40 to 55 percent
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	3.  Property evaluated: LL 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 35 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 35 to <= 60 percent
		Well suited		> 60 percent
		
	Null liquid limit is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Thin layer:  If the thickness of the soil layer is thin, excavation of the material is not worthwhile.  The upper 30 cm of the material is to be used to reclaim the site.  The depth of soil material available will range from 30 cm to either about 200 cm (the maximum depth easily excavated) or to the top of a cemented soil layer, such as bedrock, caliche, or duripan.

Property evaluated: SOIL DEPTH TO FIRST CEMENTED RESTRICTION BELOW O HORIZON  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 < 50 cm
		Somewhat suited 	> 50 to 170 cm
		Well suited		 > 170 cm
		
	Null Component Restriction is assigned to the well suited class.
	
	
	
8.  Compactable material:  The amount of soil material passing the number 4 sieve relates to its compactability.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be readily compacted to a layer having low water transmission capabilities.  The weighted average of the material bewtween 30 and 200 cm is examined.  The weighted average is used because it is assumed the material will be subjected to at least a small amount of stirring during processing. 

	Property evaluated: 4 SIEVE 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		< 80 percent
		Somewhat suited 	> 80 to < 100 percent
		Well suited		>= 100 percent
		
	Null Number 4 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
9.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value less than 1 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


10.  Rock fragments:  The rock fragment content of a soil influences its usefulness as material for a clay liner.  Rock fragments decrease the compactability and provide planes of weakness for water flow.  Also, they may pucture the plastic liner if one is used.  Optimally, the material used for a clay liner should be free of rock fragments greater than 2.5 cm in diameter.  This rule keys on rock fragments in the 3 to 10 inch range.

	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >75mm 30-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, WTD_AVE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 5 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 5 to 0 percent
		Well suited		0 percent
		
	Null rock fragments 3 to 10 and rock > 10 are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Slope:  The slope of the soil surface influences its trafficability for equipment and also can cause erosion hazard if steep.

	Property evaluated: SLOPE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 8 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 8 to 3 percent
		Well suited		< 3 percent
		
	Null slopes are assigned to the Not rated class.

12.  Gypsum content:  Gypsum is soluble.  Dissolution of the clay liner material could allow penetration by noxious materials.

Property used:  GYPSUM WTD_AVE FROM 20CM

Interpretive limits:  	                Well suited  		0 percent gypsum
			Somewhat suited		0 to 5 percent gypsum
			Poorly suited		>5 percent gypsum"|12/21/2012 17:17:39|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392836"
"FL117"|"DHS - Site for Composting Facility - Surface"|"limitation"|"Site for Composting Facility - Surface

Background

Composting: The Process of Biological Degradation

Biological degradation of organic materials forms the basis for composting.  This biological process depends on the active metabolism of microorganisms in a suitable micro-environment. The six critical factors for the transformation of organic materials into compost are microorganisms, heat, air, water, carbon, and nitrogen.

The microorganisms that carry out biological degradation for composting often are found in the soil or on the surface of leaves.  These microorganisms thrive in a surface or subsurface microclimate with free circulation of air, free flow of water, and a temperature well above freezing. The microorganisms also require carbon as food for energy and growth, as well as nitrogen for protein and rebuilding cells.

Composting facilities are designed to provide these six critical factors in relative proportions so that the process of biological degradation is sustained.  Deficits in any of the critical factors, or imbalances among them, may result in extremely slow composting or a dormant composting system. Mixing of materials also redistributes heat, air, and water and will speed the process of biological degradation. Large facilities may provide mechanical mixing of the compost materials. Smaller facilities may rely on manual turning of the materials or may add some materials that are too large to compost in order to create channels for air flow through the pile. 

Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) are measures of the soil micro-climate that affects the rate of composting.  Both MAP and MAAT are available from the soil survey database.  Composting is most rapid in warm, moist areas that generally have MAP between 450 and 1250 mm together with MAAT between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius.  The optimal temperature inside the compost pile is 10 to 15.5 degrees Celsius. In colder areas the rate of composting may be increased by insulating the compost pile on all sides with an extra layer of high carbon materials such as hay or newspaper. To avoid extreme cold or rainforest conditions, the composting may be done inside a protected area or a building.  The optimal moisture for composting is field capacity, or freely drained but moist. Moisture may need to be added to the compost pile especially if the organic materials are dry such as chipped lumber. 

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the organic materials is perhaps the hardest part of the process to regulate.  Active compost piles need a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 (30 units of carbon to 1 unit of nitrogen). Many common materials such as leaves and lumber are high in carbon and require balanced inputs of materials that are high in nitrogen such as coffee grounds or manures and urines.  Often the materials high in nitrogen are less available or more difficult to transport to the composting site. Materials intended for composting may vary in their carbon to nitrogen ratio due to many factors and testing of materials is recommended before large scale operations begin. A few C:N examples are given in table 1.



Table 1.  Examples of composting materials from a summary of 
Publications (with estimated ratios of carbon to nitrogen)

High Nitrogen Materials
Fish, slaughter, or poultry waste (C:N = 4:1)
Urine - undiluted (8:1)
Manure or sewage sludge  fresh (13:1)
Grass clippings  fresh (15:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Vegetable and fruit waste (25:1)

High Carbon Materials
Leaves	 (60:1)
Straw (85:1)
Wood chips (125:1)
Sawdust (500:1)
Hardwood lumber (500:1)
Newspaper (600:1)


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as a ""Site for Composting Facility"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Site for Composting Facility"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Site for composting facility is the site location for placement of a composting facility without the use of a liner or placement on concrete pad. The composting facility is to process raw manure or other raw organic by-products into biologically stable organic material as outlined in the NRCS conservation practice standard ""Composting Facility"" (code 317). 

Scope: National

The bottom elevation of the composting facility shall be above the seasonal high water table and on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Compost facilities should be located outside of floodplains.  However, if site restrictions require location within a floodplain, they shall be protected from inundation or damage from a 25-year flood event, or larger. Locate compost facilities so prevailing winds and landscape elements such as building arrangement, landforms and vegetation minimize odors and protect the visual resource. Direct any contaminated runoff from compost facilities to an appropriate storage or treatment facility for further management.

Suitability of a soil for use as a site for composting should be on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Slope affects the ease of accessing and manipulating the compost material.  It also will affect runoff from the site. If slope is limiting, then consult the ""Site for Composting Facility  Subsurface"" interpretation.


Soil interpretations for locating a site for composting are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.


Criteria used:


1.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the site for use as a composting facility.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetate, and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100 cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 200 cm
		Not limiting		 > 200 cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
2.  Flooding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


3.  Fragments in soil:  Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.



	Property evaluated: WTD_AVG FRAGS > 250mm 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 5 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 5 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.	



4.  Surface fragments:  Soils that have large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.


	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 3 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 3 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.



5.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become an environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 200cm.

            Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-200CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                 	> 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Somewhat Limiting       	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Not limiting           	 =< 14.1 micrometers/sec

            Null Ksat values are assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.


6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
7.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2



8.  Mean annual precipitation: Localities that have low rainfall are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low rainfall, moisture will need to be added to maintain biological activity in the composting mass.  The site feature considered is mean annual precipitation.

	Property used: PRECIPITATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 400 mm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 400-1200 mm
		Not limiting		 > 1200 mm
		
	Null precipitation is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
	
	
	
9.  Slope:  The slope of the soil surface influences its trafficability for equipment and also can cause erosion hazard if steep.

	Property evaluated: SLOPE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		> 8 percent  
		Somewhat suited 	<= 8 to 3 percent
		Well suited		< 3 percent
		
	Null slopes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
10.  Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the
thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.

        Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)

        Restriction limits:
                Limiting                	=> 8
                Somewhat limiting        	> 5 to < 8
                Not limiting           	 	=< 5

        Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the ""Not rated"".
        
        
        
11.  Mean annual air temperature: Localities that have very low or very high mean annual air temperature are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low mean annual air temperature, the onset of decomposition may be delayed by low biological activity in the composting mass.  The additional expense of covering or insulating the composting mass may be incurred.  In very warm areas, adding extra water and more frequent turning of the mass adds to the cost of composting.  The site feature considered is mean annual air temperature.

	Property used: MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 <= 8 and >30 degrees C 
		Somewhat limiting	 8 to <=10 and 22 to <=30 degrees C
		Not limiting		 >10 to <=22 degrees C
		
	Null mean annual air temperature is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.

12.  Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting		=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class."|07/27/2017 17:30:06|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392835"
"FL117"|"DHS - Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface"|"limitation"|"Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface

Background

Composting: The Process of Biological Degradation

Biological degradation of organic materials forms the basis for composting.  This biological process depends on the active metabolism of microorganisms in a suitable micro-environment. The six critical factors for the transformation of organic materials into compost are microorganisms, heat, air, water, carbon, and nitrogen.

The microorganisms that carry out biological degradation for composting often are found in the soil or on the surface of leaves.  These microorganisms thrive in a surface or subsurface microclimate with free circulation of air, free flow of water, and a temperature well above freezing. The microorganisms also require carbon as food for energy and growth, as well as nitrogen for protein and rebuilding cells.

Composting facilities are designed to provide these six critical factors in relative proportions so that the process of biological degradation is sustained.  Deficits in any of the critical factors, or imbalances among them, may result in extremely slow composting or a dormant composting system. Mixing of materials also redistributes heat, air, and water and will speed the process of biological degradation. Large facilities may provide mechanical mixing of the compost materials. Smaller facilities may rely on manual turning of the materials or may add some materials that are too large to compost in order to create channels for air flow through the pile. 

Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) are measures of the soil micro-climate that affects the rate of composting.  Both MAP and MAAT are available from the soil survey database.  Composting is most rapid in warm, moist areas that generally have MAP between 450 and 1250 mm together with MAAT between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius.  The optimal temperature inside the compost pile is 10 to 15.5 degrees Celsius. In colder areas the rate of composting may be increased by insulating the compost pile on all sides with an extra layer of high carbon materials such as hay or newspaper. To avoid extreme cold or rainforest conditions, the composting may be done inside a protected area or a building.  The optimal moisture for composting is field capacity, or freely drained but moist. Moisture may need to be added to the compost pile especially if the organic materials are dry such as chipped lumber. 

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the organic materials is perhaps the hardest part of the process to regulate.  Active compost piles need a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 (30 units of carbon to 1 unit of nitrogen). Many common materials such as leaves and lumber are high in carbon and require balanced inputs of materials that are high in nitrogen such as coffee grounds or manures and urines.  Often the materials high in nitrogen are less available or more difficult to transport to the composting site. Materials intended for composting may vary in their carbon to nitrogen ratio due to many factors and testing of materials is recommended before large scale operations begin. A few C:N examples are given in table 1.



Table 1.  Examples of composting materials from a summary of 
Publications (with estimated ratios of carbon to nitrogen)

High Nitrogen Materials
Fish, slaughter, or poultry waste (C:N = 4:1)
Urine - undiluted (8:1)
Manure or sewage sludge  fresh (13:1)
Grass clippings  fresh (15:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Vegetable and fruit waste (25:1)

High Carbon Materials
Leaves	 (60:1)
Straw (85:1)
Wood chips (125:1)
Sawdust (500:1)
Hardwood lumber (500:1)
Newspaper (600:1)



Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as a subsurface ""Site for Composting Facility"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (about 79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Site for Composting Facility - Subsurface"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Site for subsurface composting facility is the site location for placement of a subsurface composting facility without the use of a liner or placement on concrete pad. The composting facility is to process raw manure or other raw organic by-products into biologically stable organic material as outlined in the NRCS conservation practice standard ""Composting Facility"" (code 317). 

Scope: National

The bottom elevation of the composting facility shall be above the seasonal high water table and on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Compost facilities should be located outside of floodplains.  However, if site restrictions require location within a floodplain, they shall be protected from inundation or damage from a 25-year flood event, or larger. Locate compost facilities so prevailing winds and landscape elements such as building arrangement, landforms and vegetation minimize odors and protect the visual resource. 

Suitability of a soil for use as a site for composting should be on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. On sloping soils, cut perpendicular to the contour to obtain level surface for composting facility. Direct any contaminated runoff from compost facilities to an appropriate storage or treatment facility for further management.

Soil interpretations for locating a site for composting are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.





Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

	
2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		  
		  
4.  Instability of excavation walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		   D. Gypsiferous soils can be non-cohesive if they are not cemented.  The amount of gypsum is related to the instability hazard, as is the depth to the cememnted layer, if one exists.  This subrule examines the gypsum content and the depth to a cemented layer.  A cemented gypsiferous soil is not considered to be a cave in hazard.

			Property used:  GYPSUM 10-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
			Evaluation used:  Gypsum WTD_AVG from 10cm to Restriction

			Restrictive limits:	Not limiting  		<=30 percent
			Limiting		30-60 percent
			Severely limiting 	 >=60 percent
			


			Property used:  DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE LAYER BELOW O HORIZON			
			Evaluation used:  Depth to Restrictive Layer 50 to 150cm


			Restrictive limits:	Not limiting  		<=75 cm
			Limiting		75-200 cm
			Severely limiting 	 >=200 cm
		  
		  


5.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the site for use as a composting facility.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetate, and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100 cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 200 cm
		Not limiting		 > 200 cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned to the Not limiting class.	



6.  Flooding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and flooding is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2
	



7.  Surface rock fragments:  Soils that have large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage criteria are as follows.


	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Poorly suited		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat suited 	=> 3 to 15 percent
		Well suited		 < 3 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.

		  

8.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

		  
9.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	


10.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and ponding is a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


11.  Precipitation:  Mean annual precipitation: Localities that have low rainfall are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low rainfall, moisture will need to be added to maintain biological activity in the composting mass.  The site feature considered is mean annual precipitation.

	Property used: PRECIPITATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		
		Somewhat limiting    	= 0-1200 mm
		Not limiting		 > 1200 mm
	
                The fuzzy number for this rule is limited with a 0.25 multiplier hedge to never be more than somewhat limiting.
	Null precipitation is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
	
	
	
12.  Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation. Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 200 cm deep.

            Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-200cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                	=> 50%
                    Somewhat limiting        	> 25% to < 50%
                    Not limiting            	=< 25%

            Null fragment data are assigned Not rated. 	
	


	
13.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.



14.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



15.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
	
17.  Mean annual air temperature: Localities that have very low or very high mean annual air temperature are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low mean annual air temperature, the onset of decomposition may be delayed by low biological activity in the composting mass.  The additional expense of covering or insulating the composting mass may be incurred.  In very warm areas, adding extra water and more frequent turning of the mass adds to the cost of composting.  The site feature considered is mean annual air temperature.

	Property used: MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 <= 8 and >30 degrees C 
		Somewhat limiting	 8 to <=10 and 22 to <=30 degrees C
		Not limiting		 >10 to <=22 degrees C
		
	Null mean annual air temperature is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.	
	
	
18.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

19. Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting	=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class."|07/27/2017 17:30:06|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392834"
"FL117"|"DHS - Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-Scale Event"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use for ""Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (about 80 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event is a method of disposing of material that has been rendered unsafe and unusable by the effects of a large-scale disaster, either natural or man-made, affecting tens of counties or parishes.  Many homes and business structures will be ruined, either by smashing or contamination.  

The assumptions are as follows.  This method is to be used to permanently dispose of material that would be hazardous to public health if left exposed in the aftermath of a major flood, fire, earthquake, wind storm, or other severe weather.  Disposal of material involved in a radiological disaster is outside of the scope of this interpretation.  Large animal disposal is addressed in another interpretation.  Time is of the essence in the disposal to avoid air quality and groundwater degradation and disease or the exacerbation of respiratory conditions, particularly with material involved in flooding.  The amount of geotechnical background work at the disposal site may not be as extensive as at a normal landfill, thus the soil criteria are stringent.  A site, such as a large parking lot, is available to field-separate the materials into several classes.  The material to be buried is expected to consist largely of lumber, broken drywall, upholstered furniture, household chemicals, electronic devices, insulation, roofing materials, pressure-treated lumber, mobile homes, and anything else not considered environmentally safe to incinerate or feasible to recycle.  This material is expected to be contaminated with mold, rodent droppings, and sediment.  Some materials retrieved from the structures, such as appliances, are expected to be recycled.  Combustible material, such as fallen trees, limbs, and lumber may be burned near the disaster area, if doing so is safe.  The ash will be disposed of at a licensed landfill.  Inert materials, such as bricks and concrete blocks, are expected to be used as fill in the local area.  Limiting the distance to the disposal site from where the material originates is considered desirable.  Access roads will need to be constructed to get to the site.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the landfill and the area revegetated.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 feet).  However, because excavations may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the landfill.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of refuse.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Rubble and Debris Disposal, Large-scale Event site it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the fill.




Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.   Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		   	  
		  
3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
5.  Instability of excavation walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		   D. Gypsiferous soils can be non-cohesive if they are not cemented.  The amount of gypsum is related to the instability hazard, as is the depth to the cememnted layer, if one exists.  This subrule examines the gypsum content and the depth to a cemented layer.  A cemented gypsiferous soil is not considered to be a cave in hazard.

			Property used:  GYPSUM 10-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
			Evaluation used:  Gypsum WTD_AVG from 10cm to Restriction

			Restrictive limits:	Not limiting  		<=30 percent
			Limiting		30-60 percent
			Severely limiting 	 >=60 percent
			


			Property used:  DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE LAYER BELOW O HORIZON			
			Evaluation used:  Depth to Restrictive Layer 50 to 150cm


			Restrictive limits:	Not limiting  		<=75 cm
			Limiting		75-200 cm
			Severely limiting 	 >=200 cm
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.



15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 14.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

22.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gupsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392833"
"FL117"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Sequestration"|"limitation"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Sequestration


Background:

Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 are radionuclides that can be released into the atmosphere as a result of above-ground nuclear explosions and inadvertent leakage from nuclear facilities, such as powerplants.  The behavior of strontium in the soil system is close to calcium.  Both are divalent metal cations.  Strontium, having a slightly smaller hydrated radius is more tightly held by the exchange complex than calcium.  Cesium acts in a fashion similar to potassium.  Both are monovalent metal cations.  Cesium is held more tightly that potassium, due to a smaller hydrated radius.  The characteristics of the soil upon which the radionuclides fall determines whether or not and to what extent they are available to plants and subsequently to animals.

Cations such as strontium or cesium added to the surface of the soil as fallout can have one of several fates.  

1 - They can be taken up by plants and cycled in the organic matter of the soil.  This is particularly true in acidic forest soils where the pH is below 5.5.  At this level of pH, aluminum solubilizes and can become the dominant cation in many soils, essentially driving basic cations off of the exchange into solution, where either they are absorbed by plant roots or they leach from the soil system. 
2 - They can be tied to the exchange surface and rendered more or less unavailable for plant uptake.  Owing to their small concentrations and generally high affinity for adsorption by the exchange, a soil having a large supply of basic cations and plentiful exchange sites will bind the radionuclides away from absorption by plant roots owing simply to mass action.  
3 - If the soil lacks the exchange capacity or the soil reaction is unfavorable for attenuation, they can be leached below the root zone and eventually into ground water or surface waters.  
4 - If the soil contains carbonates or sulfates, strontium can be tied up in the structures of these compounds.  
5 - Cesium, which is similar in ionic radius and charge to potassium can be absorbed by 2:1 layer silicates.

The sequestration of cesium and strontium is favored by several soil conditions.  High cation exchange capacity in the upper 30cm of soil causes these ions to be absorbed rather than in soil solution.  pH above 5.5 causes the exchange complex to be largely available for basic cations, which allows cesium and strontium to be taken proportionally from soil solution.  A thin organic surface provides less of a reservoir for cesium and strontium.  A preponderance of clay minerals in the soil enhances the extent to which cesium and strontium can be attenuated by the soil.  When first deposited, particulate to which cesium and strontium are adsorbed can be moved around on the landscape by water and wind, so convex land surfaces are less susceptible to accumulation.  If calcium carbonate or gypsum are present, strontium can be tightly held in these minerals and not available for uptake. 


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member, or complete members of the set of soils that are suspected of having a high  Potential for Radioactive Sequestration of radionuclides in soil constituents, either oragnic or mineral.  If a soil's properties within 30 cm (~12 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater than zero, then that soil property contributes to the sequestration of radioactive material.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Potential for Radioactive Sequestration"" interpretive rule.  Minor contributing soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These contributing features could be important factors where the major contributing features are overcome through management, when possible.  Studies from Europe indicate a fairly low mobility in soils, so only the upper 30cm of the profile is considered (Hrachowitz et al, 2005).

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are very low sequestration potential  (rating index = 0), some sequestration potential (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or high sequestration potential (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Potential for Radioactive Sequestration is a method of arraying soils based on their potential ability to sequester radionuclides.  This information can be displayed spatially to show the extent and location of areas where sequestration may occur in the event of a leakage of radioactive material.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.



References:

Bohn, Hinrich, Brian McNeal, and George O'Connor.1979.Soil Chemistry.John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Hrachowitz, Markus, Fran-Josef Maringer, Christian Steineder, and Martin H. Gerzabek.2005. Soil redistribution model for undisturbed and cultivated sites based on Chernobyl-derived cesium-137 fallout. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:1302-1310.



Criteria used:

1.  Carbonate sequestration:  Calcium carbonate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable carbonates, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	CCE	0	no sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	0-10	some sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	>10	high degree of sequestering from CaCO3
	
	Null CaCO3 is assigned 0.
	
	
	
2.  The type and amount of clay in the upper 30cm of the soil can affect the sequestration or holding of cesium and strontium.  The pH of the soil affects the suite of cations available in soil solution.  At higher pH, the exchange is dominated by basic cations, which plants take up and use.  In lower pH systems, the exchange is dominated by hydrogen and aluminum, which plants do not absorb.  Thus, the beneficial, in terms of sequestration, effects of the clay content are negated as pH is decreased.  This subrule models the change in sequestration from a higher pH system to a lower pH.

Subrules used:

Sequestration Clay Content, Raw
Bioaccumulation pH

The fuzzy numbers from these subrules are used in the calculation.

Calculation:  Sequestration Clay Content = (Sequestration Clay Content, Raw)-(Bioaccumulation pH)


	A.  The clay content of the upper 30cm of the soil determines in part how available to plants various ions added by eolean additions may be.  In a soil having a large amount of clay, the ability of the soil to tie up ions in the lattice, especially cesium in 2:1 clays, can decrease the plant availability of the added cations from fallout. 


Property used:  WTD_AVG CLAY CONTENT 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Limits:


	clay content	0 percent	low potential for sequestration
	clay content	>0-18 percent	moderate potential for sequestration
	clay content	>18 percent	high potential for sequestration.
	
	Null clay content is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
	B.  The pH of the upper 30cm of the soil determines in part the concentrations of various ions in soil solution.  In soils having a high pH, the ions added by eolean additions will comprise a smaller portion of the cations available for plant uptake.  It is assumed that in soils having a higher pH, the base saturation will be higher and so the cesium and strontium will represent a smaller proportion of the available cations in soil solution.  It is also assumed plants will not preferentially adsorb the radioactive constituents.  If the pH is low, the cations from fallout will be taken  up by plants and cycled.    

Property used:  WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION 

Limits:


	pH 	<5.0	low potential for sequestration   
	pH 	5.0-7.0	moderate potential for sequestration   
	pH 	>7.0	high potential for sequestration.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
3.  Calcium sulfate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable gypsum, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: GYPSUM FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	gypsum content	0 percent	no sequestering from gypsum 
	gypsum content	0-10 percent	some sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum content	>10 percent	high degree of sequestering from gypsum
	
	Null gypsum content is assigned 0.
	
	
	
4.  Organic surface sequestration:  In a forested environment, particularly on acid, sandy soils, the surface organic horizon comprises the reservoir of available plant nutrients.  Nutrients are cycled, stored, and recycled through the organic mat.  As the subsurface soil becomes more fertile (contains more nutrients) the impact of the organic surface horizon is lessened and the added strontium and cesium can be effectively sequestered.  Soils having both high CEC and high pH are assumed to be fertile and more prone to sequester while soils that have low CEC and low pH are prone to have Sr and Cs more bioavailable.

Properties used:

MEQ 0-30cm OR RESTRICTION

Limits:

	milliequivalents of exchange 	0	no sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	0-10	some sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>10	high degree of sequestering from exchange.
	
	Null CEC is assignrd ""Not Rated"".



WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Limits:

	pH 	<5.5	no sequestering   
	pH 	5.5-6.5	some sequestering   
	pH 	>6.5	high degree of sequestering.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".



THICKNESS OF SURFACE ORGANIC HORIZON

Limits:
	0 cm		No bioaccumulation in organic layer
	>0-20 cm	moderate potential of accumulation in organic layer
	>20 cm		high potential for accumulation in the organic layer.
	
	Null organic horizon thickness is assigned 0.
	
	
Evaluations used:

MEQ 0-10 in depth 0-30cm
pH 5.5-6.5 in depth 0-30cm
Organic Horizon Thickness.

The fuzzy numbers from these evaluations are used in the calculation.

Calculation:

Sequestration Organic Surface =[(MEQ 0-10 in depth 0-30cm/2)+(pH 5.5-6.5 in depth 0-30cm/2)] - Organic Horizon Thickness



5.  Convex areas on the landscape tend to spread or lose water and material and send it to adjacent areas.  Strontium and cesium are added to the soil surface as fallout and are thus susceptible to redistribution by erosion, especially when newly deposited on a surface lacking an organic layer.  The general consensus is that very little erosion occurs on soils having an O horizon.  Some soils are more erodible than others, due to their composition, as is related by the K factor.  Slope is a contributor to erosion.

Property used:  EROSION FACTOR SURFACE LAYER, ORGANIC 0.02

Limits:

	=0.02		less likely to erode
	>0.02-<0.64	erosion possible	
	=0.64		highly erodible.
	
Organic layers are assigned a k factor of 0.02.

Property used: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LOSS

			
Limits:			IF (CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 0.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 3.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 2.0 ELSE 0.0.
			
			Null slope shape data is assigned 0.
			
			
Property used: SLOPE

Limits:

	Slope 	0	no movement   
	Slope 	>0-100	some movement potential   
	Slope 	>100	high movement potential.
	
	Null slope is assigned ""No Rated"".
	
Evaluations used:

Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02
Susceptibility to Loss
Slope for Material Loss 0-100

	
Calculation:

Sequestration Material Loss Potential = [(Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02/2)+(Susceptibility to Loss/2)]*(Slope for Material Gain 0-100/2)

The fuzzy number from this subrule is subtracted from the highest of the previous four subrules to obtain the final rating."|09/27/2012 20:16:33|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392832"
"FL117"|"DHS - Potential for Radioactive Bioaccumulation"|"suitability"|"DHS - Hazard of Radioactive Bioaccumulation


Background:

Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 are radionuclides that can be released into the atmosphere as a result of above-ground nuclear explosions and inadvertent leakage from nuclear facilities, such as powerplants.  The behavior of strontium in the soil system is close to calcium.  Both are divalent metal cations.  Strontium, having a slightly smaller hydrated radius is more tightly held by the exchange complex than calcium.  Cesium acts in a fashion similar to potassium.  Both are monovalent metal cations.  Cesium is held more tightly that potassium, due to a smaller hydrated radius.  The characteristics of the soil upon which the radionuclides fall determines whether or not and to what extent they are available to plants and subsequently to animals.

Cations such as strontium or cesium added to the surface of the soil as fallout can have one of several fates.  

1 - They can be taken up by plants and cycled in the organic matter of the soil.  This is particularly true in acidic forest soils where the pH is below 5.5.  At this level of pH, aluminum solubilizes and can become the dominant cation in many soils, essentially driving basic cations off of the exchange into solution, where either they are absorbed by plant roots or they leach from the soil system. 
2 - They can be tied to the exchange surface and rendered more or less unavailable for plant uptake.  Owing to their small concentrations and generally high affinity for adsorption by the exchange, a soil having a large supply of basic cations and plentiful exchange sites will bind the radionuclides away from absorption by plant roots owing simply to mass action.  
3 - If the soil lacks the exchange capacity or the soil reaction is unfavorable for attenuation, they can be leached below the root zone and eventually into ground water or surface waters.  
4 - If the soil contains carbonates or sulfates, strontium can be tied up in the structures of these compounds.  
5 - Cesium, which is similar in ionic radius and charge to potassium can be absorbed by 2:1 layer silicates.

The bioaccumulation of cesium and strontium is favored by several soil conditions.  Low cation exchange capacity in the upper 30cm of soil causes these ions to be in soil solution rather than absorbed.  Low pH (below 5.5) causes the exchange complex to be largely aluminum saturated, which pushes cesium and strontium into soil solution.  A thick organic surface serves as a reservoir for cesium and strontium, especially for uptake and retention by fungi.  A lack of clay minerals in the soil enhances the extent of plant uptake and bioaccumulation.  When first deposited, particulate to which cesium and strontium are adsorbed can be moved around on the landscape by water and wind.  If calcium carbonate or gypsum are present, strontium can be tightly held in these minerals and not available for uptake. 


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member, or complete members of the set of soils that are suspected of having a high  Hazard for Radioactive Bioaccumulation of radionuclides in plant material growing on the soil component.  If a soil's properties within 30 cm (~12 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater than zero, then that soil property contributes to the bioaccumulation of radioactive material.  The interpretive rating assigned is the minimum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Hazard for Radioactive Bioaccumulation"" interpretive rule.  Minor contributing soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These contributing features could be important factors where the major contributing features are overcome through management, when possible.  Studies from Europe indicate a fairly low mobility in soils, so only the upper 30cm of the profile is considered (Hrachowitz et al, 2005).

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are very low bioaccumulation hazard (rating index = 0), some bioaccumulation hazard (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or high bioaccumulation hazard (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Potential for Radioactive Bioaccumulation is a method of arraying soils based on their hazard for bioaccumulating radionuclides.  This information can be displayed spatially to show the extent and location of areas where bioaccumulation may occur in the event of a leakage of radioactive material.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.



References:

Bohn, Hinrich, Brian McNeal, and George O'Connor.1979.Soil Chemistry.John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Hrachowitz, Markus, Fran-Josef Maringer, Christian Steineder, and Martin H. Gerzabek.2005. Soil redistribution model for undisturbed and cultivated sites based on Chernobyl-derived cesium-137 fallout. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:1302-1310.



Criteria Used:


1.  In a soil where little leaching occurs, calcium carbonate or gypsum can accumulate, depending on how dry the soil is.  This subrule rule tests for either calcium carbonate or gypsum.  The lowest fuzzy number is sent to the main rule level.


Subrules used:

NSSC Data:Bioaccumulation carbonate
NSSC Data:Bioaccumulation gypsum
 The lowest fuzzy number result from these two rules is used.

	A.  Calcium carbonate in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable carbonates, the potential for sequestration is high. 


Property used: CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	CCE	0	no sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	0-10	some sequestering from CaCO3
	CCE	>10	high degree of sequestering from CaCO3
	
	Null CaCO3 is assigned 0.
	
	
	B.  Calcium sulfate (gypsum) in the soil tightly holds strontium, so if a soil has appreciable gypsum content, the potential for sequestration is high.


Property used: GYPSUM FROM 0 to 30cm


Limits:

	gypsum	0	no sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum	0-10	some sequestering from gypsum
	gypsum	>10	high degree of sequestering from gypsum
	
	Null gypsum is assigned 0.
	
	
	
2.  Sorption:  This subrule tests the interaction of pH and CEC against the thickness of the organic surface.  These two factors represent the exchange complex of the soil.  The higher of the two fuzzy numbers is sent to the main level rule.


Subrules used:

NSSC Data: Bioaccumulation pH X CEC
NSSC Data: Bioaccumulation Organic Surface


	A.  It is thought that pH and CEC interact in influencing the availability of cesium and strontium in soil solution.  When pH and CEC are both high, then the availability of these ions is decreased.  When pH and CEC are both low, then the availability of these ions is higher.  Also, if one or the other of pH and CEC is lower, then the availability is increased.  In fuzzy systems as well as regression models, interaction of variables is indicated by multiplying them together.


Subrule:  Bioaccumulation pH

Property used:  WTD_AVG PH 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION 

Limits:


	pH 	<5.5	high potential for bioaccumulation   
	pH 	5.5-6.5	moderate potential for bioaccumulation   
	pH 	>6.5	low potential for bioaccumulation.
	
	Null pH is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
	
Subrule:  Bioaccumulation CEC
	
Property used:  MEQ 0-30cm OR RESTRICTION

Limits:

	milliequivalents of exchange 	=0	no sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>0-10	some sequestering from exchange  
	milliequivalents of exchange 	>10	high degree of sequestering from exchange.
	
	Null CEC is assigned to ""Not Rated"".
	
	
Calculation:

Interaction Term = (Bioaccumulation pH) X (Bioaccumulation CEC)

	B.  The surface organic layer in many soils provides a reservoir for plant available nutrients.  Cesium and strontium act similar to the plant nutrients potassium and calcium and are treated in a similar manner by plants.  It is assumed in this subrule that a thicker layer will retain more strontium and cesium for cyclical reuse by plants.  Any material leaching below the surface is intercepted and incorporated into plant tissue to be returned to the soil when the plant dies.


Property used: THICKNESS OF SURFACE ORGANIC HORIZON

Limits:
	0cm		No bioaccumulation in organic layer
	>0-20cm		Moderate potential of accumulation in organic layer
	>20cm		High potential for accumulation in the organic layer.
	
	Null organic surface is assigned 0.
	
	
	
3.  Surface redistribution:  Concave areas on the landscape tend to accumulate water and material that erodes from adjacent areas.  Strontium and cesium are added to the soil surface as fallout and are thus susceptible to redistribution by erosion, especially when newly deposited on a surface lacking an organic layer.  The general consensus is that very little erosion occurs on soils having an O horizon.  Some soils are more erodible than others, due to their composition, as is related by the K factor.  Slope is a contributor to erosion.

Property used:  EROSION FACTOR SURFACE LAYER, ORGANIC 0.02

Limits:

	=0.02		less likely to erode
	>0.02-<0.64	erosion possible	
	=0.64		highly erodible.
	
Organic layers are assigned a k factor of 0.02.

Property used: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GAIN

			
Limits:			IF (CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 3.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""concave"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 2.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""linear"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""convex"") THEN 0.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""linear"") THEN 1.0 ELSE IF
			(CODENAME(shapeacross) matches ""convex"" AND
			CODENAME(shapedown) matches ""concave"") THEN 1 ELSE 0.0.
			
			Null slope shape data is assigned 0.
			
			
Property used: SLOPE

Limits:

	Slope 	0	no movement   
	Slope 	>0-100	some movement potential   
	Slope 	>100	high movement potential.
	
	Null slope is assigned ""Not Rated"".
	
Evaluations used:

Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02
Susceptibility to Gain
Slope for Material Loss 0-100
	
	
Calculation:

Bioaccumulation Material Gain Potential = [(Erosion Factor, Organic 0.02/2)+(Susceptibility to Gain/2)]*(Slope for Material Loss 0-100/2)

The fuzzy numbers from these subrules are added to the lower of the sorption or attenuation rules to obtain the rating for the soil."|09/27/2012 20:16:33|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392831"
"FL117"|"DHS - Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (~79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership index greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership index for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Trench is a method of disposing dead animals by placing the carcasses in successive layers in an excavated trench.  The carcasses are spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the trench.  When the trench is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the filled trench area.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

The estimated land area needed to dispose of mature cattle ranges from 1.2 (McDaniel, 1991) to 3.5 (Ollis, 2002) cubic yards.  A single adult bovine is considered equivalent to 5 sheep or 5 hogs (McDaniel, 1991; USDA, 1980).  Lund et al estimate that about 92,000 cubic yards of volume would be needed to dispose of 30,000 head of cattle, assuming a trench depth of 8.5 feet (which is somewhat below the depth of observation for typical soil survey).  This is about seven acres.  Leachate collection should be considered because the putrefaction of one adult bovine is estimated to release 21 gallons of fluid in the first week and a total of about 42 gallons in the first month (Munroe, 2001).  Collection of gases released during the decomposition process should also be considered.  To bury adult hogs or sheep, a rule of thumb is to multiply the capacities listed above by five. For broiler chickens (market-ready weight), multiply the capacity by 200. For turkeys (market-ready weight) multiply the capacity by 40 (Ollis, 2002).  

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 or 7 feet).  However, because trenches may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the trench developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed trench bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the trench.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing trenches for which the trench bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the trench is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of carcasses.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Large Animal Disposal, Trench operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the filled area.

References:

Lund, R. D., I. Kruger, and P. Weldon. Options for the mechanised slaughter and disposal of contaigous diseased animals - a discussion paper. Proceedings form Conference on Agricultural Engineering, Adelaide.

McDaniel, H. A.1991. Environmental protection during animal disease eradication programmes. Revue scientifique et technique Office international des Epizooties, 10(3), 867-884.

Munro, Ronald. 2001. Decomposition of farm animals corpses in mass burial sites. Veterinary Laboratories Agency report,, United Kingdom, pp 1-9.

Ollis, Gerald. 2002. Pre-selecting mass carcass disposal sites. View on-line at: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex5727

USDA. 1980. APHIS. Foot and mouth disease - guidelines for eradication. Hyattsville, MD. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services.




Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	

3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	
	Soil Moisture: clayey soils can be difficult to work when they are moist.  The moisture content of unsaturated soil is time dependent as well as spatially variable.  The spatial variation in the soil moisture is described by the taxonomic soil moisture class.

Property used: TAXONOMIC MOISTURE CLASS RATER

Limits: 		
			IF moisture matches ""aridic*"" THEN 0, not limiting
			IF moisture matches ""xeric"" THEN .3, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""ustic"" THEN .5, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""udic"" THEN .8, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""perudic"", ""aquic"", ""peraquic"" THEN 1, limiting.
			
			
		Null values are assigned to the limiting class.
		
		
		
		
5.  Unstable Excavation Walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the  excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation wall.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.


15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  In areas where seepage is somewhat limiting, a clay liner may be used to lower the transmission rate of the bottom of the pit.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.   
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat limiting	 14-42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely Limiting		 < 150cm
                                Somewhat Limiting                    150 - 199 cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

22.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gupsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392830"
"FL117"|"DHS - Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"".  If a soil's property within 200 cm (~79 inches) of the soil surface has a membership index greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership index for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Catastrophic Mortality, Large Animal Disposal, Pit is a method of disposing dead animals by placing the carcasses in successive layers in an excavated pit.  The carcasses are spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil that is excavated from the pit.  When the pit is full, a final cover of soil material at least 2 feet thick is placed over the burial pit.

Scope: National

The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or floodwater.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

The estimated land area needed to dispose of mature cattle ranges from 1.2 (McDaniel, 1991) to 3.5 (Ollis, 2002) cubic yards.  A single adult bovine is considered equivalent to 5 sheep or 5 hogs (McDaniel, 1991; USDA, 1980).  Lund et al estimate that about 92,000 cubic yards of volume would be needed to dispose of 30,000 head of cattle, assuming a trench depth of 8.5 feet (which is somewhat below the depth of observation for typical soil survey).  This is about seven acres.  Leachate collection should be considered because the putrefaction of one adult bovine is estimated to release 21 gallons of fluid in the first week and a total of about 42 gallons in the first month (Munroe, 2001).  Collection of gases released during the decomposition process should also be considered. 

Ratings are based on properties and qualities to the depth normally observed during soil mapping (approximately 6 or 7 feet).  However, because pits may be as deep as 15 feet or more, geologic investigations are needed to determine the potential for pollution of ground water as well as to determine the design needed.  These investigations, which are generally arranged by the pit developer, include the examination of stratification, rock formations, and geologic conditions that might lead to the conducting of leachates to aquifers, wells, watercourses, and other water sources.  The presence of hard, nonrippable bedrock, bedrock crevices, or highly permeable strata in or immediately underlying the proposed pit bottom is undesirable because of the difficulty in excavation and the potential pollution of underground water.

Properties that influence the risk of pollution, ease of excavation, trafficability, and revegetation are major considerations.  Soils that flood or have a water table within the depth of excavation present a potential pollution hazard and are difficult to excavate.  Slope is an important consideration because it affects the work involved in road construction, the performance of the roads, and the control of surface water around the pit.  It may also cause difficulty in constructing pits for which the pit bottom must be kept level and oriented to follow the contour.

The ease with which the pit is dug and with which a soil can be used as daily and final covers is based largely on texture and consistence of the soil.  The texture and consistence of a soil determine the degree of workability of the soil both when dry and when wet.  Soils that are plastic and sticky when wet are difficult to excavate, grade, or compact and difficult to place as a uniformly thick cover over a layer of carcasses.  The uppermost part of the final cover should be soil material that is favorable for the growth of plants.  It should not contain excess sodium or salt and should not be too acid.  In comparison with other horizons, the A horizon in most soils has the best workability and the highest content of organic matter.  Thus, for a Large Animal Disposal, Pit operation it may be desirable to stockpile the surface layer for use in the final blanketing of the filled pit area.

References:

Lund, R. D., I. Kruger, and P. Weldon. Options for the mechanised slaughter and disposal of contaigous diseased animals - a discussion paper. Proceedings form Conference on Agricultural Engineering, Adelaide.

McDaniel, H. A.1991. Environmental protection during animal disease eradication programmes. Revue scientifique et technique Office international des Epizooties, 10(3), 867-884.

Munro, Ronald. 2001. Decomposition of farm animals corpses in mass burial sites. Veterinary Laboratories Agency report,, United Kingdom, pp 1-9.

Ollis, Gerald. 2002. Pre-selecting mass carcass disposal sites. View on-line at: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex5727

USDA. 1980. APHIS. Foot and mouth disease - guidelines for eradication. Hyattsville, MD. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services.



Criteria used:

1.  Adsorption:  Soils having a low cec or ecec may not attenuate biohazardous material from the decay process.  It is assumed that the upper 25 cm of the site will be stockpiled for use in revegetating the site.  It is also assumed that alternating layers of soil and biological materials will be placed in the excavation.

Soils having low CEC or ECEC are not able to retain some leachates.  A soil is a full member of the set of soils having low adsorption if the CEC or ECEC to clay ratio is below 0.05, a partial member between 0.05 and 0.15, and a nonmember if the cec or ecec to clay ratio is over 0.150.
	
	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 30-200cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Below 0.05 meq/100g
		Somewhat limiting	0.05-0.15 meq/100g
		Not limiting		> 0.15 meq/100g
		
	The fuzzy number is weighted by 0.25, meaning this rule cannot cause the component to be absolutely true that the site is limited for the intended land use.

			
Null clay activity is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.

2.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

	  Evaluation used: BEDROCK IS LIMESTONE

		  
	  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
	  Restrictive Limits:
	    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
	    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
	  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
	  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		  Evaluation used: Parent Material Origin is Soluble Salt
		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
      

3.  Depth to thick/thin cemented pan: Depth to thick or thin cemented pan may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when potentially hazardous materials are buried in the soil.   Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer more then 46cm thick where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. If pan thickness is < 46cm then the rating is reduced by half.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THICK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN THIN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 182cm
		Not limiting		=< 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
4.  Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 30 and 200 cm.  Textures of cl, sicl, sc, sic, and c are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 30 and 200cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting		<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned Not Rated.
	
	
	
	Soil Moisture: clayey soils can be difficult to work when they are moist.  The moisture content of unsaturated soil is time dependent as well as spatially variable.  The spatial variation in the soil moisture is described by the taxonomic soil moisture class.

Property used: TAXONOMIC MOISTURE CLASS RATER

Limits: 		
			IF moisture matches ""aridic*"" THEN 0, not limiting
			IF moisture matches ""xeric"" THEN .3, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""ustic"" THEN .5, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""udic"" THEN .8, somewhat limiting
			IF moisture matches ""perudic"", ""aquic"", ""peraquic"" THEN 1, limiting.
			
			
		Null values are assigned to the limiting class.
		
		
		
5.  Unstable Excavation Walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the excavation walls can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of excavation walls
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.
		  
		  
		  
6.  Too Sandy: Sandy soils may slump and are droughty, making establishment of vegetative cover difficult.  Soil feature considered is the sand content, minus clay, of the thickest soil layer between 25 and 200cm or above a cemented restrictive layer.  This rule evaluates the weighted average of sand minus clay between 30 and 180 cm.  Textures of LCOS, LS, LFS, LVFS, COS, S, FS, VFS, and SG are rated as too sandy.
		
	Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= >70
		Not limiting		All others
			
	Null sand contents are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
7.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
8.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 200cm
		Somewhat limiting	200-220cm
		Not limiting		=> 220cm
		
		
		Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 160cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 160 to =< 200cm
		Not limiting		 > 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
9.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 30 and 200cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 30-200cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
10.  Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
11.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 180 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm Wt. Ave. 0-180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
12.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
13.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond have restrictions that limit the installation and function of most land use applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
14.  Rock Outcrop:  Areas that have rock outcrop in the vicinity are not likely to have a sufficiently large area of soil for the facility.  Rock outcrops can interfere with renovation of the leachate from the facility.
        
        Property used: PA ROCK OUTCROP 2(Modality - representative value)
        
        Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" occurs in the map unit name.
		Not limiting		The phase ""rock outcrop"" does not occur in the map unit name.
		
		
Any soil with a portion or full map unit name of Rock Outcrop is returned as a value of 1 and is given the rating of Rock Outcrop and is considered a limitation.

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""rocky"" is returned as a value of .3 and is given the rating of ""Slight Rock Outcrop"".

Any soil with a portion of the map unit name listed as ""very rocky"" is returned as a value of .7 and is given the rating of ""Severe Rock Outcrop"".

All map units have a name, no null data should be encountered.


15.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest salinity (electrical conductivity) for all horizons.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		<= 16 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
16.  Seepage:  The soil's bottom layer Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids through the soil and underlying materials is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the Ksat of the bottom layer or the layer immediately above bedrock.  In areas where seepage is somewhat limiting, a clay liner may be used to lower the transmission rate of the bottom of the pit.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.   
	
	Property used: KSAT BOTTOM HORIZON (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 => 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat limiting	 14-42 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		  < 14.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
6/15/04 PRF modified the hedge from ""NULL NOT RATED"" to ""NOT NULL AND"".  The Null values were throwing out a ""Not Rated"" that affected the final rating.



17.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely Limiting		 < 150cm
                                Somewhat Limiting                   150 - 199 cm
		Not limiting		=> 200cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
18.  Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 5 and <= 12%
		Not limiting		< 5%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	
	
19.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Not limiting		<= 13 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
20.  Water Gathering Surface: Some surfaces are shaped so as to gather water.  This additional water may cause problems for land use.  Soils that are concave up and down their slope and concave across their slope are most strongly water gathering.  Soils that are concave across their slope and linear or convex up and down their slopes are less water collecting.  Soils that are linear across their slopes and concave up and down their slopes are somewhat water collecting.  Soils that are convex up and down their slopes and convex across their slopes are the least water gathering.

Water gathering (concave) surfaces can concentrate water flow and cause accelerated erosion.  Increased costs because of materials and land shaping may be needed to prevent erosion.
		  
		  Property Used: WATER GATHERING SURFACE
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		    Somewhat Limiting		Concave up-down, concave across surfaces
		    Slightly limiting		Concave across, linear or convex up-down
		    Not limiting		All other surface shapes
		    
		  NOTE!!!  The fuzzy number returned by this rule can not exceed 0.5.
		  
Null slope shape is assigned to the ""Not Rated"" class.



21.  Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the soil layers.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER (Minimum) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

22.  Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, time of year, and the amount of working of the soil at the site.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392829"
"FL117"|"AWM - Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Slow Rate Process Treatment of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

In this process wastewater is applied to the land at a rate normally between 0.5 and 4.0 inches per week.  The primary purpose is wastewater treatment rather than irrigation of crops.  Application rates commonly exceed those needed for supplemental irrigation for crop production.  The applied wastewater is treated as it moves through the soil.  Much of the treated water percolates to the ground water and some enter the atmosphere by evapotranspiration.  Surface runoff of the applied water generally is not allowed.  Water-logging is avoided either through control of the application rate or the use of tile drains, or both.

The wastewater considered includes municipal wastewater and effluent from food-processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds.  Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality.  It contains domestic waste and possibly industrial waste.  It may be, although rarely is, untreated sewage or may be wastewater that has received primary or secondary treatment.  Food-processing wastewater is the wastewater resulting from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption.  In some places, it is high in sodium and chloride.  Lagoon and storage pond effluents, as discussed here, refer to the effluents from a facility used to treat or store food-processing wastewater, domestic wastes, or animal wastes.  Domestic and food-processing wastewater is very dilute, and the effluent from facilities that treat or store it commonly is very low in carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter.  The nitrogen content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l.  Lagoons or storage ponds for animal wastes have an effluent that has a much higher concentration of these materials mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as domestic wastes.  The nitrogen content varies considerably but generally is 50 to 2,000 mg/l.  The heavy metal content generally is low; however, chemical analyses should be made prior to use.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  Vegetation is not a necessary part of the treatment design or process but the basin may be vegetated.  However, it is assumed that crops are grown or may be grown as a part of the soil-plant treatment process.  Checks should be made to ensure that heavy metals and nitrogen are not added in excessive amounts.

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that affect soil absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, the susceptibility to wind or water erosion, and the application of wastes.  Properties and qualities that affect absorption are the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to a seasonal high water table, the available water capacity, permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, soil reaction, cation exchange capacity, and slope.  Soil reaction, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  Wind erodibility group, erosion factor, slope, and susceptibility to flooding are used to measure the potential for wind erosion and water erosion.  Stones can interfere with the application of wastes.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4. Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Too steep for surface application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the surface application of irrigation water.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12. Too steep for sprinkler application: Steep slopes allow wastewater to move offsite to quickly and impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 6 and < 12%
		Not limiting		=< 6%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Not limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

17.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		 		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		    	
	18.  Addition of water in excess of evapotranspiration may cause dissolution and removal of soluble soil material.  Eventually, voids will form in the soil which will manifested at the surface as depressions.  These will collect water which will cause uneven distribution of irrigation water and exacerbate the dissolution problem.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

		* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
		* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution 				occurs and therefore no subsidence.
		* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
		* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
		* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
		* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm"|09/27/2012 20:16:34|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392828"
"FL117"|"AWM - Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Rapid Infiltration Disposal of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

In this process, the wastewater is applied in a level basin and percolates through the soil.  The treated water eventually reaches the ground water.  Application rates range from 4 to 120 inches per week.

The wastewater considered generally is from municipal wastewater treatment plants.  The nitrogen content generally is low.  Normally, the heavy metal content is low; however, chemical analysis should be made prior to use.  Because the thickness of soil material needed for proper renovation of the wastewater is more than 72 inches, geologic and hydrologic investigations during the planning stages.  This information is needed to ensure proper design and to determine reliability of performance as well as the potential for pollution of the ground water.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  Vegetation is not a necessary part of the treatment design or process but the basin may be vegetated.

The soil properties and qualities that influence risk of pollution, design and construction, and performance are major considerations.  Depth to a seasonal high water table, flooding, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan present potential hazards and influence design and construction.  Slope and stones are also important considerations in design and construction.  The properties and qualities that influence performance are permeability and soil reaction.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater. 

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restrictive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 < 10.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 10.0 and <= 40.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 40.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. These soils may pose construction limitations or environmental and health risks when trench landfills are installed. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 182cm
		Not limiting		=> 182cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Slope:  Steep slopes affect the design and function of installed systems and facilities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 4%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	9.  Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 72 inches (180 cm) of the soil can interfere with construction equipment. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 72 inches of soil or above a restricive layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-72 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Too acid: Soils with low pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the minimum (pH) of the horizons or layers below the surface layer.

	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER MINIMUM SUB-SURFACE LAYERS TO 180cm (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 3.5 to < 5%
		Not limiting		 < 3.5
		
	Null pH is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contamination the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 180cm
		Not limiting		=> 180cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE PERCHED MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to =< 120cm
		Not limiting		 > 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

12.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		 		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		    	
	13.  Subsidence due to gypsum:  Addition of water in excess of evapotranspiration may cause dissolution and removal of soluble soil material.  Eventually, voids will form in the soil which will manifested at the surface as depressions.  These will collect water which will cause uneven distribution of irrigation water and exacerbate the dissolution problem.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

		* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
		* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution 				occurs and therefore no subsidence.
		* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
		* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
		* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
		* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm"|01/20/2015 16:28:41|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392827"
"FL117"|"AWM - Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Overland Flow Process Treatment of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

The wastewater considered is from municipal wastewater, food-processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds.  Municipal wastewater is the waste stream from a municipality.  It contains domestic waste and possibly industrial waste.  It may be, although rarely is, raw sewage (untreated), or it may be wastewater that has received primary or secondary treatment.  Food-processing wastewater is the wastewater resulting from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption.  In some places, it is high in sodium and chloride.  Lagoon and storage pond effluents, as discussed here, refer to the effluents from a lagoon or storage pond that is used to treat or store food-processing wastewater, domestic wastes, or animal wastes.  Domestic wastes are very dilute, and the effluent from a facility that treats them commonly is very low in carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter.  The nitrogen content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l.  Lagoons and storage ponds that treat animal wastes have an effluent that has a much higher concentration of these materials mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as domestic wastes.  The nitrogen content varies considerably but generally is 50 to 2,000 mg/l.  The heavy metal content generally is low; however, chemical analyses should be made prior to use.

In this process, wastewater is applied to the upper reaches of sloped land and allowed to flow across vegetated surfaces that are sometimes called terraces, to runoff collection ditches.  The length of the run generally is 150 to 300 feet.  Application rates range from 2.5 to 16.0 inches per week.  The wastewater leaves solids and nutrients to plants and soil surfaces as it flows downslope in a thin film.  Most of the water reaches the collection ditch, some is lost by evapotranspiration, and a small part percolates to the ground water.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on the treatment of the wastewater and not utilizing wastewater for irrigating of crops.  However, areas are vegetated because plants are a necessary part of the soil-plant treatment process.  Wastewater generally is applied by sprinkler or surface application methods.

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that affect absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, and the design and construction of site.  The properties that affect adsorption are soil reaction and the cation exchange capacity.  Soil reaction, salinity, and the sodium adsorption ratio are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  Slope, permeability within a depth of about 30 inches, depth to a seasonal high water table, flooding, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and stones are soil properties and qualities that influence design and construction.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to treating wastewater.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with the plant root growth and reduces available water capacity.  Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		<= 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity in the surface layer have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 >= 8 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Seepage:  The soil surface layer Ksat governs the soil's infiltration rate and leaching potential.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil surface layer is unimpeded and leaching may become an environmental, health, or performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the surface layer Ksat. 
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 4.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.0 and <= 4.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock limits the volume of material suitable for use as landfill cover.  Soils that are shallow are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils are also difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Too level: The movement of water over level soils is to slow for the application design..
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 < 1%
		Not limiting		=> 1%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	11. Too steep for surface application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and wastewater is removed from the area to rapidly.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 12%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 6 and < 12%
		Not limiting		=< 6%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	12.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Stone content: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil can interfere with the plant root growth and reduces available water capacity. Soil feature considered is percent weighted average by weight coarse fragments > 10 inches in size in the upper 40 inches of soil.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-40 in. (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		<= 5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Not limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		 		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		    	
	17.  Subsidence due to gypsum:  Addition of water in excess of evapotranspiration may cause dissolution and removal of soluble soil material.  Eventually, voids will form in the soil which will manifested at the surface as depressions.  These will collect water which will cause uneven distribution of irrigation water and exacerbate the dissolution problem.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

		* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
		* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution 				occurs and therefore no subsidence.
		* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
		* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
		* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
		* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm"|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392826"
"FL117"|"AWM - Manure and Food Processing Waste"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Manure and Food Processing Waste"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Manure and Food Processing Waste"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Manure is the excrement of livestock and poultry.  The consistency of manure is labile.  It changes in storage or treatment, and it depends upon the bedding used and upon whether the manure is diluted or allowed to dry.  Food processing wastes consist of damaged fruit and vegetables and the peelings, stems, leaves, pits, and soil particles removed in food preparation.  Most wastes produced in the processing of milk, cheese, and meat are liquids.  Paunch manure is an exception.

Manure and food processing wastes have variable nitrogen content.  The material is solid, slurry, or liquid.  A high nitrogen content limits the application rate.  Toxic or otherwise dangerous wastes, such as those mixed with the lye used in food processing, are outside the meaning of manure and food processing wastes as used in this interpretation.

Scope: National

The soil rating guide is based on utilizing the nutrients in the wastes for crop production and is not directed toward reclaiming or restoring critical areas or making the most efficient use of moisture.  Applications of liquid wastes can be made by tank wagon or conventional irrigation methods that are modified as necessary to function properly.  Applications of solid and slurry wastes can be made at the surface or subsurface.

This interpretive rule uses the criteria published in the AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FIELD HANDBOOK (Part 651), Engineering Division, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA.

Soil properties and qualities considered are those that affect soil absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, the susceptibility to wind or water erosion, and the rate and method of the application of wastes.  Soil properties that affect absorption are permeability, the depth to a seasonal high water table, sodium adsorption ratio, the depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and the available water capacity.  Soil reaction, sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density are soil properties that affect plant growth and microbial activity.  The wind erodibility group, erosion factor, slopes, and susceptibility to flooding are used to measure the potential for wind and water erosion. Stones and the depth to a seasonal high water table can interfere with the application of wastes.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to the treatment of wastes.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Dense layer: Shallow depth to a layer with high bulk density is only somewhat limiting and reduce available water capacity and percolation rates can be expected.  Soil feature considered is the maximum bulk density within a depth of 50 to 150cm.

	Property used: BULK DENSITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-150cm (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	=> 1.8
		Not limiting		 < 1.8
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity have limited potential for sequestering effluent and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.55 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Leaching or Runoff limitation: Soil's in Hydrologic Soil Group D have slow intake rate and runoff is a potential limitation.  Protecting surface water from runoff contain manure or food processing waste is a concern.  Soil's in Hydrologic Group A or dual groups have high to moderate intake rates and a water table near the surface.  These soils have potential leaching limitations and manure or food processing effluent leaching into ground water is a concern.  Soil feature considered is hydrologic soil group.

	Property used: HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Runoff limitation	= d
		Leaching limitation	= a, a/d, b/d, c/d
		Not limiting		= b, c
		

	Null Hydrologic Group is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	8.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.4 and <= 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	10. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the layers between 0 and 50cm.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Shallow to densic materials: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (densic)"" or ""densic material"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO DENSIC MATERIAL (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Shallow to Discontinuity: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""abrupt textural change"" or ""strongly contrasting textural stratification"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO CONTRASTING MATERIALS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		
	17. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	18. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	19. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	20. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Not Limiting		 > 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3.5 to <= 6.5%
		Limiting		=< 3.5
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	21. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|09/27/2012 20:16:31|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392825"
"FL117"|"AWM - Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Municipal sewage sludge is the residual product of the treatment of municipal sewage.  The solid component is composed mainly of cell mass, primarily bacteria cells which have developed during secondary treatment and which have incorporated soluble organic into their own bodies.  Sludge also contains small amounts of sand, silt, and other solid debris.

The water content of sludge ranges from about 98 percent to about 40 percent or less.  The sludge is called liquid if it is more than about 90 percent water, slurry if it is about 90 to 50 percent water, and solid if it is less than about 50 percent water.  Depending on the water content, the sludge can be moved by pump, conveyor, or auger.

Municipal sewage sludges have a variable nitrogen content.  Some sludge contains constituents that are toxic to plant growth or hazardous to the food chain (such as heavy metals or exotic organic compounds) and should be chemically analyzed prior to use.

Scope: National

The soil-rating guide is based on utilizing the nutrients in the waste for crop production and is not directed toward reclaiming or restoring critical areas or making the most efficient use of moisture.  Applications of slurry sludge can be by tank wagon or by irrigation equipment that is modified as necessary to function properly.  Applications of solid and slurry sludges can be made at the surface or subsurface.

The soil properties and qualities considered in the ratings are those that affect soil absorption, plant growth, microbial activity, the susceptibility to wind or water erosion, and the rate and method of application.  Soil properties and qualities that affect absorption are permeability, the depth to a seasonal high water table, soil reaction, sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and bulk density.  They also affect plant growth and microbial activity.  Slope and the susceptibility to flooding are used to measure the potential for water erosion.  Stones and the depth to a seasonal high water table can interfere with the application of wastes.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to the treatment of wastes.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 50cm.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity have limited potential for sequestering effluent and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.55 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building, recreational, and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1 and <= 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Shallow to densic materials: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (densic)"" or ""densic material"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO DENSIC MATERIAL (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Shallow to Discontinuity: Shallow depth to ""Densic Materials"" reduces percolation of surface waters and effluent and restricts plant root growth.  These semi-shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""abrupt textural change"" or ""strongly contrasting textural stratification"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO CONTRASTING MATERIALS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	14. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	15. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	17. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Not limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|12/03/2012 16:48:09|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392824"
"FL117"|"AWM - Irrigation Disposal of Wastewater"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for waste management provide a means to use organic wastes and wastewater as productive resources.  Using these resources will result in energy conservation, prevent waste, and minimize problems associated with their disposal.  The planned use of many wastes has proven beneficial to the producer and the user of these by-products.  The characteristics of the soil are important in the application of organic wastes and wastewater to land for fertilization and irrigation.  They are also important considerations if the soil is used as a medium for the treatment and disposal of these wastes.  Favorable soil properties are required to prevent environmental damage.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Irrigation Disposal of Wastewater"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Irrigation Disposal of Wastewater"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

The wastewater considered in this guide is municipal wastewater and wastewater from food processing plants, lagoons, and storage ponds.  Municipal wastewater contains domestic waste and, in some areas, includes industrial waste.  It may be untreated, although this is rare, or wastewater may have received primary or secondary treatment.  Food processing wastewater is the wastewater resulting from the preparation of fruits, vegetables, milk, cheese, and meats for public consumption.  In some places, it has a high content of sodium and chloride.  Lagoon and storage pond effluent, as discussed in this guide, refer to the effluent from facilities used to treat or store domestic wastes, wastewater from food processing, or liquid animal wastes.  The effluent from a municipal or food processing plant lagoon or storage pond commonly is very low in carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter.  The nitrogen content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l.  The effluent from animal waste treatment lagoons or storage ponds have much higher concentrations of these materials mainly because the manure has not been diluted as much as domestic wastes.  The nitrogen content varies considerably but generally is from 50 to 2,000 mg/l.  Ratings are based on the influence of existing soil properties on the use.

Scope: National

Some wastewater may cause an increase in sodicity or salinity in the soils in arid and semiarid regions but it generally does not in humid regions.  The heavy metal contents of effluents are usually low; however, chemical analyses should be made prior to use.

The soil properties and qualities need to be considered in the design, construction, management, and performance of wastewater irrigation systems.  The soil properties and qualities important in design and management are the sodium adsorption ratio, depth to a seasonal high water table, the available water capacity, permeability, wind erodibility, erosion factor, slope, and flooding.  The soil properties and qualities that influence construction are stones, depth to bedrock or cemented pan, and depth to a seasonal high water table.  The properties and qualities that affect performance of the irrigation system are depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, bulk density, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and soil reaction.  The cation exchange capacity also affects performance, and it is used here as an estimate of the capacity of a soil to adsorb heavy metals.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to irrigation.  Soils having porous bedrock can be limited by rapid water movement into and through the bedrock.  Soils having high contents of soluble salts can experience subsidence.

The soil rating guide is based on the utilization of the water for crop production and is not directed toward only the disposal or treatment of the wastewater.  Checks should be made to ensure that heavy metals, nitrogen, and other salts are not added in excessive amounts.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Low adsorption: Soils with low CEC to clay ratio have limited potential for sequestering heavy metals and other potential pollutants found in agricultural waste and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average of the cec/clay ratio (calculated from cec and clay representative values) to a depth of 150cm or to bedrock or a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: CLAY ACTIVITY (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 0.050
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0.050 to  < 0.150
		Not limiting		=> 0.150
		
	Null cec or clay are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 75mm-250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 35%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% to <= 35%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Droughty: Soils with low available water capacity have limited potential for sequestering effluent and sustaining vigorous plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through the last soil layer or to a cemented restrictive layer.

	Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 7.5cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 7.55 to  < 15cm
		Not limiting		=> 15cm
		
	Null awc is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	4.  Filtering capacity: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 150cm.
	
	Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	 > 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=< 14.1 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is impeded and runoff, infiltration, and percolation of pollutants may become environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity above a restrictive layer.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1 and <= 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		 > 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of the installed application.  Shallow soils have reduced water-holding capacities, restricted percolation rates and are difficult to reclaim and re-vegetated.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 20"" (0-50 cm).

		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 to =< 13
		Not limiting		<= 3 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	13. Large stones on the surface: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) in the surface layer can interfere with the tillage and application equipment.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 >  5% to <= 15%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Too acid: Soils with low surface pH increase metallic ion availability and restricts plan growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6.5%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 5.0 to < 6.5%
		Not limiting		 < 5.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may be difficult to reclaim and revegetate.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too steep for surface application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the surface application of irrigation water.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	17. Too steep for sprinkler application: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the application of sprinkler applied of irrigation water.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 6 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 6%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.


	18.  Porous bedrock: Limestone bedrock (and other types) may have numerous solution channels that allow contaminants to enter the groundwater quickly and with no renovation.  The porous nature of the bedrock is often reflected by ""karst"" phases of map units.  Deeper soils will tend to lessen the risk of contamination.

		  
		  Property used: LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO
		  
		  Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
		 		  
		  Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    	
		    	
	19.  Addition of water in excess of evapotranspiration may cause dissolution and removal of soluble soil material.  Eventually, voids will form in the soil which will manifested at the surface as depressions.  These will collect water which will cause uneven distribution of irrigation water and exacerbate the dissolution problem.  Subsidence is estimated from the gypsum content of the soil.  Other soluble salts may also contribute to the loss of volume of the soil.  

Assumptions:

		* Differential subsidence is assumed to always occur, rather than an equidimensional settling.
		* Water as irrigation, leakage, septic systems, or whatever is assumed to be applied.  If no water is added to the soil, no dissolution 				occurs and therefore no subsidence.
		* Dissolution kinetics are assumed to be such that the settling is observable in our lifetimes.
		* The size of the structure has an influence on the tolerable amount of distortion due to settling.
		* The age of the structure influences the amount of damage it will sustain if differential subsidence occurs.
		* The particle size of the gypsum will influence the dissolution rate.  A generic rate is assumed here.

		Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Restrictive limits:
				Very limiting		=> 30cm
				Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
				Not limiting		<= 10cm"|09/27/2012 20:16:34|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392823"
"FL117"|"FOR - Potential Seedling Mortality (FL)"|"limitation"|"Amended 7/18/05 by using the Michigan Seedling Mortality Interpretation and adding Taxon above family rule to eliminate Arents, Aquents, etc. from the membership.
RAR

Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that have potential for ""Potential seedling mortality"".   The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Potential seedling mortality"" interpretive rule.  

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are low (rating index = 0), moderate (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or high (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Potential seedling mortality is the likelihood of naturally or artificially propagated tree seedlings, as influenced by soil characteristic, physiographic features and climatic conditions.

Scope: State Of Florida

This interpretations assess the impact of soil, physiographic, and climatic considerations on the survitability of newly established tree seedlings.  The rating assumes that site preparation is adequate for the establishment of tree seedlings and that artifically propagated tree seedlings are of adequate size and quality, are adapted to the site, are planted during a time sufficient to assume initial root growth with respect to moisture and temperature, and proper planting techniques are emplyed.  The rating also assumes near normal monthly and yearly climatic conditions.

The rating does not assess the effects of overstory tree canopy greater than 15 feet in height, the effects of adjacent competing plants less than 15 feet in height and effects of seedling pests (rodent, herbivore, insect, etc.).

The primary soil characteristics that effect potential seedling mortality are depth to wet soil moisture conditions and the available water capacity within 50cm (20"") or to restrictive feature if less than 50cm.

A rating of ""low"" indicatates seedlings are expected to develop normally and become established.  A rating of ""moderate"" indicates root development is sufficeiently retarded to cause death of some seedlings (up to 1 in 3) and establishment of surviving seedlings is delayed.  A rating of ""high"" indicates that seedlings are not expected to survice (at least 2 in 3 die) without special treatment or management.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

         1. Available water capacity: This is a concern with the sandy  excessively drained to moderately well drained soils in the area.   
         
         Property used: AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-50CM (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
        	  Somewhat limiting    < 5.0cm/cm
        	  Not limiting         > 5.0cm/cm
         
         Null available water capacity is assigned to the Not rated class.
         AND NOT
         
         Property used: HYDS-DRAINAGE CLASS
                  Limiting     not = ""poorly drained"", ""very poorly drained or ""somewhat poorly drained""       
                  Not limiting     = ""poorly drained"", ""very poorly drained or ""somewhat poorly drained""
         

         2. Wetness limitation: Potential seedling mortality is affected by wet soil conditions within depths of 15cm to 45cm for consecutive months between March and September and from October to February or by being subjected to periods of flooding or ponding. 
         
         Property used: DEPTH TO WET LAYER MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                  Limiting:             <= 15cm
                  Somewthat limiting:   > 15cm and <= 45cm
                  Not limiting:         > 45cm
                  
         Null wet layers are assigned to the Not rated class.

AND
         
         
         Property used: DEPTH TO WATER TABLE AVERAGE FOR CONSECUTIVE MONTHS OCT-FEB (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                   Limiting            > = 2
                   Not limiting       not =  >= 2
                   
         Null months are assigned to the Not rated class.
                   
AND
         Property used: DEPTH TO WET LAYER AVERAGE, MAR-SEP (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                   Limiting           >= 1    
                   Not limiting      not = >= 1
                   
         Null months are assigned to the Not rated class.
         
OR

         Property used: FLOODING DURATION CLASS (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                   Limiting      = ""long"", ""very long"" or ""frequent""           
                   Not limiting  not = ""long"", ""very long"" or ""frequent""        
                   
         Null flooding assigned to the Not rated class.

OR

Property used: PONDING DURATION CLASS (Modality - representative value)
         
         Rating limits:
                   Limiting      = ""long"", ""very long"" or ""frequent""           
                   Not limiting  not = ""long"", ""very long"" or ""frequent""        
                   
         Null ponding assigned to the Not rated class."|11/20/2012 19:18:42|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392822"
"FL117"|"Farm and Garden Composting Facility - Surface"|"limitation"|"Farm and Garden Composting Facility - Surface

Background

Produce farms, urban areas, and suburban neighborhoods can produce large amounts of organic material that may be viewed as waste but is actually a valuable resource.  This material may 
consist of leaves, grass clippings, small tree limbs, and other herbaceous materials.  Composting these materials provides a good source of organic matter to be used as a soil amendment. 

Biological degradation of organic materials forms the basis for composting.  This biological process depends on the active metabolism of microorganisms in a suitable micro-environment. 
The six critical factors for the transformation of organic materials into compost are microorganisms, heat, air, water, carbon, and nitrogen.

The microorganisms that carry out biological degradation for composting often are found in the soil or on the surface of leaves.  These microorganisms thrive in a surface or subsurface 
microclimate with free circulation of air, free flow of water, and a temperature well above freezing. The microorganisms also require carbon as food for energy and growth, as well as 
nitrogen for protein and rebuilding cells.

Composting facilities are designed to provide these six critical factors in relative proportions so that the process of biological degradation is sustained.  Deficits in any of the 
critical factors, or imbalances among them, may result in extremely slow composting or a dormant composting system. Mixing of materials also redistributes heat, air, and water and will 
speed the process of biological degradation. Large facilities may provide mechanical mixing of the compost materials. Smaller facilities may rely on manual turning of the materials or may 
add some materials that are too large to compost in order to create channels for air flow through the pile. 

Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) are measures of the soil micro-climate that affects the rate of composting.  Both MAP and MAAT are available from 
the soil survey database.  Composting is most rapid in warm, moist areas that generally have MAP between 450 and 1250 mm together with MAAT between 10 and 22 degrees Celsius.  The optimal 
temperature inside the compost pile is 10 to 15.5 degrees Celsius. In colder areas the rate of composting may be increased by insulating the compost pile on all sides with an extra layer 
of high carbon materials such as hay or newspaper. To avoid extreme cold or rainforest conditions, the composting may be done inside a protected area or a building.  The optimal moisture 
for composting is field capacity, or freely drained but moist. Moisture may need to be added to the compost pile especially if the organic materials are dry such as chipped lumber. 

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the organic materials is perhaps the hardest part of the process to regulate.  Active compost piles need a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 (30 
units of carbon to 1 unit of nitrogen). Many common materials such as leaves and lumber are high in carbon and require balanced inputs of materials that are high in nitrogen such as 
coffee grounds or manures and urines.  Often the materials high in nitrogen are less available or more difficult to transport to the composting site. Materials intended for composting may 
vary in their carbon to nitrogen ratio due to many factors and testing of materials is recommended before large scale operations begin. A few C:N examples are given in table 1.



Table 1.  Examples of composting materials from a summary of 
Publications (with estimated ratios of carbon to nitrogen)

High Nitrogen Materials
Fish, slaughter, or poultry waste (C:N = 4:1)
Urine - undiluted (8:1)
Manure or sewage sludge  fresh (13:1)
Grass clippings  fresh (15:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Vegetable and fruit waste (25:1)

High Carbon Materials
Leaves	 (60:1)
Straw (85:1)
Wood chips (125:1)
Sawdust (500:1)
Hardwood lumber (500:1)
Newspaper (600:1)


Summary:

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as a ""Farm and Garden Composting Facility - Surface"".  If a soil's property 
within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership 
indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the ""Site for Composting Facility"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not 
considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited 
(rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Site for Farm and Garden Composting Facility - Surface is the site location for placement of a composting facility without the use of a liner or placement on concrete pad. The composting 
facility is to process raw organic by-products into biologically stable organic material as outlined in the NRCS conservation practice standard ""Composting Facility"" (code 317). 

Scope: National

The bottom elevation of the composting facility shall be above the seasonal high water table and on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the 
ground water. Compost facilities should be located outside of floodplains.  However, if site restrictions require location within a floodplain, they shall be protected from inundation or 
damage from a 25-year flood event, or larger. Locate compost facilities so prevailing winds and landscape elements such as building arrangement, landforms and vegetation minimize odors 
and protect the visual resource. Direct any contaminated runoff from compost facilities to an appropriate storage or treatment facility for further management.

Suitability of a soil for use as a site for composting should be on soils with an acceptable permeability that does not allow materials to contaminate the ground water. Slope affects the 
ease of accessing and manipulating the compost material.  It also will affect runoff from the site. If slope is limiting, then consult the ""Site for Composting Facility  Subsurface"" 
interpretation.


Soil interpretations for locating a site for composting are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in 
their present condition and does not consider present land use.


Criteria used:


1.  Depth to saturated zone: Shallow depth to water table limits the site for use as a composting facility.  Soils that are shallow to water are also difficult to reclaim and revegetate, 
and contamination from leaching may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or 
saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50 cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 100 cm
		Not limiting		 > 100 cm
		
	Null depth to saturation is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
2.  Flooding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional flooding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and flooding 
is a limiting feature:

Flooding Frequency	Months
------------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2


3.  Fragments in soil:  Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight 
rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.



	Property evaluated: WTD_AVG FRAGS > 250mm 0-30cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 5 to 15 percent
		Not limiting		 < 5 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.	



4.  Surface fragments:  Soils that have large fragments on the surface have reduced trafficability.  The large rock fragments on the surface must be removed.  Rock fragment coverage 
criteria are as follows.


	Property evaluated: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE  (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 15 percent
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 3 to 15 percent
		Not limiting		 < 3 percent
		
	Null surface fragment coverage is assigned to the Well suited class.



5.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the leaching and seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is 
unimpeded and leaching and seepage may become an environmental, health, and performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat within a depth of 200cm.

            Property used: KSAT HIGHEST MINIMUM, 0-200CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                 	> 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Somewhat Limiting       	 > 14.1 and <= 42.0 micrometers/sec
                    Not limiting           	 =< 14.1 micrometers/sec

            Null Ksat values are assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.


6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil 
features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	
	
7.  Ponding:  If the number of months a soil component has frequent or occasional ponding falls within the following parameters then the rule returns a value greater than 0 and ponding is 
a limiting feature:

Ponding Frequency	Months
-----------------	------
Frequent		>0
Occasional		>2



8.  Mean annual precipitation: Localities that have low rainfall are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low rainfall, moisture will need to be added to 
maintain biological activity in the composting mass.  The site feature considered is mean annual precipitation.

	Property used: PRECIPITATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 400 mm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 400-1200 mm
		Not limiting		 > 1200 mm
		
	Null precipitation is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
	
	
	
9.  Slope:  The slope of the soil surface influences its trafficability for equipment and also can cause erosion hazard if steep.

	Property evaluated: SLOPE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 8 percent  
		Somewhat limiting 	<= 8 to 3 percent
		Not limiting		< 3 percent
		
	Null slopes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
10.  Low strength: Soils with high AASHTO Group Index have low strength which affects the soil's traffic-supporting capacity.  This condition is only partially restrictive when clay 
mineralogy is kaolinitic.  Soil feature considered is the AASHTO Group Index of the
thickest soil layer between 25 and 100cm or above a cemented restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.

        Property used: AASHTO GROUP INDEX NUMBER THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 10-40 in. (Modality - high, low, representative value)

        Restriction limits:
                Limiting                	=> 8
                Somewhat limiting        	> 5 to < 8
                Not limiting           	 	=< 5

        Null AASHTO Group Index values are assigned to the ""Not rated"".
        
        
        
11.  Mean annual air temperature: Localities that have very low or very high mean annual air temperature are limited for use as composting facilities.  In places that have low mean annual 
air temperature, the onset of decomposition may be delayed by low biological activity in the composting mass.  The additional expense of covering or insulating the composting mass may be 
incurred.  In very warm areas, adding extra water and more frequent turning of the mass adds to the cost of composting.  The site feature considered is mean annual air temperature.

	Property used: MEAN ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 <= 8 and >30 degrees C 
		Somewhat limiting	 8 to <=10 and 22 to <=30 degrees C
		Not limiting		 >10 to <=22 degrees C
		
	Null mean annual air temperature is assigned to the ""Not rated"" class.

12.  Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and 
levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is 
applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive 
feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting		=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class."|07/27/2017 17:30:06|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392855"
"FL117"|"FOR - Construction Limitations for Haul Roads/Log Landings"|"limitation"|"FOR - CONSTRUCTION LIMITATIONS FOR HAUL ROADS/LOG LANDINGS
----------------------------------------------------------
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings reflect limitations for constructing haul roads and log landings.

Ratings assess:

* Earth moving activities to meet standards and specifications for haul roads and log landings.

* Excavating, removal and shaping of native soil materials to develop haul roads and log landings for forest harvesting and other management activities.  

* Cuts and fills less than 10 feet in depth.

* The use of bladed crawler tractors, excavators, graders and other primary construction equipment.

* Year-round water tables, year-round ponding and permafrost.

* Frequency and duration of flooding.

Ratings assume:

* Construction activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.  

* Roads are up to one mile in length with up to a 20-foot running surface.

Ratings do no assess:

* Snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Slight - Little or no limitations to construction activities.

* Moderate - One or more limitations that cause some difficulty.

* Severe - One or more limitations that make road or log landing construction very difficult or more costly.

Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392856"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.92	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 TO 30cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sp (0-15cm), sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	ml
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.89	cl
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.81	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.80	cl-ml
	0.79	sm, sw-sm
	0.72	ol
	0.68	oh
	0.64	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 8 to 23cm
	0.92	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392889"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	sm, sw-sm
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.85	ml
	0.70	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.73	mh
	0.72	ch
	0.71	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.49	cl 
	0.48	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.47	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.90	ch
	0.89	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.88	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.85	sc-sm
	0.82	mh
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.70	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.66	ml
	0.48	cl-ml, ol, oh
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392888"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 4 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-4 vehicles are most medium tanks, tractors with high contact pressures, and all-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles with low contact pressures.  Examples include heavy tracked vehicles in the range of 120,000 to 140,000 pound vehicle weights to wheeled vehicles in the range of 17,000 to 25,000 vehicle weight (Truck, van, 2-1/2 ton, 6x6, M109A1).  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 4.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.96	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm
	0.95	ml 
	0.94	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.89	cl
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.81	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.80	cl-ml
	0.79	sm, sm-sw
	0.76	ml
	0.72	ol
	0.68	oh
	0.64	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.95	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.94	mh
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	ol
	0.90	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.89	cl, oh	
	0.81	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392887"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.94	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sp (0-15cm)
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	cl, ml
	0.87	mh, sp-sm
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.83	cl-ml
	0.82	sm, sw-sm
	0.81	ol
	0.72	oh
	0.68	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 30cm
	0.94	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392886"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 50-pass wet season

Summary:   Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	sm, sw-sm
	0.92	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.85	ml
	0.70	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.76	mh
	0.72	ch
	0.71	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.49	cl 
	0.48	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.47	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.96	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.90	ch
	0.89	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.88	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.85	sc-sm
	0.82	mh
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.70	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.66	ml
	0.48	cl-ml, ol, oh
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392885"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 3 1-pass wet season

Summary:   Military category type-3 vehicles are tractors with average contact pressures, tanks with comparatively low contact pressures, and some trailed vehicles with very low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 3.  Examples include heavy tracked vehicles such as M1 tanks,  amored bulldozer, or 105mm Howitzer or lighter wheeled vehicles such as 5 ton 6x6 cargo truck or  2.5 ton 4x4 cargo trucks with20-36 thousand pound vehicle weight.   Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.97	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.96	sc-sm, ml 
	0.95	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	cl
	0.87	sp-sm, mh
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.83	cl-ml
	0.82	sm, sm-sw
	0.81	ol
	0.79	ml
	0.72	oh
	0.68	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 30cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	ch
	0.96	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.95	mh
	0.94	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.93	ol
	0.92	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.91	cl, oh	
	0.85	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sp-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 8 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392884"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  The exeption is the sandy Unified Class of the thickest layer which is within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw,gp,sw,sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.96	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.96	ch, sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm, cl
	0.91	sp-sm, ml
	0.88	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.87	cl-ml
	0.86	sm, sw-sm, ol
	0.82	oh
	0.73	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.96	sp, 0 to 15cm

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392883"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a maximum of 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.95	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.92	ml
	0.89	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.86	ch
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc 
	0.84	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.82	sc-sm
	0.81	mh
	0.71	cl
	0.69	sp-sm
	0.67	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.65	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.49	cl-ml
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.93	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	sc-sm
	0.89	mh
	0.86	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.85	cl
	0.82	sm, sw-sm
	0.73	ml
	0.69	cl-ml, ol
	0.65	oh
	0.49	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392882"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 2 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-2 vehicles are engineer and high speed tractors with comparatively wide tracks and low contact pressures such as wide tracked tanks or landing vehicles (25,000-100,000 pound vehicle weight) or lighter wheeled vehicles such as pickup trucks and HumVee (3,000 to 10,000 vehicle weight).  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 2.   Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.97	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, , mh, ml, cl
	0.96	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.96	ch
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm, cl
	0.91	sp-sm
	0.88	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.87	cl-ml
	0.86	ml, ol, sm, sw-sm
	0.82	oh
	0.73	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.97	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch 
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, mh
	0.95	ol
	0.94	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, cl-ml, oh
	0.90	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392881"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 dry season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch).  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships, which produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  The exeption is the sandy Unified Class of the thickest layer which is within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw,gp,sw,sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.98	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw
	0.98	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp (0 to 15cm), sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, cl
	0.97	mh, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ml, cl-ml, ol
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, oh
	0.94	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 23cm
	0.98	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392880"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch).  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a maximum of 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.96	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, mh, cl
	0.95	ml
	0.94	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.93	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, ch
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.91	sc-sm
	0.90	cl	
	0.86	mh
	0.84	sp-sm
	0.82	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ml
	0.81	cl-ml
	0.80	sm, sw-sm
	0.73	ol
	0.69	oh
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ch
	0.95	sc-sm
	0.94	mh
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	ol
	0.91	cl-ml
	0.90	sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, oh
	0.82	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392879"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 1 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type 1 vehicles are lightweight vehicles with low contact pressure (less than 2.0 pounds per square inch) such as amphibious tracked vehicles used to carry cargo.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 1.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, pt
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 100%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 100%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.
 
When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, mh, ml, cl, cl-ml 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.98	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, cl 
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sp-sm, mh, ml, cl-ml, ol
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, oh
	0.94	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 23cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.99	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm, ch, mh  
	0.98	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol
	0.97	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is common and more persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.85	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.65	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sc-sm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, cl
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 23cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sp-sm, sc-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl
	0.45	all others

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392878"
"FL117"|"MIL - Helicopter Landing Zones (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Helicopter Landing Zones

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military training and support activities on soil and the soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restrictive soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources.  Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's surface property has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Helicopter Landing Zones are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used as landing zones.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.

The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on site preparation and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after landing zones have been constructed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Helicopter Landing Zones are areas that are developed to land helicopters and transport troops and supplies.  Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence construction, maintenance, and readiness of helicopter landing zones.  Dusty surface layer, slope, or the amount of large stones influence the development and functionality of an area for landing helicopters.  Flooding or ponding may restrict the period when the landing zone can be used. 

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Flooding: Flooding limits construction and maintenance of fencing.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""frequent"", ""occasional"", ""rare"" or ""very rare""
		Not limiting	= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	  = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	3.  Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: ""USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting	all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	4.  Slope: Slopes impede the operation of helicopters due to the risk of the tail rotor striking the ground, the aircraft sliding downslope, and other safety concerns.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting	=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

	5.  Content of large stones: Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter in soil surface layer are may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 3%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1% to < 3%
		Not limiting	 =< 0.1%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class."|01/16/2013 17:33:04|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392877"
"FL117"|"MIL - Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"Rule: MIL - Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources.  Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non- limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 180 cm (72 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified providing the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated large vehicle and weapons emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.

The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after weapons and vehicles have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and weapon readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Vehicle Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for troop, vehicle, and weapon protection and support bases.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and weapon readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect weapon readiness.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Criterion name: Clayey 35 To 80%

    Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult
    to compact.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum
    percent clay.

            Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT Maximum"" (Modality - high,
            low, and representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                >= 80%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 35 to < 80%
                    Not limiting            <= 35%

            Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Clay (35 to 80% Maximum)

        This evaluation checks the soil's clay content within a
        depth of and indexes the degree to which clay content is
        limiting.  Where the soil property ""CLAY PERCENT Maximum
        (TX)"" is:

                 => 80% the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 35 and < 80% the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as a number
        between 0 and 1.0.
                 =< 35% the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: CLAY PERCENT Maximum

            Data used: claytotal from component horizon table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Clay percent

            Logic: Finds the maximum clay percent for any
            horizon.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: normally each
            has a single value.

2.  Criterion name: Cutbank Caving Implicit

    Cutbanks cave: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or
    texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols than
    cutbanks have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for
    all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed
    to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and
    caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury
    or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture
    modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.

            Property used: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting         matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*""
                                or matches ""* GR""
               Somewhat limiting       all other USDA textures

            Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    OR

           Property used: TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting         = ""vertisols""
                    Not limiting    not = ""vertisols""

            Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not rated class.

        Evaluation applied: Taxonomic Order - Vertisol

        This evaluation checks soil's taxonomic order and indexes
        the degree to which order is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""TAXONOMIC ORDER"" matches:

                ""vertisols"" the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: TAXONOMIC ORDER

            Data used: taxorder from component table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Taxonomic order.

            Logic:  Finds the taxonomic order for the component
            and returns the name as the rv.

        Evaluation applied: USDA Texture Class & Modifiers - Sand
        and Sandy Gravel

        This evaluation checks the USDA texture group of the soil
        horizon between 50 and 180cm and indexes the degree to
        which the texture group is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm"" matches:

                ""*S *"", ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm
            
            Data used: texture_modifier_and_class from component
            horizon texture group table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Texture group.
                    2.  RV or First texture group
                    3.  In depth 50 to 180cm
                    4.  RV or first texture matches ""*S *"",
            ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR*""

            Logic:  Finds the USDA texture group and class codes
            for all horizons that have any portion in the depth
            range 20"" to 72"" (50-180 cm).

            Returns the group and class codes in rv: may have
            multiple values.

        Evaluation applied: USDA Texture Class & Modifiers - Sand
        and Sandy Gravel

        This evaluation checks the USDA texture group of the soil
        horizon between 50 and 180cm and indexes the degree to
        which the texture group is limiting.  Where the soil
        property ""USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm""
        matches:

                ""*S *"", ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 1.0.
                else the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm
          
            Data used: texture_modifier_and_class from component
            horizon texture group table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Texture group.
                    2.  RV or First texture group
                    3.  In depth 50 to 180cm
                    4.  RV or first texture matches ""*S *"",
            ""*S"", ""GR*"", or ""* GR*""

            Logic:  Finds the USDA texture group and class codes
            for all horizons that have any portion in the depth
            range 20"" to 72"" (50-180 cm).

            Returns the group and class codes in rv: may have
            multiple values.

3.  Criterion name: Depth to Cemented Pan 0 to 180cm

    Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components.  Depth to restrictive feature must be
    synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
    the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                 = 0cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 0 and < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
    AND
            Property used: ""KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality -
    representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting             = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or
    ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
                    Not limiting     not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or
    ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
    AND

            Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS""
    (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                not = ""Noncemented""
                    Not limiting                = ""Noncemented""

            Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to First Restrictive Feature 0
        to 180cm

        This evaluation checks the depth of the first restrictive
        feature and indexes the degree to which restrictive
        feature depth is limiting.  Where the soil property
        ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE"" is:
                  = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                  => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

            Data used:  resdept from the component restrictions table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Depth to the top of the first restrictive layer

            Logic:  Finds the top depth of the first restrictive
            feature.

        Evaluation applied: First Restrictive Feature Hardness =
        Noncemented

        This evaluation checks the hardness of any cemented pan
        and indexes the degree to which cemented pan hardness is
        limiting.  Where the soil property ""RESTRICTIVE FEATURE
        HARDNESS (TX)"" is:
                 not = ""Noncemented"" the soil is limited and the
        degree of limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                     = ""Noncemented"" the soil is not limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS
            (TX)

            Data used:  reshard from the component restrictions
            table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Restrictive feature hardness

            Logic:  Finds the restrictive feature hardness.

            Returns values for rv.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Cemented Pan
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic""
        or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" the soil is limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number
        1.0.
                 Not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic""
        or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" the soil is not limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used:  reskind from the component restrictions
            table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Restrictive feature type

            Logic:  Finds the soil's first restrictive feature
            kind.

            Returns the restrictive feature kind as rv, having a
            single value.

4.  Criterion name: Depth to Dense Layer; BD > 1.8 Within 180cm (TX)

    Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such
    as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground
    practice components.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality
            - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Somewhat limiting        < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to High Bulk Density > 1.8; 0
        to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of a dense layer
        and if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses
        the degree to which ""DENSE LAYER"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC
        (TX)"" is:

                 = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)

            Data used:  hzdept and dbthirdbar_h from the
            component table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Horizon depth to the first layer with
            bulk density high > 1.8

            Logic:  Finds the depth to the top of the first
            horizon having a high bulk density greater than 1.8
            g/cc.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

5.  Criterion name: Depth to Hard Bedrock 120 to 180cm (TX)
    Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top
    depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock
    (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
    depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                =< 120cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 120cm and < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    AND
            Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting             = ""bedrock (lithic)""
                    Not limiting    not  = ""bedrock (lithic)""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting
            class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Bedrock 120 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of ""bedrock*"" and
        if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses the
        degree to which ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" is:

                 =< 120cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 120cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)

            Data used: resdept and reskind from component
            restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*"" and if true
                    2.  resdepth

            Logic:  Reports the top depth of the first
            restrictive layer where kind equal bedrock.  Depth
            to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
            depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
            the horizon table.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Hard Bedrock
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""bedrock (lithic)"" the soil is limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as the number
        1.0.
                 Not = ""bedrock (lithic)"" the soil is not limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used: reskind from component restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*""

            Logic:  Reports the first restrictive layer kind.

6.  Criterion name: Depth to Soft Bedrock 50 to 180cm (TX)

    Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site
    preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of
    underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top
    depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock
    (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must
    be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown
    in the horizon table.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Somewhat limiting        < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

    AND
            Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting       = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
               Not limiting   not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""

            Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Bedrock 50 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of ""bedrock*"" and
        if present indexes the depth.  This index expresses the
        degree to which ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK"" is a limiting feature.
        Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" is:

                 =< 50cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 50cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                 => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)

            Data used: resdept and reskind from component
            restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*"" and if true
                    2.  resdepth

            Logic:  Reports the top depth of the first
            restrictive layer where kind equal bedrock.  Depth
            to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the
            depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in
            the horizon table.

        Evaluation applied: Restrictive Feature; Soft Bedrock
        (TX)

        This evaluation checks restrictive feature kind of
        bedrock and indexes the degree to which the type of
        bedrock is limiting.  Where the soil property ""KIND OF
        BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" is:

                     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"", ""bedrock (densic)""
        the soil is limited and the degree of limitation index is
        expressed as the number 1.0.
                 Not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"", ""bedrock (densic)""
        the soil is not limited and the degree of limitation
        index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)

            Data used: reskind from component restriction table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  reskind imatches ""bedrock*""

            Logic:  Reports the first restrictive layer kind.

7.  Criterion name: Depth to Water Table 0 to 180cm (TX)

    Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are
    slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of
    heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the
    first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during
    any month.

            Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                 = 0cm
                    Somewhat limiting        > 0 to < 180cm
                    Not limiting            => 180cm

            Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Depth to Water Table 0 to 180cm (TX)

        The evaluation checks for the presence of a wet or
        saturated layer and if present indexes the depth.  This
        index expresses the degree to which ""WETNESS"" is a
        limiting feature.  Where the soil property ""DEPTH TO HIGH
        WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" is:
                  = 0cm the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                  > 0cm and < 180cm the soil is somewhat limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as a
        number between 0 and 1.0.
                  => 180cm the soil is not limited and the degree
        of limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM
            (TX)

            Data used: comonth.month, soimoiststat, and
            soimoistdept from component month and component soil
            moisture table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  soimoiststat = ""wet"" or ""saturation""
                    2.  resdepth

            Finds the shallowest depth to soil moisture status
            ""wet"" or ""saturation"".

8.  Criterion name: Flooding Occasional or Frequent (TX)

    Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence
    seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting
    species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact
    of this limitation.

            Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)""
            (Modality - representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Somewhat limiting   = ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
               Not limiting        = ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""

            Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Flooding ""FREQUENT"" or Greater (TX)

        This evaluation checks soil's flooding frequency and
        indexes the degree to which flooding is limiting.  Where
        the soil property ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS (TX)"" is:

                 = ""frequent"" or ""very frequent"" the soil is
        limited and the degree of limitation is expressed as the
        number 1.0.
             not = ""frequent"" or ""very frequent"" the soil is not
        limited and the degree of limitation is expressed as the
        number 0.

            Data required: FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest
            (TX)

            Data used: flodfreqcl from the component month
            (comonth) table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Flood Frequency class

            Logic:  Finds the longest flooding frequency classes
            for all months.

            Returns each distinct frequency class in rv:
            multiple values are possible.

        Evaluation applied: Flooding ""OCCASIONAL"" (TX)

        This evaluation checks soil's flooding frequency and
        indexes the degree to which flooding is limiting.  Where
        the soil property ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS (TX)"" is:

                 = ""occasional"" the soil is limited and the
        degree of limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 not = ""occasional"" the soil is not limited and
        the degree of limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest
            (TX)
            Data used: flodfreqcl from the component month
            (comonth) table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  Flood Frequency class

            Logic:  Finds the longest flooding frequency classes
            for all months.

            Returns each distinct frequency class in rv:
            multiple values are possible.

9.  Criterion name: Fragments >75mm, 15 to 50% by Wght. Av. 0-72"" (TX)

    Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil
    and restricts position installation and site reclamation.  Soil feature
    considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size
    greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0
    to 180 cm deep.

            Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-180cm
            (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting                => 50%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 15% and  < 50%
                    Not limiting            =< 15%

            Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

        Evaluation applied: Fragments >75mm, 15 to 50%, Wght. Av.
        0-180cm (0-72"") (TX)

        The weighted average of the component horizon
        rock_frag_3_to_10_in and rock_frag_greater_than_10_in to
        a depth of 180cm (72"") indexes the degree to which LARGE
        STONES are limiting.  Where the soil property ""FRAGMENTS
        > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-180cm (TX)"" is:
                 => 50 the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 15 and < 50 the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation is expressed as a number between
        0 and 1.0.
                 =< 15 the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN
            DEPTH 0-180cm (TX)

            Data used: frag3to10 and fraggt10_r from component
            horizon table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  LAYER THICKNESS IN RANGE; ABOVE A
            RESTRICTIVE LAYER
                    2.  THICKEST LAYER
                    3.  frag3to10 and fraggt10_r

            Logic: Finds the average percentage of rock
            fragments of size greater than 3"" in the horizons
            from 0"" to 72"" (0 to 180 cm) deep or first
            restrictive layer.  Uses the rock percents from the
            Horizon table.  To compute a weighted average, the
            sum of rock 3-10"" and rock > 10"" for each horizon is
            multiplied by the horizon thickness, then averaged
            over all horizons to 72"".

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

10.  Criterion name: Humus Between 50 to 150cm (TX)

     Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high
    in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil
    feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers
    between 50 and 150cm.

            Property used: ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
                    Limiting        = pt, ol, or oh
                    Not limiting    not = pt, ol, or oh

            Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Unified; (Organic 50 to 150cm (20-
        60"")) (TX)

        This evaluation checks the Unified class of the soil
        between a depth of 50 to 150cm and indexes the degree to
        which unified class is limiting.  Where the soil property
        ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" is:

                     = ""OL"", ""OH"", or ""PT"" the soil is limited
        and the degree of limitation index is expressed as the
        number 1.0.
                 not = ""OL"", ""OH"", or ""PT"" the soil is not
        limited and the degree of limitation index is expressed
        as the number 0.

            Data required: UNIFIED IN SURFACE THICKER THEN 25CM
            (TX)

            Data used: unifiedcl, hzdept_r, hzdepb_r, and
            rvindicator from component, chorizon, and chunified
            tables.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Horizon depth;
                    2.  Unified class
                    3.  unified class rv flag set.

            Logic:  Finds the Unified class of the surface soil
            thicker then 25cm, where the unified rv is set to
            yes else the first unified class listed is selected.
            The representative or first unified class for each
            horizon is returned as the rv value.

11.  Criterion name: Ponding Duration All (TX)

    Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and
    affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil
    feature considered is ponding duration.

            Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality -
            representative value)

            Restrictive limits:
               Limiting     = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
               Not limiting = ""none""

            Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

        Evaluation applied: Ponding Duration (All) (TX)

        This evaluation checks for the duration of Ponding.
        Where the soil property ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" is:
                 = ""VERY BRIEF"", ""BRIEF"", ""LONG"" or ""VERY LONG""
        the soil is limited and the degree of limitation index is
        expressed as the number 1.0.
                 = null the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: PONDING DURATION (TX)

            Data used: ponddurcl from component month table.
                    Considerations:
                    1.  Ponding duration.

            Logic:  Finds the  ponding duration classes for all
            months.

            Returns values for low, high, and rv: each has a
            single value.

12.  Criterion name: Slopes 8 to 15% (TX)

    Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and
    may require special system design and construction to overcome the
    slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.

            Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high,
            representative value)

            Restriction limits:
                    Limiting                => 15%
                    Somewhat limiting        > 8 and < 15%
                    Not limiting            =< 8%

            Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

        Evaluation applied: Slope 8 to 15% (TX)

        This evaluation checks slope and indexes the degree to
        which slope is limiting.  Where the soil property ""SLOPE
        (TX)"" is:
                 => 15 the soil is limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 1.0.
                 > 8 and < 15 the soil is somewhat limited and
        the degree of limitation index is expressed as a number
        between 0 and 1.0.
                 =< 8 the soil is not limited and the degree of
        limitation index is expressed as the number 0.

            Data required: SLOPE (TX)

            Data used: slope from the component table.
                    Consideration:
                    1.  slope percent

            Logic:  Finds the low, high, and rv values for
            component slope."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392876"
"FL117"|"MIL - Excavations for Individual Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 60 cm (24 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated for individual fighting emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its natural condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.
 
The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after fighting positions have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and position readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Individual Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 2 or 3 feet.  They are used for troop.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching tools and shovels.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and position readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect position readiness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 0 and 60cm.
		
	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 0-60CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 80%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 35 to < 80%
		Not limiting		<= 35%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 and < 50cm
		Not limiting		>= 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: ""WTTP-KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	     	Not limiting	 not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND

	Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
	     	Not limiting		    = ""Noncemented""
		
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

	3.  Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

	4.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 25cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25 and < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (lithic)"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	5.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact of this limitation.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	8.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 50 cm deep.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-50CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 65%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 20% and < 65%
		Not limiting		=< 20%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

	9.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class."|01/11/2013 22:10:07|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392875"
"FL117"|"MIL - Excavations Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Position (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military train and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restricting soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The rating are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  The soil interpretations for Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions are designed to be used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for sites to be used and excavated weapon emplacements.  As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its present condition and does not consider present land use.  The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties for that use.
 
The soil feature(s) is identified for its affects on excavation, site preparation, and ease of maintenance.  These soil feature(s) also determines the performance to be expected after weapons have been placed and the kind and degree of future maintenance required to maintain the site and weapon readiness.  Minor soil features are not identified or considered as part of the initial rating process but could be important factors where the major soil feature restrictions are overcome through design application.  Use of the soil interpretation rating guides in the planning and evaluation process allows the user to identify and recommend site selection and to plan alternative measures that minimize impacts on the soil resource.

Description:  Excavations for Crew-Served Weapon Fighting Positions are trenches or holes dug in the soil to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet.  They are used for troop and weapon protection and support bases.  The excavations are most commonly made by trenching machines or backhoes.

Soil properties and qualities, limits, and restrictive features used in rating are based on the soil properties that influence ease of digging, resistance to sloughing, and weapon readiness.  Depth to bedrock or cemented pan, hardness of bedrock or a cemented pan, and the amount of large stones influence the ease of digging, filling, and compacting.  Depth to the seasonal high water table and flooding may restrict the period when excavations can be made and can affect weapon readiness.  Slope influences the ease of using machinery.  Soil texture and depth to water table influence the resistance to sloughing.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to compact.  Soil feature considered is the maximum percent clay between 0 and 120cm.
		
	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 0-120CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 80%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 35 to < 80%
		Not limiting		<= 35%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Cutbanks cave: If soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly or soil order is Vertisols than cutbanks have a high potential to cave in.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury or death.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and taxonomic order.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE GROUP IN DEPTH 50-180cm (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting 		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Property used: WTTP-TAXONOMIC ORDER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""vertisols""
		Not limiting	not = ""vertisols""
		
	Null Taxonomic Order is assigned to the Not rated class.

	3.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 and < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: ""WTTP-KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	     	Not limiting	 not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND

	Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
	     	Not limiting		    = ""Noncemented""
		
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

	4.  Dense layer: The presence of a dense layer limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BULK DENSITY >1.8 G/CC (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limited class.

	5.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 75cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 75cm and < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (lithic)"" 
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	 < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND
	Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	     	Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
		
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 = 0cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 0 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	8.  Flooding: The frequency, timing, and duration of flooding can influence seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and stand survival.  Planting species that are tolerant to wet soil conditions minimizes the impact of this limitation.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	9.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in  horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 120cm deep.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-120CM (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15% and < 50%
		Not limiting		=< 15%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

	10.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the soil layers between 50 and 150cm.
	
	Property used: ""UNIFIED IN DEPTH 50-150cm (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	11.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	12.  Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated."|12/02/2015 22:37:38|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392874"
"FL117"|"MIL - Bivouac Areas (DOD)"|"limitation"|"MIL - Bivouac Areas

Summary: Military interpretations provide a tool for managing the impact of military training and support activities on soil and soil landscape.  Soils vary in their capacity to support these activities and the ratings reflect limitations that individual soils may have.  Restrictive soil features guide the user in predicting how the soil will respond to management.  The ratings are for the soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use, existing vegetation, or water sources. Site evaluation and planning, however, should consider these items.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

Scope:  Bivouac areas are tracts of land used intensively as sites for field operation centers for military activity.  Bivouac areas require such site preparation as shaping and leveling in the areas used for tents and parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines.  Bivouac areas are also subject to heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic.

The MIL - Bivouac Areas interpretation provides information about the soil limitations for use as a bivouac and identifies those soil properties that influence the ease of developing bivouac areas and the performance of the area after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are also important.  For tent or remote camp sites, the limitations would be less restrictive.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, and depth to bedrock or a cemented pan are the main concerns in developing bivouac areas.  For good trafficability, the surface of bivouac area should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and presence of toxic materials.  Soils that are subject to flooding are particularly hazardous for bivouac areas because of the danger to life and property.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Too clayey: Clayey surface layers are slippery and sticky when wet, are slow to dry, and, when dry, are usually hard.  Timing and techniques that are used in preparing a seedbed and in planting the seeds, mechanical use, and large animal hoof impact are affected.  Hard surfaces affect seedling emergence and survival.  These factors should be considered in selecting alternatives for use and management.

	Property used: ""CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>= 40%
		Somewhat limiting	> 27 to < 40%
		Not limiting	<= 27%
			
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	2.  Cobble content: Excessive cobbles (rock fragments, 3 to 10 inches in size) in the surface layer may impede road and trail construction and maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight coarse fragments 3 to 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS 75mm to 250mm SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to < 75%
		Not limiting		=< 25%
		
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	3.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock*"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	4.  Wetness:  A seasonal high water table results in poorly drained soils that are wet, have low trafficability, and maybe boggy.

	Property used: ""DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 45cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 45 to < 75cm
		Not limiting	=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	5.  Sodium content: High concentrations of exchangeable sodium cause poor soil conditions that restrict trafficability and the growth of most plants.
		
	Property used: ""SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50cm (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Not limiting	 < 13			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	6.  Flooding: Flooding from stream overflow, runoff, or high tides adversely affects the use and management of these areas.  Flooding delays use of the area until the floodwater has receded and the soils have dried sufficiently to allow renewed activity.

	Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""occasional"", ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	7.  Too Gravelly: High gravel content in the soil surface may impede road and trail construction and maintenance.

	Property used: ""COARSE FRAGMENTS 2 to 75MM IN SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 50%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 25% to < 50%
		Not limiting		 =< 25%
		
	Null passing #10 sieve is assigned to the Not lilmiting class.

	8.  Percs slowly: The slow movement of water through the soil can cause periodic wet soil conditions and increased runoff potential.
		
	Property used: ""KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Very limited	=< 0.42 micrometers/second
		Limited		 > 0.42 and < 4.2 micrometers/second
		Not limiting	=> 4.2 micrometers/second	
		
	Null Ksat is assigned to the not limiting class.

	9.  Ponding: Ponding restricts trafficability and access to these areas and affects revegetation and plant growth during periods of wetness.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: ""PONDING DURATION (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting	 = ""none""
		
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	10. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity in the surface layer may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the electrical conductivity of the surface layer.
		
	Property used: ""SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8 
		Somewhat limiting	=> 4 to < 8
		Not limiting		 < 4			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.

	11. Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 8 and < 15%
		Not limiting		=< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

	12. Content of large stones: Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter in soil surface layer are may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 10 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS > 250mm SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 => 3%
		Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1% to < 3%
		Not limiting		 =< 0.1%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	13. Too acid: Soils that are too acid restrict plant growth and site reclamation.  Acid soils generally contain sulfuric acid, have low base saturation, and have the potential for aluminum and/or manganese toxicity.  The addition of soil amendments and/or the selection of species that are tolerant to acid conditions are management considerations.
	
	Property used: ""SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=< 4.0
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4.0 to < 6.0
		Not limiting		=> 6.0
		
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.

	14. Sandy or loamy surface: Sandy surface layers are soft and loose, highly permeable, and generally low in fertility.  Planting techniques, seedling emergence, and survival are adversely affected.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: ""USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER (TX)"" (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		""COS"", ""S"", ""FS"", and ""VFS""
		Somewhat Limiting	""LFS"", ""LVFS"", ""LCOS"", AND ""LS""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture is assigned to the Not rated class."|01/10/2013 22:59:31|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392873"
"FL117"|"Ground Penetrating Radar Penetration"|"limitation"|"Introduction

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used by a diverse group of service providers that include agronomist, archaeologists, criminologists, engineers, environmental specialists, foresters, geologists, geophysicists, hydrologists, land use managers, and soil scientists. In recent years, GPR has gained recognition in the search for terrorism and military hazards. A common concern of GPR service providers is whether or not GPR will be able to achieve the desired depth of penetration in the soils of a project area. In many soils, high rates of signal attenuation severely restrict penetration depths and limit the suitability of GPR for a large number of applications. In saline and sodic soils, where penetration depths are often less than 10 inches (Daniels, 2004), GPR is unsuited to most applications. In wet clays, where penetration depths are typically less than 40 inches (Doolittle et al., 2002), GPR has very low potentials for most applications. However, GPR is highly suited to most applications in dry sands and gravels, where penetration depths can exceed 160 feet with low frequency antennas (Smith and Jol, 1995). 

Most GPR service providers have limited knowledge of soils and are unable to foretell attenuation rates, penetration depths, and the general suitability of the soils within project areas to GPR. Knowledge of the probable penetration depth and the relative suitability of soils would help service providers assess the appropriateness of using GPR and the likelihood of achieving acceptable results. Soil attribute data contained in the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) and the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) data bases have been used to develop thematic maps showing, at different scales and levels of resolution, the relative suitability of soils for many GPR applications. Both STATSGO and SSURGO data bases consist of digital map data, attribute data, and Federal Geographic Data Committee compliant metadata. These data bases are linked to soil interpretation records, which contain data on the physical and chemical properties of approximately 21,000 different soils (USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1994). 


Factors Influencing the Penetration Depth of GPR

The penetration depth of GPR is determined by antenna frequency and the electrical conductivity of the earthen materials being profiled (Daniels, 2004). Soils having high electrical conductivity rapidly attenuate radar energy, restrict penetration depths, and severely limit the effectiveness of GPR. The electrical conductivity of soils increases with increases in water, clay and soluble salt contents. 

Electrical conductivity is directly related to the amount, distribution, chemical composition, and phase (liquid, solid, or gas) of the soil water (McNeill, 1980). At a given frequency, the attenuation of electromagnetic energy increases with increasing moisture contents (Daniels, 2004). The lack of adequate data on soil moisture and the high spatial and temporal variations in the degree of soil wetness within most soil map units precluded the use of moisture content in the preparation of GPR soil suitability maps. As a consequence, properties selected to prepare these maps principally reflect variations in the clay and soluble salt contents of soils. These properties include clay content and mineralogy, electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, and calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate contents. 

Clays have greater surface areas and can hold more water than the silt and sand fractions at moderate and higher water tensions. Because of their high adsorptive capacity for water and exchangeable cations, clays produce high attenuation losses (Daniels, 2004). As a consequence, the penetration depth of GPR is inversely related to clay content. While soils with more than 35 percent clay are restrictive, soils with less than 10 percent clay are generally favorable to deep penetration with GPR. 

Soils contain various proportions of different clay minerals (e.g., members of kaolin, mica, chlorite, vermiculite, smectite groups). The size, surface area, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), and water holding capacity of clay minerals vary greatly. Variations in electrical conductivity are attributed to differences in the CEC associated with different clay minerals (Saarenketo, 1998). Electrical conductivity increases with increasing CEC (Saarenketo, 1998). Soils with clay fractions dominated by high cation exchange capacity clays (e.g., smectitic and vermiculitic soil mineralogy classes) are more attenuating to GPR than soils with an equivalent percentage of low cation exchange capacity clays (e.g., kaolinitic, gibbsitic, and halloysitic soil mineralogy classes). Soils classified as kaolinitic, gibbsitic, and halloysitic characteristically have low cation-exchange capacity and low base saturation. As a general rule, for soils with comparable clay and moisture contents, greater depths of penetration can be achieved in highly weathered soils of tropical and subtropical regions that have kandic or oxic horizons than in soils of temperate regions that have argillic horizons. Compared with argillic horizons, kandic and oxic horizons have greater concentrations of low activity clays (Soil Survey Staff, 1999).

Electrical conductivity is directly related to the concentration of dissolved salts in the soil solution, as well as the type of exchangeable cations and the degree of dissociation of the salts on soil particles (Soil Survey Staff, 1993). The concentration of salts in the soil solution is dependent upon the degree of water-filled porosity, the soil texture, and the minerals found in soils. In semi-arid and arid regions, soluble salts and exchangeable sodium accumulate in the upper part of some soil profiles. These salts produce high attenuation losses that restrict penetration depths (Doolittle and Collins, 1995). Because of their high electrical conductivity, saline (saturated extract electrical conductivity  4 mmhos cm -1) and sodic (sodium absorption ratio  13) soils are considered unsuited to GPR. 

Calcareous and gypsiferous soils are characterized by layers with secondary accumulations of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, respectively. These soils mainly occur in base-rich, alkaline environments in semi-arid and arid regions. High concentrations of calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfate imply less intense leaching, prevalence of other soluble salts, greater quantities of inherited minerals from parent rock, and accumulations of specific mineral products of weathering (Jackson, 1959). Grant and Schultz (1994) observed a reduction in the depth of GPR signal penetration in soils that have high concentrations of calcium carbonate. 

GPR Soil Indices

Soil properties selected to prepare GPR soil suitability maps are summarized in Table 1. Attribute index values (AIV) were assigned to each of the selected soil properties based on field experiences. Lower AIVs are associated with lower rates of signal attenuation, greater penetration depths, and soil properties that are characteristically more suited to GPR. For clay content, AIVs range from 1 to 5. Mineral soils with clay contents less than 10 percent in all horizons within a depth of 3.3 feet have a very high potential for most GPR applications and are assigned an AIV of 1. Mineral soils with clay contents greater than 60 percent in one or more horizons within a depth of 3.3 feet have a very low potential for most GPR applications and are assigned an index value of 5. A mineralogy override is used for highly weathered soils that are dominated by low activity clay minerals. Based on taxonomic criteria, a textural adjustment is applied to all soils that have kandic or oxic horizons and more than 10 percent clay. Fabric adjustments and separate indices are used for organic soils. Organic soils with more acidic reactions (dysic; AIV of 1) are typically more nutrient deficient and less limiting to GPR than organic soils with more neutral or alkaline soil reactions (euic; AIV of 2). Distinctions are also made for organic soils with mineral layers that are more than 12 inches thick and occur within depths of 4.1 feet (terric taxonomic subgroup). Because of their unsuitability to GPR, saline and sodic soils are assigned an AIV of 6. Based principally on taxonomic criteria, mineral soils with less than 60 percent clay that are characterized by high gypsum and/or calcium carbonate contents are assigned an added AIV of 1. Very fine textured soils (>60 percent clay) have very low potential for GPR and were not assigned this additional AIV.

For each component of a soil map unit, the most limiting condition (highest AIV) for each of the selected properties (clay content, electrical conductivity or SAR, and calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate content) at the soil horizon level is selected. These index values are summed to a depth of 3.3 feet for mineral soils and 4.1 feet for organic soils. The summation of the most limiting conditions represents the component index value (CIV). A CIV is computed for each soil in the map unit. Table 2 shows the relative composition (percentage) of different soil components and their CIVs for a hypothetical soil map unit.

A relative suitability index (SI) is computed for each map unit by summing the percentages of soils with the same CIV. Table 3 shows the results of summing the soil component percentages by the CIVs shown in Table 2. The dominant CIV is 4 for the map unit shown in Table 3. Soils with this index value make up 38 percent of the map unit. However, this map unit is also composed of soils that have more limiting (21%) and more favorable (41%) CIVs. The SI for a map unit represents the most dominant attribute properties, but does not identify or weighs the proportion of other soils that have different CIVs and occur within the map unit.

The final product is a lookup table consisting of the map unit identifiers and dominant GPR suitability indices (SI) shown in Table 4. The dominant SI for the soil components is joined to the map unit identifiers and displayed in graduated colors on digital maps. 

Relative Suitability of Soils for GPR

Soil attribute index values and relative soil suitability indices are based on observed responses from antennas with center frequencies between 100 and 200 MHz. For mineral soils, the inferred SI is based on unsaturated conditions and the absence of contrasting materials within depths of 3.3 feet. Penetration depths and the relative suitability of mineral soils will be less under saturated conditions. Contrasting physical and chemical properties will also affect attenuation rates and penetration depths.

Areas dominated by mineral soil materials with less than 10 percent clay or very deep organic soils with pH values < 4.5 in all layers have very high potential (SI of 1) for GPR applications. Areas with very high potential afford the greatest possibility for deep, high resolution profiling with GPR. However, depending on the ionic concentration of the soil solution and the amounts and types of clay minerals in the soil matrix, signal attenuation and penetration depths will vary. With a 200 MHz antenna, in soils with very high potential for GPR, the effective penetration depth has averaged about 16.5 feet. However, because of variations in textural layering, mineralogy, soil water content, and the ionic concentration of the soil water, the depth of penetration can range from 3.3 to greater than 50 feet. 

Areas dominated by mineral soils with 18 to 35 percent clay or with 35 to 60 percent clay that are mostly low-activity clay minerals have moderate potential (SI of 3) for GPR. Low activity clays are principally associated with older, more intensely weathered soils that form in materials weathered from highly permeable granitic parent rock on the Piedmont and Coastal Plains of southeastern United States. In soils with moderate potential for GPR, the effective penetration depth with a 200 MHz antenna has averaged about 7 feet with a range of about 1.6 to 16 feet. Though penetration depths are restricted, soil polygons with moderate potential are suited to many GPR applications. 

Mineral soils with 35 to 60 percent clay, or calcareous and/or gypsiferous soils with 18 to 35 percent clay have low potential (SI of 4) for GPR. Areas with low potential are very depth restrictive to GPR. In soils with low potential for GPR, the depth of penetration with a 200 MHz antenna has averaged about 1.6 feet with a range of about 0.8 to 6.5 feet. 

Areas that are unsuited (SI >5) to GPR consist of saline and sodic soils. These soil map units are principally restricted to arid and semiarid regions and coastal areas of the United States.

A more readable document can be found at:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/geo/?cid=nrcs142p2_053623



References

Daniels, D. J. 2004. Ground Penetrating Radar, 2nd Edition. The Institute of Electrical Engineers, London, United Kingdom. 

Doolittle, J. A. and M. E. Collins. 1995. Use of soil information to determine application of ground-penetrating radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33:101-108.

Doolittle, J. A., F. E. Minzenmayer, S. W. Waltman, and E. C. Benham. 2002. Ground penetrating radar soil suitability map of the conterminous United States. 7-12 pp. In: Koppenjan, S. K., and L. Hua (Eds). Ninth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar. Proceedings of SPIE Volume 4158. 30 April to 2 May 2002. Santa Barbara, CA.

Grant, J. A. and P. H. Schultz. 1994. Erosion of ejecta at Meteor Crater: Constraints from ground penetrating radar. 789-803 pp. In: Proceedings Fifth International Conference on Ground-Penetrating Radar. Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research and the Canadian Geotechnical Society. June 1214, 1994, Kitchner, Ontario, Canada. 

Jackson, M. L. 1959. Frequency distribution of clay minerals in major great soil groups as related to the factors of soil formation. Clays and Clay Minerals 6: 133-143.

McNeill, J. D. 1980. Electrical conductivity of soils and rock. Technical Note TN-5. Geonics Limited, Mississauga, Ontario.

Saarenketo, T. 1998. Electrical properties of water in clay and silty soils. Journal of Applied Geophysics 40: 73-88.

Smith, D. G. and H. M. Jol. 1995. Ground-penetrating radar: antenna frequencies and maximum probable depths of penetration in Quaternary sediments. Journal of Applied Geophysics 33: 93-1.

Soil Survey Staff. 1993. Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service, Handbook No. 18, US Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.

Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil Taxonomy, A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys 2nd Edition. US Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 436, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1994. State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) Database - Data Use Information. Misc. Publication No. 1492. National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.

USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1995. Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database - Data Use Information. Misc. Publication No. 1527. National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.

----------------------------------------------------------Tables-----------------------------------------------

 
Table 1. Soil properties and attribute index values (AIV) used to calculate soil component index values.
CIV = (A + B + C).
A. Clay
A1.1. Mineral Soils
Clay content Attribute Index Value 
 10 1 
> 10 and  18 2 
> 18 and  35 3 
> 35 and  60 4 
> 60 5 

A1.2. Mineralogy override for low activity clays
Taxonomic Order Attribute Index Value 
All Oxisols and those Ultisols that belong
to Kandic subgroups or great groups % clay index (A1.1) - 1 

A2. Fabric override for Organic Soils
Soil reaction group and Taxonomic Subgroup Attribute Index Value 
Dysic and not Terric subgroup 1 
Euic and not Terric subgroup 2 
Terric subgroup % clay index + 1 

B. Electrical Conductivity (mmho/cm) and Sodium Absorption Ratio
Salinity and Sodicity Attribute Index Value 
EC  4 or SAR  13 6 

C. Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulfate
Determined from Taxonomic Classification Attribute Index Value 
Calcic or Gypsic great group or subgroup 1 
Calcareous reaction class 1 
Rendolls suborder 1 
Histosols order and Marly mineralogy
Calcic, Gypsic, Calcareous, Illitic (calcareous),
Montmorillonitic (calcareous), or
Mixed (calcareous) mineralogy 1 
(Determined from representative
Calcium carbonate percent) > 10 1

Table 2
Computed index values for soil components in a hypothetical Sharpsburg soil map unit
Soil component     Component percent     CIV
Sharpsburg                      84                       4
Pawnee                              6                       4
Judson                               4                       3
Nodaway                           4                       3
Colo                                   2                       4

Table 3
Soil Component percents summed by CIV for the hypothetical Sharpsburg soil map unit
Sum component  percent                    CIV
          92                                              4
            8                                              3



Table 4
GPR potential ratings based on group suitability indices (SI)
GPR suitability index                               Potential
         1                                                 Very high
         >1 to 2                                        High
         >2 to 3                                      Moderate
         >3 to 4                                           Low
         >4 to 5                                      Very low
            >5                                           Unsuited
         99                                              No data"|06/22/2011 15:44:42|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392872"
"FL117"|"GRL - Fencing, Post Depth =<36 inches"|"limitation"|"FENCING:
        1. Fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of animals and people.  Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts.  This rule was developed for conditions where the posts are set to a depth of 3 feet or less into the soil with strands of wire suspended between the posts.
 
        2. The guide, as shown in the Table below, is used to rate the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost.  Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug, metal posts are driven into the soil.
 
        3. Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts.  Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction.  Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost.  High water tables raise the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings.  High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment.  Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause lose of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography.  Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength.  Soil blowing causes maintenance problems.  Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts.  Steep slopes affect the use power augers and the delivery of supplies.  During the wet seasons surface creep on steep slopes increases maintenance.  Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs.
  
 
Table of Criteria for Fencing:

                            		 LIMITS

RATING CRITERIA 		WELL            	POORLY  	RESTRICTIVE
	OR PROPERTY     	SUITED   SUITED 	SUITED          FEATURE
 
1.      USDA TEXTURE     	---     ---    		ICE     	PERMAFROST 

1a.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---     ---    		SC, SIC, C      TOO CLAYEY
        AVE. 0-36"")
 
1b.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT AV.      ---    SC, SIC, C       ---    	TOO CLAYEY
        0-36"", KAOLINITIC
        MINERALOGY AND
        OXIC SUBGROUPS,
        AND OXISOLS AND
        UDIC MOISTURE
        REGIME)
 
1c.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---    LS, LCOS, VFS,  COS, S, 		TOO SANDY
        AV. 0-36"")              	LFS, LVFS       FS
 
2.      FLOODING        	NONE, RARE      OCCAS   FREQ    	FLOODING
 
3.      DEPTH TO BEDROCK         ---     ---    	<36     	DEPTH TO ROCK
        (HARD OR SOFT, IN)
 
4.      DEPTH TO CEMENTED        ---     ---    	<36     	CEMENTED PAN
        PAN (IN)
 

5.      WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     25-50   	>50     	TOO GRAVELLY
        2 mm-<3"" (0-36"")
 
5a.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     25-50   	>50     	TOO COBBLY
        3-10"" (0-36"")
  
5b.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<5      5-15    	>15     	TOO STONY
        >10"" (0-36"")
 
6.      SHRINK-SWELL     	---     ---   		 >6      	SHRINK-SWELL
        THICKEST LAYER
        0-36"", LE (PCT)


7.      PONDING  		---     ---      	+     		PONDING
 
8.      DEPTH TO HIGH   	>2.0     ---    	<2.0    	WETNESS
        WATER TABLE (FT)
 
9.      SLOPE (PCT)     	<8      8-15    	>15     	SLOPE
 
10.     POTENTIAL FROST
        ACTION   		---    HIGH    		 ---    	FROST ACTION
 
11.     SALINITY (MMHOS/CM)      ---    >8       	---    		EXCESS SALT
 
12.     SOIL REACTION (pH)       ---    <3.5     	---    		TOO ACID"|03/04/2015 16:20:09|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392871"
"FL117"|"GRL - Fencing, Post Depth =<24 inches"|"limitation"|"FENCING:
        1. Fencing is the construction and maintenance of barriers for the management of animals and people.  Fences are constructed using metal or wooden posts.  This rule was developed for conditions where the posts are set to a depth of 2 feet or less into the soil with strands of wire suspended between the posts.
 
        2. The guide, as shown in the Table below, is used to rate the ease of setting posts, maintaining the wire tension, and estimating the replacement and maintenance cost.  Excavations for wooden posts are made by power auger or hand dug, metal posts are driven into the soil.
 
        3. Bedrock, cemented pan, and large and small stones influence the excavation of post holes and the driving of posts.  Flooding and depth to a seasonal high water table may restrict the season of construction.  Flooding also affects maintenance and replacement cost.  High water tables raise the maintenance cost and require deeper post settings.  High shrink-swell soils require deep post settings or rock jacks to maintain vertical post alignment.  Setting posts in permanently frozen soil may cause lose of the insulation qualities of the soil and result in thermokarst topography.  Post alignment and maintaining the desired wire tension are often difficult on sandy soils due to their low strength.  Soil blowing causes maintenance problems.  Frost action results in frost-heaving of the posts.  Steep slopes affect the use power augers and the delivery of supplies.  During the wet seasons surface creep on steep slopes increases maintenance.  Soil reaction and salinity affect the type of post selected and maintenance costs.
 
         
 
Table of Criteria for Fencing:

                            		 LIMITS

RATING CRITERIA 		WELL            		POORLY  	RESTRICTIVE
	OR PROPERTY     	SUITED   	SUITED 		SUITED          FEATURE
 
1.      USDA TEXTURE     	---     	---    		ICE     	PERMAFROST 

1a.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---     	---    		SC, SIC, C      TOO CLAYEY
        AVE. 0-24"")
 
1b.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT AV.      ---    	SC, SIC, C       ---    	TOO CLAYEY
        0-24"", KAOLINITIC
        MINERALOGY AND
        OXIC SUBGROUPS,
        AND OXISOLS AND
        UDIC MOISTURE
        REGIME)
 
1c.     TEXTURE (WEIGHT  	---    LS, LCOS, VFS,  COS, S, 			TOO SANDY
        AV. 0-24"")              	LFS, LVFS       FS
 
2.      FLOODING        	NONE, RARE      OCCAS   	FREQ    	FLOODING
 
3.      DEPTH TO BEDROCK         ---     	---    		<24""     	DEPTH TO ROCK
        (HARD OR SOFT, IN)
 
4.      DEPTH TO CEMENTED        ---     	---    		<24""     	CEMENTED PAN
        PAN (IN)
 

5.      WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     	25-50   	>50     	TOO GRAVELLY
        2 mm-<3"" (0-24"")
 
5a.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<25     	25-50   	>50     	TOO COBBLY
        3-10"" (0-24"")	
  
5b.     WEIGHT PERCENT  	<5      	5-15    	>15     	TOO STONY
        >10"" (0-24"")
 
6.      SHRINK-SWELL     	---     	---   		 >6      	SHRINK-SWELL
        THICKEST LAYER
        0-24"", LE (PCT)


7.      PONDING  		---     	---      	+     		PONDING
 
8.      DEPTH TO HIGH   	>2.0     	---    		<2.0    	WETNESS
        WATER TABLE (FT)
 
9.      SLOPE (PCT)     	<8      	8-15    	>15     	SLOPE
 
10.     POTENTIAL FROST
        ACTION   		---    		HIGH    	---    		FROST ACTION
 
11.     SALINITY (MMHOS/CM)      ---    	>8       	---    		EXCESS SALT
 
12.     SOIL REACTION (pH)       ---    	<3.5     	---    		TOO ACID"|03/04/2015 16:20:09|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392870"
"FL117"|"Fragile Soil Index"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soils can be rated based on their susceptibility to degradation in the ""Fragile Soil Index"" interpretation.  Fragile soils are those that are most vulnerable to degradation. They are easily degraded (have low resistance) and are highly susceptible to erosion with low resilience. They are characterized as having low organic matter contents, low water-stable aggregates and low soil structure. Fragile soils are generally located on sloping ground, have sparse plant cover, and tend to be in arid and semiarid regions. A fragile soil index interpretation was developed to rate soils based on their fragility. The index can be used in conservation and watershed planning to assist in identifying soils and areas with greater vulnerability to degradation.

Soils are placed into interpretive classes based on their index rating.  Interpretative classes are not fragile (index rating <= 0.009), slightly fragile (index rating > 0.009 and <= 0.209), moderately fragile (rating index > 0.209 and <= 0.409), fragile (rating index > 0.409 and <= 0.609), highly fragile (rating index > 0.609 and <= 0.809), or extremely fragile (rating index > 0.809 and <= 1.0).

Description:

Soil fragility defines how vulnerable a soil is to degradation processes. When used in soil survey the index assesses the inherent soil condition. Depending on a soils inherent characteristics and the climate, soils can vary from highly resistant, or stable, to those that are vulnerable and extremely sensitive to degradation. A soils fragility can change over time do to climate change and changes in site characteristics, and thus fragility will change. Under stress, fragile soils can degrade to a new altered state which may be less or unfavorable to plant growth and less capable of performing soil functions. To assess the fragility of the soil, vulnerability indicators to degradation processes (mostly erosion) are used. The minimum dataset of indicators of soil fragility are as follows:

Organic matter content - The greater the organic matter content, the less fragile the soil. The organic matter content indicates the capacity of the soil to resist and/or recover from degradation. Increases in organic matter can improve the soil pore structure, increase water infiltration, reduce soil compaction, and decrease runoff and soil erosion. Decreasing organic matter contents indicate there has been a reduction in the capacity of the soil to function.

Soil aggregation/structure characteristics - The greater the stability of aggregates or improvement in soil structure, the less fragile the soil. Aggregate stability/soil structure indicates the capacity of the soil to resist degradation from accelerated water erosion (by increasing the amount of infiltration). From a biological point of view it is the pore structure that is important because that is where life finds its habitat (Wall, 2005). Decreasing stability of aggregates and destruction of soil structure implies an increase in soil degradation.

Rooting/soil depth - The greater the rooting depth, the less fragile the soil. Shallow soils are more vulnerable to degradation because they have limited rooting depth and have a reduced capacity to generate new soil. Soil depth is important for productivity. As erosion removes the upper soil profile, productivity will decline if the subsoil is limiting for crop growth. If erosion processes continue, there will eventually be no soil.

Vegetation coverage - The greater the vegetation coverage, the less fragile the soil. Vegetation cover is the areal percentage of the soil surface that is covered with vegetation. It is the proportion of the soil surface that is obscured by above ground vegetation such as leaves, stems, and flowers. Uncovered soil is vulnerable to the processes of soil erosion, both by wind, water and gravity. Under a protective cover of vegetation, erosion goes on so slowly that it is seldom harmful and is associated with the natural environment (Bennett, 1951). 

Slope - The greater the slope, the more vulnerable the soil is to degradation (primarily from erosion). Slope is a measure of the steepness or the degree of inclination of a feature relative to the horizontal plane. The steeper the slope, the faster the runoff flow and the more force it will have to erode soil material.

Aridity - The greater the aridity, the more vulnerable the soil is to degradation (primarily from erosion). Aridity is defined by the shortage of moisture and is essentially a climatic phenomenon that is based on average climatic conditions over an area (Agnew and Anderson, 1992). Lack of water is a main factor limiting biological processes, and thus the capacity to recover from a disturbance (decreasing resilience with decreasing moisture). Land areas will differ in their susceptibility to degradation depending in part on their climate (Eswaran et al., 2001).

Fragile Soil Index

Response or scoring curves (Karlen and Stott, 1994) are developed for each indicator. Scoring curves standardize the relationship between an indicator and the vulnerability to degradation. They convert measured indicator data to relative values ranging from 0 to 1. The standardized scores are then weighted. Aridity is given three times the weight because of its importance. Without adequate water, soil health and vegetation are difficult to restore and biological processes cannot function. Vegetative cover is equally as important as slope with twice the weight. Without vegetative cover the soil is exposed to wind and rain energy and combined with steep slopes can be devastating (Pimentel, 2006). The weighted scores are then added together to form the Fragile Soil Index (FSI): 

FSI = (0.1 x OM) + (0.1 x AgS) + (0.1 x RD) + (0.2 x V) + (0.2 x S) + (0.3 x AI)

Where OM = organic matter content score, AgS = aggregate stability/soil structure score, RD = rooting depth score, V = vegetative cover score, S = slope score and AI = aridity index score. Index values range from 0 to 1 with one being the most fragile (or limiting). Interpretation ratings are produced for mapunit components and are generally aggregated to the mapunit. If organic matter, vegetative cover, slope, soil structure, or aridity index is not available (null), the mapunit component is not rated. Interpretation ratings (from 0 -1) and fragility classes are shown below:

 Fragile soil  	Fragility Class          Description
Index Rating 
 0.009	                Not fragile               Nearly level soils that are deep or very deep; have OM contents  
                                                                > 5.7% and are highly structured in the surface layer; and 
                                                                have > 85% vegetative cover; and have a wet (or very wet) 
                                                                aridity index rating.
0.010  0.209	Slightly fragile         Very steep slopes or is very shallow or has poor structure and
                                                                low OM or has low vegetative cover or has a semi-dry to 
                                                                mildly-wet aridity index rating.
0.210  0.409	Moderately fragile   Poor structure and low OM under low vegetative cover; poor 
                                                                structure and low OM on gentle slopes to very steep slopes; 
                                                                poor structure and low OM on shallow soils; poor structure and
                                                                low OM in semi-dry to mildly-wet conditions; very dry conditions 
                                                                on moderately steep slopes; moderately steep or steeper 
                                                                slopes with low vegetative cover with good structure and high OM 
                                                                under wet conditions; good structure and high OM in deep soils
                                                                under 100% veg cover on steep slopes under semi-dry conditions.
0.410  0.609	Fragile                     Poor structure and low OM with low vegetative cover on 
                                                                moderately steep or steeper slopes under wet condition; 
                                                                very dry conditions on steep or very steep soils.
0.610  0.809	Very fragile             Poor structure and low OM in very shallow soils with low vegetative 
                                                               cover on steep slopes under mildly wet to wet conditions.
0.810  1.000	Extremely fragile     Poor structure and low OM in shallow soils with low vegetative
                                                                cover on steep slopes under very dry conditions.

Scope: National


Criteria:

1. Organic Matter: The organic matter content of the surface horizon (""A"" or ""O"" horizons) is used in the index.

Property used: ORGANIC MATTER IS SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)

The scoring curve for soil organic matter content in the surface layer (""A"" or ""O"" horizon) is based on the curve developed by the Cornell soil health assessment (medium curve). This was chosen because of the high inherent organic matter contents of the northeast (based on climate and soils), and would provide the maximum potential for organic matter and soil health on agricultural soils (of that found within the US). The organic matter content ranges from 0 to 7% with a score of one as the most limiting with zero percent organic matter. Anything over 7% gets a score of zero. The scoring curve shape is sigmoid as follows:

          Organic Matter score = (a + cx + ex2)/(1 + bx + dx2 +fx3)
          a = 1.0002993; b = -0.14767395; c = -0.21024973; d = -0.0081101367; e = 0.009697; f = 0.0073572721; x = organic matter (%)

Organic matter (OM) limits:
          Extremely Low OM: < 1.3%
          Very Low OM: 1.3 to 2.6%
          Low OM: 2.6 to 3.9%
          Moderate OM: 3.9 to 5.2%
          High OM: 5.2 to 7.0%
          Very High OM: > 7%

Null organic matter is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.

2. Surface Structure: Soil structure of the surface layer is used in the index.

Property used: STRUCTURE INDEX OF SURFACE (Modality - representative value)

The scoring curve is based on the structure classes developed by Bob Grossman. The type, grade and size of structural units are grouped into classes as defined in Table 3 of the morphology index (Seybold et al., 2004). Structure classes range from 1 to 5 with 5 being the best.

Structure                          Criteria
  Class	
    5          Strong granular, strong very fine through medium blocky and very fine prismatic; 
                surface ""O"" horizons (structure is not applicable to organic layers); if soil structure is
                null and OM > 10%
    4          Moderate granular, moderate very fine and fine blocky; strong fine.
    3          Moderate medium blocky; very fine, fine and medium prismatic; strong very coarse
                and coarse blocky.
    2          Weak granular; moderate very coarse and coarse blocky; coarse and medium prismatic; 
                strong very coarse and coarse prismatic; weak platy; weak lenticular.
    1          All other soil structures (includes columnar, wedge, cloddy, massive, and single grain).
 
Scores are as follows:

	Structure Class score= 1 if structure class 1; 0.75 if structure class 2; 0.5 if structure class 3; 0.25 if structure class 4; 0 if structure class 5

Surface Structure limits:
          Poor structure: structure class = 1
          Weakly structured: structure class = 2
          Moderately structured: structure class = 3
          Well structured: structure class = 4
          Highly structure: structure class = 5
 
O horizons (and OM > 10 if structure is null) are assigned to the highly structured class.
Null surface structure is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.

3. Rooting Depth: Depth of the soil (or 152 cm) or to a root restrictive layer, whichever is shallower is used in the index. 

Property used: DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTION OR 152cm (Modality - representative value)

The scoring curve for effective rooting depth is developed based a maximum depth of 152 cm as being the least vulnerable to soil erosion. Response of crop yield to erosion is generally convex (Bakker et al., 2004). As erosion continues and the soil gets shallower increasingly severe productivity losses occur under equal erosion rates. The curve is based on depth to a root restrictive layer or 152 cm, whichever is shallower. The following is the scoring curve:

          Rooting Depth Score = a + bx + cx1.5 + dx3 
          a = 1.0000338; b = -0.019773028; c = 0.0011661322; d = -5.1038528e-08; x = rooting depth (cm)

Rooting depth limits:
          Very shallow: < 25 cm 
          Shallow: 25-50 cm 
          Moderately deep: 50-100 cm 
          Deep: 100-150 cm 
          Very deep: >150 cm

Null or zero depth is assigned to the not limiting class (Very deep).

4. Vegetative cover: The earth-cover-kind 1 and 2 for a map unit component is used in the index. If earth-cover-kind is null, then the majority NLCD land cover for a map unit is used. Using ArcMap, Zonal statistics of the USGS National Land Cover Database (NLCD; Landsat-based, 30-meter resolution, land cover database for the Nation) were conducted on gSSURGO FY2017 30-meter raster mapunits. The majority land cover of a mapunit was collected in a table by mapunit key. The table was inserted in the property script as a lookup and used by the fragile soil index interpretation.

Property used: LAND COVER NLCD (Modality - representative value). 

The scoring curve for vegetative cover is based on the percent cover assigned to each earth-cover-kind 1 and 2 for a component. If earth-cover-kind is null, then the majority NLCD land cover for a map unit is used. Vegetative cover can range from 0 to 100%. Percent cover for each earth-cover-kind in shown below:

        Earth Cover Kind	                    Veg. Cover (%)
Artificial Cover                                                   80
     Rural transportation                                     100
     Urban and built-up                                        80
Barren Land                                                       5
     Rock                                                              85
     Sand and gravel                                           5
     Culturally induced barren                             5
     Permanent snow and ice                              85
     Other barren                                                 5
Crop Cover (over the year)                              25
     Row crop                                                      20
     Close-grown crop                                         30
Grass/herbaceous Cover                                  80
     Rangeland, grassland                                  70
     Rangeland, savanna                                    70
     Rangeland, shrubby                                    70
     Rangeland, tundra                                      90
     Pastureland, tame                                       70
     Hayland                                                       70
     Marshland                                                   100
     Grass/herbaceous cover                             80
Tree Cover                                                       80
     Crop trees                                                   50
     Conifers                                                       90
     Hardwoods                                                  80
     Intermixed                                                  85
     Tropical                                                       80
     Swamp                                                       100
     Other crop trees                                        50
     Tree cover and hzname contain Ap	        50
     Tree cover and hzname contain A or O      80
Shrub Cover                                                    50
     Crop shrubs                                                40
     Crop vines                                                  40
     Native shrubs                                             60
     Other shrub cover                                     50
Water Cover                                                  100
Wetlands                                                        100	
Null earth-cover-kind and horizon designation contains O        80
Null earth-cover-kind and horizon designation contains Ap      25

The scoring curve shape is sigmoid as follows: 

          Veg Cover Score = (a + cx + ex2)(1 + bx +dx2)
          a = 0.99966629; b = -0.018080619; c = -0.019063775; d = 0.00018014742; e = 0.000090710991; x = veg cover (%)

Vegetative cover limits:
          Low vegetative cover: < 30
          Moderate vegetative cover: 30 - 60%
          Moderately-high vegetative cover: 60 - 80%
          High vegetative cover: > 80%

Null vegetative cover is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.

5. Slope: The slope percent for the component is used in the index.

Property used: SLOPE (Modality - representative value)

The scoring curve for slope was based on the study by Lui et al. (1994). They showed that for slopes between 9 and 50%, the soil loss was linearly related to the sine of the slope angle, similar to what is used in RULSE but takes into account steeper slopes. The shape of the curve in plot of slope percent versus soil loss normalized to 9% is slightly convex from 9 to 50% slopes. The Y axis (soil loss normalized to 9%) was replaced with 0 to 1 to produce the scoring curve. Below 9%, the shape is still convex but less steep.  The scoring curve is as follows:

	Slope score = (a + cx + ex2 + gx3)/(1 + bx + dx2 + fx3)
	a = -0.00097169878; b = -0.085569059; c = 0.022525266; d = 0.0068975356; e = -0.0036133219; f = 8.00000689E-05; g = 0.00024152235; x = slope gradient (%)

Slope limits:
          Very steep: > 45
          Steep: 28 - 45%
          Moderately steep: 16 - 28%
          Strongly sloping: 8 - 16%
          Gently sloping: 3 - 8%
          Nearly level: 0 - 3%

Null slope is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.

6. Aridity: The De Martonne (1926) aridity index (Am) (as reviewed in Maliva and Missimer, 2012 and Lunga et al., 2011) uses temperature as a proxy for ETp as follows: Am = P/(T + 10) where, P (mm) is the annual precipitation and T (C) the mean annual temperature. The equation is appropriate for temperatures greater than -9.9C. The De Martonne aridity index decreases (approaches zero) with increasing aridity. 

Property used: ARIDITY INDEX (Modality - representative value)

 The shape of the scoring curve is sigmoid as follows:
	Aridity Index score = (a + cx + ex2)/(1 + bx + dx2)
	a = 0.99992575; b = -0.069544299; c = -0.065093715; d = 0.0019192058; e = 0.0010584767; x = aridity index

Aridity index limits (classification according to De Martonne, 1926):
          Very dry: 0 - 5
          Dry: 5 - 15
          Semi-dry: 15 - 20
          Mildly wet: 20 - 30
          Wet: 30 - 60
          Very wet: > 60

Aridity index values greater than 30 are considered not fragile.
Null aridity index is assigned a ""not rated"" for the interpretation.


References:

Agnew, C., and W. Anderson. 1992. Water in the arid realm. Routledge, London.

Bakker, M.M., G. Govers, M.D.A. Rounsevell. 2004. The crop productivity erosion relationship: an analysis based on experimental work. Catena 57:55-76.

Bennett, H.H. 1951. Raindrops and erosion. Circular No. 895. United States Dept. of Agric. Washington, D.C.

De Martonne, E. 1926. Arisme et indice artidite. Comptes Rendus de LAcad Sci, Paris, 182:13951398.

Eswaran, H., Lal, R., & Reich, P. F. (2001). Land degradation: An overview. In E. M. Bridges, I. D. Hannam, L. R. Oldeman, F. W. T. Pening de Vries, S. J. Scherr, & S. Sompatpanit (Eds.), Responses to land degradation, Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Land Degradation, Khon Kaen, Thailand (pp. 2035). New Delhi, India: Oxford Press.

Lungu, M., L. Panaitescu, and S. Ni. 2011. Aridity, climatic risk phenomenon in Dobrudja. Present Environment and Sustainable Development 5(1):181-190.

Karlen and Stott. 1994. A framework for evaluating physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. pp. 53-72. In: J.W. Doran, D.C. Coleman, D.F. Bezdicek, and B.A. Stewart (Eds) Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 35. Madison, WI.

Maliva, R.G., and Th.M. Missimer. 2012. Chapter 2: Aridity and Drought. In: Arid lands water evaluation and management. 

Pimentel, D. 2006. Soil erosion: A food and environmental threat. Environment, Development and Sustainability 8:119-137.

Seybold, C.A., R.B. Grossman, H. Hoper, G. Muckel, and D.L. Karlen. 2004. Soil quality morphological index measured in the 1996 NRI pilot study. Soil Survey Horizons 45(3):86-95.

Wall, D.H. 2005. Biodiversity. p.136-141. In: D. Hillel (ed.) Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. Vol. 1. Elsevier, Oxford."|08/16/2017 20:00:40|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392869"
"FL117"|"FOR - Soil Rutting Hazard"|"limitation"|"FOR - SOIL RUTTING HAZARD
-------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of ruts in the uppermost soil surface layers by operation of forest equipment.  Soil displacement and puddling (soil deformation and compaction) may occur simultaneously with rutting.

Ratings assess:

* The operation of equipment on forest sites (3-10 passes) when the soil moisture is near field capacity.

* The use of standard rubber-tired vehicles (non-flotation tires).
 
* Year-long water tables < 12.
* Soil displacement and puddling which may affect aesthetics, groundwater hydrology, and productivity of the site.

Ratings assume:

* Rutting depths usually range from 2 to 24 and depends, in part, on the weight of equipment (including carried or pulled loads) and shape and size of wheels.

* Lack of organic/vegetation surface cover.

* Conditions occurs on soil with slopes and other characteristics that allow use of ground-based equipment.

Ratings do not assess:

* Impacts of rutting on sloping sites that may channel surface water and affect hydrology.

* Frozen soil within 24 of the surface.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Slight - Little or no rutting.

* Moderate - Ruts are likely.

* Severe- Ruts readily."|02/08/2016 18:36:02|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392868"
"FL117"|"FOR - Road Suitability (Natural Surface)"|"limitation"|"FOR - ROAD SUITABILITY (NATURAL SURFACE)
---------------------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Suitability for using the natural surface of the soil component for roads by trucks for the transport of logs and other wood products from the site.

Ratings assess:

* The efficient and safe transport of forest products from the site.

* The landscape in its natural setting.
 
* Frequency and duration of flooding, ponding and depth and duration of water table.

* The use of trucks (1/2-ton to log-transport capability).

* Activities that disturb 100 percent of the soil surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.

Ratings assume:

* Vegetation and debris is cleared from an area sufficient in width for the road before use begins.  

* Using the natural setting of the soil without cut and fill construction.  

* Slopes are less than 20 percent gradient. 

* Use occurs during customary periods of such activity for the local area.

* Roads are generally less than 1 mile in length with up to a 20-foot wide running surface.

Ratings do no assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to natural road suitability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce site suitability.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions generally make the use of the site for a natural road very difficult or unsafe."|01/08/2013 20:53:33|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392867"
"FL117"|"FOR - Potential Seedling Mortality"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL SEEDLING MORTALITY
---------------------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The likelihood of death of naturally or artificially propagated tree seedlings, as influenced by soil characteristic, physiographic features and climatic conditions.

Ratings assess:

* The impact of soil, physiographic, and climatic conditions on the survivability of newly established tree seedlings

Ratings assume:

* Site preparation is adequate for the establishment of tree seedlings.

* Artificially propagated tree seedlings are of adequate size and     quality, are adapted to the site, are planted during a time           sufficient to assure initial root growth with respect to moisture and temperature, and proper planting techniques are employed.

* Near normal monthly and yearly climatic conditions.

Ratings do no assess:

* Effects of overstory tree canopy greater than 15 feet in height.

* Effects of adjacent competing plants less than 15 feet in height.

* Effects of seedling pests (rodent, herbivore, insect, etc.).
 
Rating Classes (Crisp):

Low - Seedlings are expected to develop normally and become established.

Moderate - Root development is sufficiently retarded to cause death of some seedlings (up to 1 in 3) and establishment of surviving seedlings is delayed.

High - Seedlings are not expected to survive (at least 2 in 3 die) without special treatment or management."|01/08/2013 19:42:10|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392866"
"FL117"|"FOR - Potential Fire Damage Hazard"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL FIRE DAMAGE HAZARD
-------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The potential hazard of damage to soil nutrient, physical, and biotic characteristics from fire. 

Ratings assess:

* The impact of fires (prescribed or wildfire) of moderate fireline intensity (116-520 btu's/sec/ft) that provide the necessary heat to remove the duff layer and consume soil organic matter in the surface layer. 

Ratings assume:

* Soils with a shallow surface layer lack the capacity to safely absorb the effects of fire.
 
* Steep slopes are more likely to erode if the protective duff layer is removed.

* Soil texture and rock fragment content relate to soil erodibility, vegetative recovery rate, and vegetative productivity.
 
* Medium textured soils, with their greater inherent water holding capacity, aaare more likely to be cooler and provide higher productivty potential
 
*Soils with large volumes of rock fragments transmit heat to a greater depth in a shorter period of time.
 
* Soils with less than 2 percent organic matter are more resistant to sheet and rill erosion and have greater water holding capacity.
 
Ratings do not assess:

* The time of year in which the fire occurs (winter versus summer).
 
* Fuel moisture content or volume.
 
* Whether conditions
 
Rating Classes (Crisp):

*None - No impact to the soil characteristis are expected. 

* Low - Little negative impact to the soil characteristics are expected.

* Moderate - Negative impacts to the soil characteristic may occur.

* High - Negative impact to the soil characteristics are expected."|02/09/2016 17:52:59|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392865"
"FL117"|"FOR - Potential Erosion Hazard (Road/Trail)"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL EROSION HAZARD (ROAD/TRAIL)
-------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The hazard or risk of soil loss from unsurfaced roads/trails.  Refer to the National Forestry Manual for soil rating criteria.

Ratings assess:

* The force that natural precipitation events have to dislodge and move soil materials on roads/trails and firebreaks.
 
* Activities on roads and trails that result in bare ground, compaction, and reshaping of the soil surface.

* Use by trucks, skidders, off-road vehicles and other similar equipment.

* The impact on compacted, bare road/trail surface using the representative value for slope gradient of the soil component

Ratings assume:

* Roads and trails are generally linear, continuous, and narrow ranging up to 25 feet in width.

Ratings do not assess:

* Frozen or snow-covered soil.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* No Erosion Hazard - There is no erosion hazard associated with this activity.

* Slight - Little or no erosion is likely.

* Moderate - Some erosion is likely; occasional maintenance may be needed; simple erosion control measures needed.

* Severe - Significant erosion can be expected; roads require frequent maintenance; costly erosion control measures are needed"|01/08/2013 19:42:10|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392864"
"FL117"|"FOR - Potential Erosion Hazard (Off-Road/Off-Trail)"|"limitation"|"FOR - POTENTIAL EROSION HAZARD (OFF-ROAD/OFF-TRAIL)
---------------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the hazard or risk of soil loss from off-road and off-trail areas after disturbance activities that expose the soil surface.

Ratings assess:

* Sheet and rill erosion from exposed soil surfaces caused by various silvicultural practices, grazing, mining, fire, firebreaks, etc.

* Activities that disturb the site resulting in 50 to 75 percent bare ground in the affected area
 
* The use of any equipment type or size and uncontrolled grazing by livestock.

Ratings assume:

* 50 to 75% exposed, roughened mineral surface layer

Ratings do not assess:

* Clean tillage and other similar activities that disturb up to nearly 100 percent of the area and change the character of the soil
 
* Histosols.
 
* Individual precipitation or storm events.
 
* The impact of gully erosion.
 
* Sediment production/delivery ratio or streambank or streambed erosion for water courses on the site.  
 
* Ground disturbing activities on the amount of surface or subsurface water runoff.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* None - There is no erosion hazard associated with this activity.

* Slight - Erosion is unlikely under ordinary climatic conditions.

* Moderate - Some erosion is likely; control measures may be needed.

* Severe - Erosion is very likely; control measures for vegetation re-establishment on bare areas and structural measures are advised.

* Very Severe - Significant erosion is expected; loss of soil productivity and off-site damages are likely; control measures are costly and generally impractical."|01/08/2013 19:42:10|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392863"
"FL117"|"FOR - Mechanical Site Preparation (Surface)"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION (SURFACE) 
-------------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

Ratings indicate the suitability of using surface-altering soil tillage equipment.

Ratings Assess:

* Activities that include modifying the soil surface to prepare the site for planting or seeding.

* Activities that treat up to 50 to 75 percent of the site to 12 in depth. Features and characteristics from the surface to 12 in depth. The use of brush rakes, chisels, disks and other similar types of implements pulled by bulldozers or tractors (D6/D7, 150 h.p. tractor or equivalent).

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings Assume:

* Activities for such work occur during customary periods for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Ratings:

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to surface mechanical site preparation.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Unsuited - One or more restrictions generally prevent the effective and safe use of equipment."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392862"
"FL117"|"FOR - Mechanical Site Preparation (Deep)"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION (DEEP)
----------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* Ratings indicate the suitability of using deep soil tillage equipment.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include subsoiling, ripping and other subsurface soil disturbance across the slope.

* Activities that treat up to 50 to 75 percent of the site to 36 in depth to break up restrictive or compacted layers and increase infiltration for plant growth.

* Features and characteristics from the surface to 36 in depth.
The use of rippers, subsoilers and other implements pulled by bulldozers (D8 or equivalent) that till at a depth greater than 12.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to deep mechanical site preparation.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Unsuited - One or more restrictions generally prevent a sufficient level of deep mechanical site preparation."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392861"
"FL117"|"FOR - Mechanical Planting Suitability"|"limitation"|"FOR - MECHCANICAL PLANTING SUITABILITY
--------------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* The difficulty of planting trees or shrubs using a mechanical planter.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include the proper placement of the root systems of tree and shrub seedlings to a depth of up to 12.

* The use of bareroot stock, tublings, containerized stock and cuttings.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

* The use of mechanical planters that create narrow furrows or trenches to a depth of 12 and are operated on the contour or cross-slope.

* The use of mechanical planters on a 3-point hitch with coulter, shank or trench shoe and packing wheel pulled by sufficiently powered equipment.

Ratings assume:

* Planting activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

* Necessary site preparation is completed before mechanical planting.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).
 
* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited - Little or no restrictions to mechanical planting; planting rates are not affected.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions that impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Poorly Suited - One or more restrictions that severely impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Unsuited - Site factors and features prevent mechanical planting of seedlings."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392860"
"FL117"|"FOR - Log Landing Suitability"|"limitation"|"FOR - LOG LANDING SUITABILITY
----------------------------- 
 
Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The suitability of the soil at the forest site to serve as a log landing.

Ratings assess:

* Efficient and effective use of equipment for the temporary storage and handling of logs.

* The use of grappel hooks, skidders, trucks, loaders, cable yarders and other similar equipment.

* Activities that disturb 100 percent of the soil surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.

* The landscape in its natural setting.

* Frequency and duration of flooding, ponding and depth and duration of water table.

Ratings assume:

* Vegetation and debris is cleared from an area sufficient in size for the  road or landing before use begins.  

Ratings do no assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soil.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Suited - Little or no restrictions to road or log landing suitability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce site suitability.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions generally make the use of the site for a landing very difficult or unsafe."|01/08/2013 20:53:33|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392859"
"FL117"|"FOR - Harvest Equipment Operability"|"limitation"|"FOR - HARVEST EQUIPMENT OPERABILITY
-----------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

The suitability for operating harvesting equipment.

Ratings assess:

* The off-road transport or harvest of logs and/or wood products by ground-based wheeled or tracked equipment.

* The use of standard rubber-tire skidders and bulldozers used for ground-based harvesting and transport.

* Activities that disturb from 35 to 75 percent of the surface area with rutting, puddling or displacement up to a depth of 18.
 
* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.  

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited- Little or no restrictions to equipment operability.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions reduce the effective and safe use of equipment.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions make the use of equipment impractical or unsafe."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392858"
"FL117"|"FOR - Hand Planting Suitability"|"limitation"|"FOR - HAND PLANTING SUITABILITY
-------------------------------

Refer to section 537 of the National Forestry Manual for specific soil rating criteria.

Description:

* Ratings indicate the expected difficulty of hand planting.

Ratings assess:

* Activities that include the proper placement of the root systems of tree and shrub seedlings to a depth of up to 12.

* The use of bareroot stock, tublings, containerized stock and cuttings.

* The use of spades, dibbles, planting bars or other similar planting tools.

* Year-round water tables and year-round ponding.

Ratings assume:

* Necessary site preparation is completed before hand planting.

* Planting activities occur during customary periods of such work for the local area.

Ratings do not assess:

* Non-soil obstacles, e.g., slash.

* Human-held powered equipment such as power augers.

* Human-caused compacted layers from harvesting or other site activities (only natural restrictive layers are considered).

* Frozen or snow-covered soils.

Rating Classes (Crisp):

* Well Suited - Little or no restrictions to hand planting; planting rates are not affected.

* Moderately Suited - One or more restrictions that impede planting and reduce planting rates.

* Poorly suited - One or more restrictions that severely impede planting and reduce planting.

* Unsuited - Site factors and features prevent the proper planting of seedlings."|02/09/2016 17:19:52|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392857"
"FL117"|"ENG - Septic Tank Absorption Fields (FL)"|"limitation"|"This rule is designed for Local (State) Interpretations for Septic Systems in Florida. These rules for Standard Trench Drainfield Systems are based on the regulations found in the State of Florida, Department of Health, Chapter 64E-6, Florida Administrative Code, Standards for Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems.

Summary:
The interpretation (Standard Trench Drainfield Systems) for use in the State of Florida is a combination of National NRCS Interpretations, and State Interpretations outlined in the Department of Health (DOH), Chapter 64E-6, Florida Administrative Code, Standards for Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems, effective May 24, 2004.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for use as ""ENG-Septic Tank Absorption Field (FL).  If a soil's property within the specified depth of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting.  The interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices for one or more of the soil interpretive properties that comprise the  ""ENG-Septic Tank Absorption Field (FL)"" interpretive rules. 

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are Not Rated for Standard Trench System (rating index = Null),  Slightly limited for Standard Trench System (rating index >0 and <.1),  Moderately limited for Standard Trench System (rating index > .1 to .99), or Severely limited  for Standard Trench System (rating index = 1.0). This rating class terminology agrees with terminology from Chapter 64E-6.

Since some of the national interpretations from NSSH Section 620 were not specifically addressed in PL FL64-E and are known influences on a soils ability to process effluent or are limiting for installation, we decided to amend the interpretations for Florida to address these attributes. The amended attributes are Slope, Fragments >75mm, and Flooding. 

Description:

Standard Trench Drainfield Systems are subsurface systems of distribution lines that distribute effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil. The distribution lines are at a minimum of 12 inches. Only the soil between depths of 0 and 60 inches is considered in making the ratings.  Soil properties and site features considered are those that affect the absorption of the effluent, those that affect the construction and maintenance of the system, and those that may affect public health.

Scope: National

Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent.  Septic Tank Absorption Field interpretations are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for safe disposal of household effluent.  The interpretation is applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage to the soil surface, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Soil properties and qualities that affect the absorption of the effluent are permeability, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, depth to a cemented pan, and susceptibility to flooding.  Stones and boulders and a shallow depth to bedrock, ice, or a cemented pan interfere with installation.  Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance.  Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in down-slope areas.  In addition, soil erosion is a hazard where absorption fields are installed in steep soils.
 
Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth less than 4 feet below the distribution lines.  In these soils, the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new; consequently, ground water supplies may be contaminated.
 
Percolation tests are used by some regulatory agencies to evaluate the suitability of a soil for septic tank absorption fields.  These tests should be performed during the season when the water table is highest and the soil is at minimum absorptive capacity.
 
1/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, l969 Manual of Septic Tanks, PHS Publication No. 526, p. 8.
 
2/ Bouma, J.  l974.  New Concepts in Soil Survey Interpretations for Onsite Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent.

SCOPE: State

The following documentation has been partially excerpted from STATE OF FLORIDA, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, CHAPTER 64E-6, FLORIDA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, STANDARDS FOR ONSITE SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, EFFECTIVE MAY 24, 2004 . Additional information regarding Chapter 64E-6 may be accessed at the Florida Department of Healths online website at: http://www.doh.state.fl.us/environment/ostds/intro.htm

LEGISLATIVE INTENT OF CHAPTER 64E-6.--It is the intent of the Legislature that where a publicly owned or investor-owned sewerage system is not available, the department shall issue permits for the construction, installation, modification, abandonment, or repair of onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems under conditions as described in this section and rules adopted under this section. It is further the intent of the Legislature that the installation and use of onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems not adversely affect the public health or significantly degrade the groundwater or surface water.

64E-6.001 GENERAL
(1) The provisions of Part I of this rule shall apply to all areas of the state except where specific provisions found in Part II which specifically addresses the Florida Keys, or specific provisions found in Part IV which specifically address performance-based treatment systems, exempt or modify compliance with Part I or Part II requirements. Performance-based treatment systems are intended as an alternative to the systems conforming to the prescriptive standards detailed in Parts I and II of this rule and shall be used only for a single family residence. Designs for performance-based treatment systems allow for the use of alternative and innovative methods, materials, processes, and techniques that reduce the total biological, chemical, hydraulic, organic, nutrient, bacterial and viral discharge to the environment. Where used, the performance-based treatment systems shall be designed, operated, constructed, maintained and used in conformance with s. 381.0065(4)(j), F.S. Part III addresses the registration of septic tank contractors and certification of partnerships and corporations. Part V addresses fees for Parts I, II, III, and IV of this rule.

TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
Approved - an onsite sewage treatment and disposal system constructed and installed in compliance with the standards and requirements of this Chapter and which has received final installation approval. ""Approved"" installation does not imply that a system will perform satisfactorily for a specific period of time.

Aquifer - a geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is capable of yielding potentially usable quantities of potable water from wells or springs.

Base flood - the flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year.

Drainfield - a system of open-jointed or perforated piping, approved alternative distribution units, or other
treatment facilities designed to distribute effluent for filtration, oxidation and absorption by the soil within the zone of aeration.

Dwelling unit - a residence for the housing of a single family whether such residence is a detached structure or a unit of a multiple family building.

Effective soil depth - the depth of slightly or moderately limited soil material at an onsite sewage treatment and disposal system drainfield site.

Flooding - a covering of soil surface by water from any source, such as streams overflowing their banks, runoff from adjacent or surrounding slopes, elevation of the ground water table exceeding that of the soil surface, or combinations of these. Terms also associated with flooding and used elsewhere in this Chapter are:
(a) Frequent - flooding which occurs more than once every two years on the average;
(b) Ten year flood elevation - that flood elevation which has a 10 in 100 probability of being equaled or exceeded in any calendar year.

Impermeable  when used in reference to s. 381.0065(2)(k), shall mean hydraulic conductivity is less than or equal to 1 x 10-7 centimeters per second.

Limitation ratings - Soil classification ratings which describe the relative suitability of soils to properly assimilate sewage effluent. The three rating categories for the purpose of this rule are:
(a) Slightly limited - soil materials with favorable properties for the use of a drainfield.
(b) Moderately limited - soil materials that have properties moderately favorable for the use of a drainfield.
(c) Severely limited - soil materials which have one or more properties unsuitable for the use of a drainfield.

Septic tank - a watertight receptacle constructed to promote separation of solid and liquid components of
wastewater, to provide limited digestion of organic matter, to store solids, and to allow clarified liquid to discharge for further treatment and disposal into a drainfield.

Standard subsurface drainfield system - an onsite sewage treatment and disposal system drainfield consisting of a distribution box or header pipe and a drain trench or absorption bed with all portions of the drainfield sidewalls installed below the elevation of undisturbed native soil.

Water table elevation - the upper surface of the groundwater or that level below which the soil or underlying rock material is wholly saturated with water. Water table elevation is measured from the soil surface downward to the upper level of saturated soil or up to the free water level.

64E-6.005 LOCATION AND INSTALLATION
All systems shall be located and installed so that with proper maintenance the systems function in a sanitary manner, do not create sanitary nuisances or health hazards and do not endanger the safety of any domestic water supply, groundwater or surface water. Sewage waste and effluent from onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems shall not be discharged onto the ground surface or directly or indirectly discharged into ditches, drainage structures, groundwaters, surface waters, or aquifers. To prevent such discharge or health hazards:
(1) Systems and septage stabilization facilities established after the effective date of the rule shall be placed no closer than the minimum distances indicated for the following:
(a) Seventy-five feet from a private potable well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(a), or a multi-family water well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(c).
(b) One-hundred feet from a public drinking water well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(b) if such a well serves a facility with an estimated sewage flow of 2000 gallons or less per day.
(c) Two-hundred feet from a public drinking water well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(b) if such a well serves a facility with an estimated sewage flow of more than 2000 gallons per day.
(d) Fifty feet from a non-potable water well as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(39).
(e) Ten feet from any storm sewer pipe, to the maximum extent possible, but in no instance shall the setback be less than 5 feet.
(f) Fifteen feet from the design high-water line of retention areas, detention areas, or swales designed to contain standing or flowing water for less than 72 hours after a rainfall or the design high-water level of normally dry drainage ditches or normally dry individual-lot stormwater retention areas.

(2) Systems shall not be located under buildings or within 5 feet of building foundations, including pilings for elevated structures, or within 5 feet of mobile home walls, swimming pool walls, or within 5 feet of property lines except where property lines abut utility easements which do not contain underground utilities, or where recorded easements are specifically provided for the installation of systems for service to more than one lot or property owner.
(a) Sidewalks, decks and patios shall not be subject to the 5 foot setback, however, drainfields shall not be installed beneath such structures. Any tank located beneath a driveway shall have traffic lids as specified in Rule 64E-6.013(1)(h). Concrete structures which are intended to be placed over a septic tank shall have a barrier of soil or plastic material placed between the structure and the tank so as to preclude adhesion of the structure to the tank.
(b) Systems shall not be located within 10 feet of water storage tanks in contact with the ground or potable water lines unless such lines are sealed with a water proof sealant within a sleeve of similar material pipe to a distance of at least 10 feet from the nearest portion of the system . In no case shall the sleeved water line be located within 24 inches of the onsite sewage treatment and disposal system. Potable water lines within 5 feet of the drainfield shall not be located at an elevation lower than the drainfield absorption surface. Non-potable water lines shall not be located within 24 inches of the system without backflow preventers or check valves being installed on the water line so as to preclude contamination of the water system.
(c) Systems shall be setback a minimum of 15 feet from groundwater interceptor drains.

(3) Except for the provisions of s. 381.0065(4)(g)1. and 2., F.S., systems and septage stabilization facilities shall not  be located laterally within 75 feet of the boundaries of surface water bodies. Systems and septage stabilization facilities shall be located a minimum of 15 feet from the design high water line of a swale, retention or detention area designed to contain standing or flowing water for less than 72 hours after a rainfall, or the design high water level of normally dry drainage ditches or normally dry individual lot storm water retention areas.

(4) Suitable, unobstructed land shall be available for the installation and proper functioning of the system. At least 75 percent of the unobstructed area must meet minimum setback requirements of subsections (1) and (3) above to allow for drainfield repair or system expansion. The minimum unobstructed area shall:
(a) Be at least 2 times as large as the drainfield absorption area required by rule. For example, if a 200 square feet drainfield is required, the total unobstructed area required, inclusive of the 200 square feet drainfield area, would be 400 square feet. Unobstructed soil area between drain trenches shall be included in the unobstructed area calculation.
(b) Be contiguous to the drainfield.
(c) Be in addition to the setbacks required in subsection (2) above.

(5) Onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems if installed in fill material, the fill shall be required to settle for a period of at least 6 months, or has been compacted to a density comparable to the surrounding natural soil. The fill material shall be of a suitable, slightly limited soil material.

(6) To prevent soil smear and excessive soil compaction, drainfields shall not be installed in soils with textures finer than sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam when the soil moisture content is above the point at which the soil changes from semisolid to plastic.

(7) Onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems shall be installed where a sewerage system is not available and when conditions in ss. 381.0065(4)(a)-(g), F.S., are met. Onsite graywater tank and drainfield systems may, at the homeowners' discretion, be utilized provided blackwater is disposed into a sanitary sewerage system when such sewerage system is available. Graywater systems may, at the homeowners' discretion, be utilized in conjunction with an onsite blackwater system where a sewerage system is not available for blackwater disposal.
(a) The minimum area of each lot under s. 381.0065(4)(a), F.S., shall consist of at least 1/2 acre (21,780 square feet) exclusive of all paved areas and prepared road beds within public rights-of-way or easements and exclusive surface water bodies.
(b) The determination of lot densities under s. 381.0065(4)(b), F.S., shall be made on the basis of the net acreage of the subdivision which shall exclude from the gross acreage all paved areas and prepared road beds within public or private rights-of-way or easements and shall also exclude surface water bodies.
(c) Maximum daily sewage flow allowances specified in ss. 381.0065(4)(a),(b), and (g), F.S., shall be calculated on an individual lot by lot basis. The acreage or fraction of an acre of each lot or parcel of land shall be determined and this value shall be multiplied by 2500 gallons per acre per day if a public drinking water well serving a public system as defined in 64E-6.002(44)(b)1., 2., or 3. is utilized, or be multiplied by 1500 gallons per acre per day if a public drinking water well serving a public water system as defined in Rule 64E-6.002(44)(b)4., or a private potable well or cistern is utilized. Contiguous unpaved
and noncompacted road rights-of-way, and easements with no subsurface obstructions that would affect the operation of drainfield systems, shall be included in total lot size calculations. Where an unobstructed easement is contiguous to two or more lots, each lot shall receive its pro rata share of the area contained in the easement. Surface water bodies shall not be included in total lot size calculations. Rule 64E-6.008(1), Table I, shall be used for determining estimated average daily sewage flows. 
(d) Platted residential lots shall be subject to the requirements set forth in subsections 381.0065(4)(g)1. and 2., F.S.
(e) When portions of a lot or lots which were platted prior to January 1, 1972 are combined in such a manner that will decrease the total density of the subdivision, pre-1972 lot provisions shall apply. However, the maximum setback possible to surface water bodies shall be maintained with a minimum setback of 50 feet.

(8) Notwithstanding the requirements of this section, where an effluent transmission line consists of schedule 40 PVC or consists of schedule 20 PVC enclosed in a sleeve of schedule 40 PVC, the transmission line shall be set back from private potable wells, irrigation wells or surface water bodies by the maximum distance attainable but not less than 25 feet when installed. Schedule 40 PVC effluent transmission lines shall be set back from potable water lines by no less than 5 feet unless
all portions of the bottom of the potable water line within 5 feet of the effluent transmission line are a minimum of 12 inches above the top of the effluent transmission line.
(9) Onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems for estimated establishment domestic sewage flows exceeding 5000 gallons per day but not exceeding 10,000 gallons per day shall be located and installed under the following conditions.
(a) The average estimated daily sewage flow from the establishment shall be divided by the net land area associated with the establishment. The resulting number shall not exceed 2500 gallons per acre per day for establishments which use a water supply as defined in 64E-6.002(44)(b) 1, 2 and 3.
(b) No more than 5000 gallons of wastewater shall be discharged into any single onsite sewage treatment and disposal system serving the establishment. 
Specific Authority 381.0011(13), 381.006, 381.0065(3)(a), 489.553, 489.557(1) FS. Law Implemented 154.01, 381.001(2),381.0011(4), 381.0012, 381.0025, 381.006(7), 381.0061, 381.0065, 381.0067, 386.041, 489.553 FS. HistoryNew 12-22-82, Amended 2-5-85, Formerly 10D-6.46, Amended 3-17-92, 1-3-95, Formerly 10D-6.046, Amended 11-19-97, 2-3-98, 3-22-00,
05-24-04.

64E-6.006 SITE EVALUATION CRITERIA


Onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems may be utilized where lot sizes are in compliance with requirements of Rule 64E-6.005(7) and all of the following criteria are met:

(1) The effective soil depth throughout the drainfield installation site extends 42 inches or more below the bottom surface of the drainfield. Paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) list soil texture classes with their respective limitation ratings. 
(a) Coarse sand not associated with an estimated wet season high water table within 48 inches below the absorption surface, sand, fine sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, and sandy loam are considered to be slightly limited soil materials.
(b) Very fine sand, loamy fine sand, loamy very fine sand, silt loam, silt, loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay and silty clay soil are considered to be moderately limited soil materials and are subject to evaluation with other influencing factors and local conditions.
(c) Clay, bedrock, oolitic limestone, fractured rock, hardpan, organic soil, gravel and coarse sand, when coarse sand is associated with an estimated wet season high water table within 48 inches of the absorption surface are severely limited soil materials. If severely limited soil material can be replaced with slightly limited soil material, see Footnotes 3 and 4 of Table III for minimum requirements. Where limestone is found to be discontinuous along the horizontal plane and is dispersed among slightly or moderately limited soils, the Department Policy for Drainfield Sizing in Areas With Discontinuous Limestone,
August 1999, herein incorporated by reference, shall be used. The referenced policy may be obtained by contacting the department.

(2) The water table elevation at the wettest season of the year is at least 24 inches below the bottom surface of the drainfield. In addition, systems shall not be located where the undrained, naturally occurring wet season water table elevation (ponding) in the area of the proposed system installation is determined to be at or above the elevation of the existing ground surface. However, when sufficient slightly limited fill material is permitted to be placed on the property to construct a properly designed onsite sewage treatment and disposal system, the department shall authorize construction based on the final lot elevation. This provision does not authorize a property owner to fill or modify the site without first obtaining necessary permits for site preparation work from other agencies of government having jurisdiction. The following information shall be used in determining the wet season water table elevation:
(a) U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service soils maps and soil interpretation records.
(b) Evaluation of soil color and the presence or absence of mottling.
(c) Evaluation of impermeable or semi-permeable soil layers.
(d) Evaluation of onsite vegetation.
(e) An onsite evaluation of the property which has used the above referenced sources of information and which has considered the season of the year when the evaluation was performed, historic weather patterns, and recent rainfall events.

(3) Setbacks in Rule 64E-6.005(1), (2), (3) and (4) are met.

(4) The site of the installation and the additional required unobstructed land referred to in Rule 64E-6.005(4) shall not be covered with asphalt or concrete, or be subject to vehicular traffic or other activity as defined in 64E-6.002(41) which would adversely affect the soil, or the operation of the system.

(5) The site of the installation and the additional required unobstructed land referred to in Rule 64E-6.005(4) is not subject to saturation from sources such as artificial drainage of ground surfaces, driveways, roads or roof drains.

(6) The existing lot elevation at the site of the proposed system installation and any contiguous land referred to in Rule 64E-6.005(4), shall not be subject to frequent flooding. Except for areas affected by section 381.0065(4)(t), Florida Statutes, fill material, if permitted, shall be placed in the area for the system and contiguous unobstructed area to raise the lot elevation above the 2 year flood.

Specific Authority 154.06, 381.0011, 381.006, 381.0065, 489.553, 489.557, FS. Law Implemented 154.01, 381.001, 381.0011, 381.0012, 381.0025, 381.006, 381.0061, 381.0065, 381.00655, 381.0066, 381.0067, 386.041, FS. HistoryNew 12-22-82, Amended 2-5-85, Formerly 10D-6.47, Amended 3-17-92, 4-16-92, 1-3-95, Formerly 10D-6.047, Amended 3-22-00.

64E-6.008 SYSTEM SIZE DETERMINATIONS
(5) The minimum absorption area for standard subsurface drainfield systems, graywater drainfield systems, and filled systems shall be based on estimated sewage flows and Table III so long as estimated sewage flows are 200 gallons per day or higher. When estimated sewage flows are less than 200 gallons per day, system size shall be based on a minimum of 200
gallons per day.

TABLE III
For Sizing of Drainfields Other Than Mounds


U.S. DEPARTMENT	    SOIL TEXTURE 				MAXIMUM SEWAGE LOADING
OF AGRICULTURE 	    LIMITATION 					RATE TO TRENCH & BED
SOIL TEXTURAL      (PERCOLATION 				ABSORPTION SURFACE
CLASSIFICATION 	     RATE) 					IN GALLONS PER
								SQUARE FOOT PER DAY
							TRENCH			 BED


Sand; Coarse Sand not 	   Slightly limited		 1.20			 0.80
associated with a 	(Less than 2 min/inch)
seasonal water table
of less than 48 inches;
and Loamy Coarse Sand;

Loamy Sand; Sandy Loam;  Slightly limited
Coarse Sandy Loam;	  (2-4 min/inch) 		 0.90			 0.70
Fine Sand

Loam; Fine Sandy Loam;	 Moderately limited
Silt Loam; Very Fine	 (5-10 min/inch)		 0.65			 0.35
Sand; Very Fine Sandy 
Loam; Loamy Fine Sand;
Loamy Very Fine Sand;
Sandy clay loam

Clay Loam; Silty Clay 	Moderately limited	        0.35		        0.20
Loam; Sandy Clay; 	(Greater than 15
Silty Clay, Silt 	min/inch but not
			exceeding 30 min/inch)

Clay; Organic Soils; 	Severely limited 			Unsatisfactory for
Hardpan; Bedrock 	(Greater than 30 			standard subsurface
			min/inch) 					system

Coarse Sand with 	Severely limited 			Unsatisfactory for
an estimated wet season	 (Less than 1 				standard subsurface
high water table within  min/inch 				and a system
48 inches of the bottom  water table less	
of the proposed		 than 4 feet below
drainfield; Gravel or 	the drainfield)
Fractured Rock or
Oolitic Limestone

Footnotes to Table III:
1. U.S. Department of Agriculture major soil textural classification groupings and methods of field identification are explained in Rule 64E-6.016. Laboratory sieve analysis of soil samples may be necessary to confirm field evaluation of specific soil textural classifications. The USDA Soil Conservation Service ""Soil Textural Triangle"" shall be used to classify soil groupings based on the proportion of sand, silt and clay size particles.

2. The permeability or percolation rate of a soil within a specific textural classification may be affected by such factors as soil structure, cementation and mineralogy. Where a percolation rate is determined using the falling head percolation test procedure described in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems, October, 1980, incorporated by reference into this rule, the calculated percolation test rate shall be used with Table III and evaluated by the DOH county health department with other factors such as history of performance of systems in the area in determining the minimum sizing for the drainfield area.

3. When all other site conditions are favorable, horizons or strata of moderately or severely limited soil may be replaced with slightly limited soil or soil of the same texture as the satisfactory slightly limited permeable layer lying below the replaced layer. The slightly limited permeable layer below the replaced layer shall be identified within the soil profile which was submitted as part of the permit application. The resulting soil profile must show complete removal of the moderately or severely limited soil layer being replaced and must be satisfactory to a minimum depth of 54 inches beneath the bottom surface of the proposed drainfield. The width of the replacement area shall be at least 2 feet wider and longer than the drain trench and for absorption beds shall include an area at least 2 feet wider and longer than the proposed bed. Drainfields shall be centered in the replaced area. Where at least 33 percent of the moderately limited soils at depths greater than 54 inches below the bottom of the drainfield have been removed to the depth of slightly limited soil, drainfield sizing shall be based on the following sewage loading rates. Where severely limited soils are being removed at depths greater than 54 inches below the bottom of the drainfield, 100 percent of the severely limited soils at depths greater than 54 inches shall be removed down to the depth of an underlying slightly limited soil. Maximum sewage loading rates for standard subsurface systems installed in replacement areas shall be 0.90 gallons per square foot per day for trench systems and 0.70 gallon per square foot per day for absorption beds in slightly limited soil textures. Where moderately limited soil materials are found beneath the proposed drainfield, and where system sizing is based on that moderately limited soil, soil replacements of less than 33% may be permitted.

4. Where coarse sand, gravel, or oolitic limestone directly underlies the drainfield area, the site shall be approved provided a minimum depth of 42 inches of the rapidly percolating soil beneath the bottom absorption surface of the drainfield and a minimum 12 inches of rapidly percolating soil contiguous to the drainfield sidewall absorption surfaces, is replaced with slightly limited soil material. Where such replacement method is utilized, the drainfield size shall be determined using a maximum sewage application rate of 0.80 gallons per square foot per day of drainfield in trenches and 0.70 gallon per square foot per day for drainfield absorption beds.

5. Where more than one soil texture classification is encountered within a soil profile and it is not removed as part of a replacement, drainfield sizing for standard subsurface drainfield systems and fill drainfield systems shall be based on the most restrictive soil texture encountered within 24 inches of the bottom of the drainfield absorption surface.

6. All materials incorporated herein may be obtained by contacting the department.

Specific Authority 381.0011(4),(13), 381.006, 381.0065(3)(a), 489.553 FS. Law Implemented 154.01, 381.001(2), 381.0011(4), 381.0012, 381.0025, 381.0061, 381.0065, 381.0067, 386.041, 489.553, FS. HistoryNew 12-22-82, Amended 2-5-85, Formerly 10D-6.48, Amended 3-17-92, 1-3-95, Formerly 10D-6.048, Amended 11-19-97, Amended 3-22-00, 9-5-00.

<END OF FL64E-6 TEXT>

Interpretive Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1. Ponding: Soils with a water table above the surface will be waterlogged during periods of heavy precipitation.  These soils have the potential to contaminate surface water and/or ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is any month of the year with a ponding duration that is populated with very brief to very long.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION
	
	Restrictive Limits:
		Severely limited: Ponded any month, any duration
		Not Limited: Not ponded any month, any duration

2. Water table:  Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  These soils have the potential to contaminate the ground water which may create health and environmental hazards.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.


	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM (LOW VALUE)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited	< 91 cm (36 inches)
		Moderately limited   	  91 to 106 cm (36 to 42 inches)
		Slightly limited	>106 cm (>=42 inches)

3.  Flooding: Flooding has the potential to transport septic waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits building and sanitary facility use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months (any month).

	Properties used: 
			FL64E-FLOODING COMMON-MONTHS WITH FREQ OR VERY FREQ OR OCCAS 
			FL64E-FLOODING FREQ MONTHS WITH RARE FLOODING
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited	= ""occasional"" or ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Moderately limited	= ""rare""
		Slightly limited	= ""none""
		
4.  Depth to bedrock: The depth to bedrock restricts the construction, installation, and functioning of septic tank absorption fields and other site applications.  Soils with bedrock within 72 inches have limited absorptive capacity and biologically active zones through with waste materials can percolate.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as filter fields.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic).""  

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited 		<137 cm (< 54 inches) 
		Moderately limited		>137 cm and <183 cm (54 to 72 inches)
		Slightly limited		>183 cm (>72 inches)

5. Filtering capacity: The combination of coarse sand texture and a seasonal high water table within a depth of 48 inches creates a situation where there is limited absorptive capacity between the bottom of the filter field and the top of the seasonal high water table.  These soils may pose environmental and health risks when used as a filter field. Soil features used are COS sand texture and a seasonal high water table within 48 inches (any month with wet moisture status) of the soil surface. Soil features considered are depth to seasonal high water table and soil texture.

	Properties used: 
			USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25 TO 180 CM
			DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM LOW VALUE

	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited 		=COS and SHWT <121 cm
		Moderately limited 		=COS and SHWT 121 to 152 cm
		Slightly limited 		=Any texture and SHWT not meeting limits listed above
		
6. Restricted permeability: Based upon the criteria in FL64E-6, texture is used to approximate the Percolation rate (hence, ksat) values for this interpretation.  Soils with coarser textures (COS, LS, LCOS, S, FS, SL and no water table) are consider to have adequate filtration to not pose a threat for ground water contamination. Clay textures and organic soils have restricted permeability. Other textures are considered to have a moderate rate of percolation. Soil features considered are textures or texture in lieu of.

	Properties used:
			(For organic)-USDA TEXTURE IN-LIEU-OF IN DEPTH 25 TO 150 CM 
			(For mineral)- USDA TEXTURE THICKEST LAYER IN DEPTH 25 TO 150 CM
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited: 	Organic soils (MUCK, PT, MPT), clay texture
		Moderately limited: 	Other textures, except COS, LS, LCOS, S, FS, SL, C, MUCK, PT, MPT
		Slightly limited:	COS, LS, LCOS, S, FS, SL
	
7. Spodic materials: Soils that in the Spodosol order or a spodic subgroup are considered to impact the ability of effluent to move effectively through the soil.  Ortstein (hardpan) is most restrictive since there is a	 degree of soil cementation associated with its presence.  Other Spodosols are considered moderately limited in their ability to transmit effluent effectively through the soil. Soil features considered are the Spodosol order and Restrictive kind.

	Properties used:
		Ortstein: RESTRICTION KIND
		Spodosol: TAXONOMIC ORDER
		Spodic subgroup: TAXONOMIC SUBGROUP

	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited	Ortstein
		Moderately limited	Spodosol
		Slightly limited	Other orders

8.  Slope:  Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and restrict site suitability.  Soils with slope above 8 percent are consider to pose either installation issues or the probability of effluent seepage to the soil surface in downslope positions. Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: FL64E-SLOPE 8-15%
		
	Restriction limits:
		Slope Limitation		> 15%
		Moderate slope limitation	8 to 15%
		No Slope limitation		<8%
		Not Rated			Null

9. Rock Fragments: Too many rock fragments in the soil impede the installation and functioning of septic systems. Soil feature considered are the soil fragments > 75 mm in size between 0 and 100 centimeters. 

Property used: FRAGMENTS >75 MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100 CM
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Severely limited:  	Large stones (>50%)
		Moderately limited:	Large stones (15-50%)
		Slightly limited:	Large stones (<15%)
			
10. Miscellaneous area : If the component kind is populated as a miscellaneous area, then no data is returned.  It was determined that no ratings are desired for miscellaneous areas.

Property used:	GRL-COMPONENT KIND (NULL)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Miscellaneous areas: 	Not rated
		Other areas: 		Rated
 
11. Taxon above family: If the component kind is populated as taxon above family, then no data is returned.  It was determined that no ratings are desired for taxon above family components.

	Property used:	FL64E-COMPONENT KIND (TAXON ABOVE FAMILY)

	Restrictive limits:
		Taxon above family:	Not rated
		Other areas: 		Rated
		
SPECIAL NOTE ON INTERPRETATION CRITERIA: This interpretation for use in the State of Florida is a combination of National Interpretations (NSSH PART 620) and Interpretations outlined in the Department of Health (DOH), Chapter 64E-6, Florida Administrative Code, Standardards for Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems, effective May 24, 2004.

-----------------------------------REFERENCE DOCUMENT LISTED BELOW---------------------------------------------

Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides   620(430-VI-NSSH, 1993)

	(a) General.
		(1)  Soil interpretations for sanitary facilities are a tool for guiding the user in site selection for the safe disposal of household effluent and solid waste.  The interpretation guides are applicable to both heavily populated and sparsely populated areas.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  The use of these soil interpretation guides for sanitary facilities is important in site selection to minimize the potential for pollution and health hazards in local or regional areas.  Improper site selection, design, or installation may cause contamination of ground water, seepage to the soil surface, and contamination of stream systems from surface drainage or flood water.  Potential contamination may be reduced or eliminated by installing systems designed to overcome or reduce the effects of the limiting soil property.

		(2)  The soil properties and qualities that affect use are those that influence the ease of excavation, absorption of effluent, seepage, permeability, and suitability of soil cover material.  Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have only soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

		(3)  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and trench and area sanitary landfills.  Soil suitability ratings and restrictive features are given for daily cover for landfill.

		(4)  Farm and ranch homesteads, outbuildings, and recreational facilities require a means to safely dispose of effluent and solid waste.  A plan that includes daily cover for landfill and added protection to reduce offsite pollution minimizes the potential hazard.  The interpretative guide for the use of daily cover for landfill also has additional application for the reclamation of some quarries, pits, and surface mine operations.  The use of this guide should also include an evaluation of the material used in restoration of the target areas for the final establishment of vegetative cover.

		(5)  Soil properties are important in selecting sites for septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills and in identifying the limiting soil properties and site features that should considered in planning, design, and installation.  The soil properties that determine the ease of excavation or the installation of the facilities also affect the ratings.  Soil limitation ratings of slight, moderate, or severe are given for septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and trench and area sanitary landfills.  Soil suitability ratings of good, fair, and poor are given for daily cover for landfill.

	(b) Septic tank absorption fields.
		(1)  Septic tank absorption fields are subsurface systems of tile or perforated pipe that distribute effluent from a septic tank into the natural soil.  The centerline depth of the tile is assumed to be 24 inches.  Only the soil between depths of 24 and 60 inches is considered in making the ratings.  The soil properties and site features considered are those that affect the absorption of the effluent, those that affect the construction and maintenance of the system, and those that may affect public health.
 
		(2)  As shown in Table 620-17, the soil properties and qualities that affect the absorption of the effluent are permeability, depth to a seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, depth to a cemented pan, and susceptibility to flooding.  Stones and boulders and a shallow depth to bedrock, ice, or a cemented pan interfere with installation.  Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance.  Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in downslope areas.  Also, soil erosion is a hazard where absorption fields are installed in sloping soils.
 
		(3)  Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth less than 4 feet below the distribution lines.  In these soils the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new; as a result, the ground water supply may be contaminated.  Soils that have a hazard of inadequate filtration are given a severe rating.
 
		(4)  Percolation tests are used by some regulatory agencies to evaluate the suitability of a soil for septic tank absorption fields.  These tests should be performed during the season when the water table is highest and the soil is at minimum absorptive capacity.  The percolation rates do not correspond to the permeability rates because they are measured by different methods.  Experience indicates that soils that have a percolation rate faster than 45 minutes per inch function satisfactorily, soils that have a rate between 45 and 60 minutes per inch have moderate limitations, and soils that have a rate slower than 60 minutes per inch have severe limitations.1/
 
		(5)  In many of the soils that have moderate or severe limitations for septic tank absorption fields, it may be possible to install special systems that lower the seasonal water table or to increase the size of the absorption field so that satisfactory performance is achieved.2/  However, such systems are not considered in this guide.
 
1/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, l969 Manual of Septic Tanks, PHS Publication No. 526, p. 8.
 
2/ Bouma, J.  l974.  New Concepts in Soil Survey Interpretations for Onsite Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent.
 

Table 620-17  Septic Tank Absorption Fields.
Prior to  October, 1996 
                                   
 						LIMITS				RESTRICTIVE
	PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		FEATURE

1.  USDA TEXTURE		---		--- 		ICE		PERMAFROST
2.  TOTAL SUBSIDENCE  (IN)	---		--- 		>24		SUBSIDES
3.  FLOODING			NONE		RARE		FREQ,		FLOODING
								OCCAS
4.  DEPTH TO BEDROCK  (IN)	>72		40-72		<40		DEPTH TO ROCK
5.  DEPTH TO			>72		40-72		<40		CEMENTED PAN
    CEMENTED PAN (IN)
6.  PONDING			---		---		+		PONDING
7.  DEPTH TO HIGH		>6		4-6		<4		WETNESS
    WATER TABLE (FT)
8.  PERMEABILITY		2.0-6.0		0.6-2.0		<0.6		PERCS SLOWLY
    (24-60"", IN/H)  
8a. PERMEABILITY		---		---		>6.0		POOR FILTER
    (24-60"", IN/H) 
9.  SLOPE (PCT)			<8		8-15		>15		SLOPE
10. WEIGHT PERCENT		<25		25-50		>50		LARGE STONES
    >3"" (WEIGHTED AV. TO 40"")"|03/01/2011 21:06:07|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392821"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks such as 5 ton 6x6 dump trucks or 5 ton 6x6 truck tractors in the weight range of 32,000 to 45,000 pounds vehicle weight.  Civilian semi tractors could be included in type 5.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.   Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE (TX)"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.97	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, ch
	0.96	sm, sw-sm, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.95	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.93	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.91	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	sc-sm
	0.86	cl
	0.85	mh
	0.80	sp-sm
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.72	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.71	cl-ml
	0.67	ol
	0.64	oh
	0.49	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.95	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.94	sc-sm
	0.93	mh, cl
	0.91	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.90	ol
	0.88	sm, sw-sm
	0.87	ml, cl-ml
	0.82	oh	
	0.72	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392890"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increases as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.94	ch
	0.93	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.92	sm, sw-sm
	0.91	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.89	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	mh, cl
	0.84	sc-sm
	0.74	ml
	0.66	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.73	mh
	0.68	ch
	0.67	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.66	sc-sm
	0.48	cl, sp-sm
	0.47	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml, cl-ml
	0.46	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.95	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.88	ch
	0.86	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.84	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.81	sc-sm
	0.73	mh
	0.70	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.66	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.49	ml
	0.47	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392891"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 5 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-5 vehicles are most all-wheel-drive trucks, a great number of trailed vehicles, and heavy tanks.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 5.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 80%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 80%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.86	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.98	gw, gp, sw
	0.91	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.90	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.88	sc-sm
	0.86	cl, sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.85	mh
	0.80	sp-sm
	0.73	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.72	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.71	cl-ml
	0.67	ol
	0.64	oh
	0.49	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.86	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392892"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use such as the 10 ton 6x6 M125A1 .  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, ch
	0.96	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.95	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.94	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.93	ml
	0.91	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.89	ch
	0.87	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.86	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.84	sc-sm, cl
	0.82	mh
	0.71	sp-sm
	0.69	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.68	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.49	cl-ml, ol
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.94	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.93	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.92	sc-sm
	0.91	mh
	0.88	cl, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.84	sm, sw-sm
	0.80	ml
	0.79	ol
	0.73	cl-ml
	0.69	oh	
	0.65	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392893"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.93	ch
	0.92	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.90	sm, sw-sm
	0.88	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.83	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	mh
	0.79	cl
	0.70	sc-sm
	0.69	ml
	0.48	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.48	mh, ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.47	cl
	0.46	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.81	ch
	0.72	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.70	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.68	sc-sm
	0.66	mh
	0.49	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.48	cl, sm, sw-sm
	0.47	ml
	0.46	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392894"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 6 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-6 vehicles are a great number of all-wheel-drive and rear-wheel-drive trucks and trailed vehicles intended primarily for highway use.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 6.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 35%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 35%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.72	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw
	0.89	ch
	0.87	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.86	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.84	sc-sm, cl
	0.82	mh
	0.72	sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.71	sp-sm
	0.69	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.68	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.49	cl-ml, ol
	0.48	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.72	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392895"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 1-pass wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 1-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for one vehicle pass.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.96	ch
	0.95	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.94	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.92	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, mh, cl, sc-sm 
	0.91	ml
	0.82	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.84	ch
	0.82	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.81	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	sc-sm
	0.79	mh
	0.69	cl
	0.66	sp-sm
	0.64	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.49	sm, sm-sw, ml
	0.48	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.96	sp-sm
	0.92	ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.91	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.90	sc-sm
	0.87	mh
	0.84	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.82	cl
	0.80	sm, sw-sm
	0.71	ml
	0.65	cl-ml
	0.63	ol
	0.53	oh	
	0.48	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:02:12|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392896"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 50-passes wet season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 50-pass wet season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the wet season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils when wet is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for 50 vehicle passes in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the wet season this condition is  common and persistent.

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.85	all others

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.85	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, sc-sm
	0.65	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, ml, cl, cl-ml, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.93	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.91	ch
	0.90	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.86	sm, sw-sm
	0.81	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.73	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.69	mh
	0.68	cl
	0.64	sc-sm
	0.49	ml
	0.46	all others 

OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp
	0.48	mh, ch, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc, sc-sm
	0.47	cl
	0.46	sp-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.45	ol, oh, pt
	0.44	all others

OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer in depth of 0 to 38cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.94	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.72	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.70	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.68	sc-sm
	0.66	mh
	0.49	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.48	sm, sw-sm
	0.46	ml, cl, ol, oh, pt
	0.45	all others

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:02:12|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392897"
"FL117"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 dry season (DOD)"|"suitability"|"MIL - Trafficability Veh. Type 7 dry season

Summary:  Military category type-7 vehicles are rear-wheel-drive vehicles and others that generally are not expected to operate off road, especially in wet soils.  Soils trafficability during the dry season is the capacity of soils to support vehicles in category type 7.  Trafficability estimates can be made from terrain data such as topography and soil data and weather conditions.  The Military Trafficability interpretations are base on procedures and criteria contained Army Field Manual - 5-430-00-1; Chapter Seven and are conservative estimates for use in operations planning.  Commanders and engineers must be cautious as the interpreted results can vary greatly.

The trafficability of fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and sands that contain enough fine-grained material to behave like fine-grained soils is more difficult to assess than trafficability in coarse-grained soils (clean sands).  Relationships that describe the soil-vehicle interactions are based on soil strength, slipperiness, stickiness, large surface stones, and slope are the basis for soil trafficability interpretations.

Rating classes ""Excellent,"" ""Good"", ""Fair"", or ""Poor"" indicate the extent to which the soils are suitable for military vehicle traffic and considers soil features that affect trafficability.  An ""Excellent"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that do not limit trafficability and have very low maintenance.  A ""Good"" rating indicates that the soil may have characteristics that limit trafficability but are favorable for use.  Good operational performance and low maintenance can be expected.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  A ""Fair"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that limit trafficability and are moderately favorable for use.  The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or management.  Fair performance, moderate maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.  A ""Poor"" rating indicates that the soil has characteristics that severely limit trafficability and one or more features that are unfavorable for use.  Generally, the limitations cannot be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or special management.  Poor performance, high maintenance, and soil degradation can be expected.

Scope:  The information presented in this interpretation is limited to problems associated with soils. It does not include problems associated with natural or man-made obstacles (such as forests or ditches) nor information on vehicle characteristics (such as the maximum tilt or side angle at which a vehicle can climb without power stall or overturning).  These interpretations are developed for temperate and tropical climates and for soils that have been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, if they are not frozen at the time of traffic.

Trafficability performances were estimated for a minimum number of vehicle passes (1) or a maximum of 50 vehicles in the same ruts.  Today most relations are used for one pass and the combined effects on vehicle performance of terrain features such as soil, vegetation, and slope can only accurately be determined using the computerized Army mobility prediction system contained in the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM).  The engineering relationships that produce vehicle speed predictions or GO/NO GO performance based on measured terrain and vehicle characteristics are contained in the NRMM.

Description:  Slope, stoniness, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, ponding, and unified class are the main soil properties used in determining vehicular trafficability.  For good trafficability, the surface of the soil should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under repeated traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence soil strength, slickness, and stickiness are unified class and their relationship to soil moisture conditions and surface ponding, flooding, and stoniness.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.	Slipperiness:  Slipperiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become slick when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become slippery after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following slipperiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 15 to 30cm.  Slipperiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	sc-sm, ol
	0.45	all others

2.	Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation mechanized equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations.   Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: ""SLOPE"" (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Not suited		=> 25%
		Somewhat suited		 > 0 and < 25%
		Suited			 = 0%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

3.	Soil Strength:  Soil Strength is the ability of the soil to support vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is least stable were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table. 

When high topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 120cm
	2.	Not ""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	Not a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		    b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.68	sp, 0 to 15cm
	
OR When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DRURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm or in the case of sp 0 to 15cm.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	0.97	gw, gp, sw
	0.84	ch
	0.82	gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc
	0.81	sc, sp-sc, sw-sc
	0.80	sc-sm
	0.79	mh
	0.69	cl
	0.68	sp (0 to 15cm)
	0.66	sp-sm
	0.64	gm, gp-gm, gw-gm
	0.49	sm, sw-sm, ml
	0.48	all others
	
OR When low topography is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" > 50cm and <= 120cm
	2.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following strength rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer.  Strength increase as the index increases.
	1.0	not = sp, 0 to 38cm
	0.68	sp, 0 to 15cm

4.	Stickiness:  Stickiness is the condition where the soil has a potential to become sticky when used for vehicular traffic.  During the dry season this condition is most common and persistent were the soil is ponded, flooded, or has a high water table.  If these conditions are not present soil may become sticky after precipitation events but the condition is not persistent.

When low topography and high moisture is defined as:
	1.	""HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM"" =< 50cm
	2.	""PONDING DURATION"" = ""long"" or ""very long""
	3.	a. ""FLOODING FREQUENCY"" = ""frequent"" AND
		b. ""FLOODING DURATION = ""long"" or ""very long""
THEN the following stickiness rating index is assigned according to the soils Unified Classification of the thickest layer within a depth of 0 to 38cm.  Stickiness increase as the index decreases.
	1.00	gw, gp, sw, sp, sp-sm
	0.85	ml, cl-ml, oh, pt, ol, sc-sm, gm, gp-gm, gw-gm, sm, sw-sm
	0.65	cl, gc, gc-gm, gp-gc, gw-gc, sc, sp-sc, sw-sc,
	0.45	all other classes

5.	Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: ""FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE"" (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Not Suited		=> 50%
		Somewhat Suited		 > 0 to < 50%
		Suited			 = 0%
		
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class."|02/09/2016 16:10:47|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392898"
"FL117"|"NCCPI - National Commodity Crop Productivity Index (Ver 3.0)"|"suitability"|"A soil may be a full member, partial member, or non-member of the set of soils that are suited to growing commodity crops.  This NCCPI is designed to predict the relative productivity of soils for growing major commodity crops.

Factors rated are soil chemical properties, soil physical properties, landscape characteristics, and climate.  The scope of this rating is nationwide.  Climate factors to a large extent drive what crops are grown in an area.  Version attempts to accomodate ""corn"", ""soybeans"", ""small grains"", and ""cotton"" climates and to an extent the differing soil property preferences of the different crops.

The major advancements are in the way RZAWC is handled for corn and how negative soil attributes are handled.

Detailed documentation for this model can be found at:

http://soils.usda.gov/technical/

Look forthe NCCPI User Guide.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_050734.pdf

This is the updated version of NCCPI.  It is current as of April 1, 2012.
This version is current as of 7/25/2017."|07/25/2017 21:15:02|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392900"
"FL117"|"Soil Susceptibility to Compaction"|"limitation"|"Soil Susceptibility to Compaction

Soils can be a full member, partial member, or non-member of the set of soils that are susceptible to compaction.  Soils are rated based on their susceptibility to compaction from the operation of ground-based equipment for planting, harvesting, and site preparation activities when soils are moist.  Soil compaction is the process in which soil particles are pressed together more closely that in the original state.  Typically, the soil must be moist to be compacted because the mineral grains must slide together.  Compaction reduces the abundance mostly of large pores in the soil by damaging the structure of the soil.  This produces several effects that are unwanted in agricultural soils since large pores are most effective at transmitting water and air through the soil.  Compaction also increases the soil strength which can limit root penetration and growth.  The ability of soil to hold water is adversely affected by compaction since the large pores hold water.  The degree of compaction of a soil is measured by its bulk density, which is the mass per volume, generally expressed in grams per cubic centimeter.

Compacted soils are less favorable for good plant growth because of high soil bulk density and hardness, reduced pore space, and poor aeration and drainage. Root penetration and growth is decreased in compacted soils because the hardness or strength of these soils prevents the expansion of roots. Supplies of air, water, and nutrients that roots need are also less favorable when compaction decreases soil porosity and drainage.

Interpretation ratings are based on soil properties in the upper 12 inches of the profile.  Factors considered are soil texture, soil organic matter content, soil structure, rock fragment content, and the existing bulk density.  Each of these is thought to contribute to resisting the susceptibility of a soil to compaction when present.  Organic matter in the soil provides resistance to compaction and the resilience to ameliorate the effects with time.  Soil structure adds strength as discrete aggregates and it is the aggregates that are deformed or destroyed by compactive forces, thus strong soil structure lowers the susceptibility to compaction.  Similarly, rock fragments in the soil can bridge and provide a framework to resist compaction.  Finally, if a soil is already fairly dense causing further compaction is more difficult. 

Definitions of the ratings:

Low - The potential for compaction is insignificant.  This soil is able to support standard equipment with minimal compaction. The soil is moisture insensitive, exhibiting only small changes in density with changing moisture content.

Medium - The potential for compaction is significant.  The growth rate of seedlings may be reduced following compaction.  After the initial compaction (i.e., the first equipment pass), this soil is able to support standard equipment with only minimal increases in soil density.  The soil is intermediate between moisture insensitive and moisture sensitive.

High - The potential for compaction is significant.  The growth rate of seedlings will be reduced following compaction.  After initial compaction, this soil is still able to support standard equipment, but will continue to compact with each subsequent pass.  The soil is moisture sensitive, exhibiting large changes in density with changing moisture content.

References:

Adams, P.W.  1998. Soil Compaction on Woodland Properties.  Oregon State University Extension Publication EC 1109.

Adams, P.W.  1981. Compaction of Forest Soils.  Oregon State University Extension Publication PNW 217.

Boyer, Don. 1997. Guidelines for Soil Resource Protection and Restoration for Timber Harvest and Post-Harvest Activities.  U.S Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Watershed Management.

Geist, J.M.; Hazard, J.W.; Seidel, K.W. 1989. Assessing Physical Conditions of Some Pacific Northwest Volcanic Ash Soils After Forest Harvest.  Soil Science Society of America Journal 53:946-950.

Froehlich, Henry A and David H. McNab. 1983. Minimizing Soil Compaction in Pacific Northwest Forests.  Proceedings of Sixth North American Forest Soils Conference, University of Tennessee.

Page-Dumrose, Deborah S.  1993. Susceptibility of Volcanic Ash Influenced Soils in Northern Idaho to Mechanical Compaction. U.S. Forest Service Intermountain Research Station.  Research Note INT-409."|08/14/2017 21:49:01|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392901"
"FL117"|"URB/REC - Camp Areas"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Camp Areas"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Camp Areas"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Camp areas are tracts of land used intensively as sites for tents, trailers, campers, and the accompanying activities of outdoor living.  Camp areas require site preparation such as shaping and leveling in the areas used for tents and parking areas, stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary facilities and utility lines.  Camp areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing camping areas and the performance of the camping area after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are important.  For tent or remote campsites, the limitations would be less restrictive.

Slope, stoniness, and depth to bedrock or cemented pans are the main concerns in developing camp areas.  However, areas associated with picnic areas may have steep slopes and rough terrain for aesthetic purposes.  For good trafficability, the surface of camp areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, permeability, and presence of toxic materials.  Soils that are subject to flooding are particularly hazardous for camp areas because of the danger to life and property.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods limit the installation and function for building site applications.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" or ""very frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15 percent
		Not limiting	>= 15 percent
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392902"
"FL117"|"URB/REC - Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Off-road motorcycle trails are primarily for recreational use.  Trails for other off-road vehicles may have similar criteria.  Little or no preparation is done to the trail, and the surface is not vegetated or surfaced.  Considerable compaction of the soil on the trail is expected.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing off-road motorcycle trails and the performance of off-road motorcycle trails after development.  Erodibility, revegetation, trafficability, and dustiness are the main concerns in developing paths and trails.  For good trafficability, the surface of a path or trail should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Considerations for desirable off-road challenges are not included.

Soil properties considered are stoniness, slope, wetness, texture of the surface layer, and flooding.  Slope affects the soil erodibility.  Large stones affect the configuration of the trail.  Small stones affect trafficability.  Wetness and flooding affect revegetation and frequency of use.  Surface texture affects erodibility, trafficability, revegetation, and probability of dust.

These soil properties and qualities are.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors and steep slopes have a tendency to erode and when used for paths and trails.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on these soils.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) and slope. 
		
	Property used: EROSION FACTOR FIRST LAYER NOT ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .35
		Not limiting		 < .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Not limiting		 < 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	2.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	         < 15 percent
		Not limiting        >= 15 percent
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 25 and < 40%
		Not limiting	=< 25%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer may impede trafficability.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 65%
		Not limiting	<= 65%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 < 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 60cm
		Not limiting	=> 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

14.  Dust - Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the trail.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392903"
"FL117"|"URB/REC - Paths and Trails"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Paths and Trails "".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Paths and Trails "" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Paths and trails ratings apply to walking, horseback riding, and similar uses that require little or no cutting or filling.  The soils are rated based on the properties and qualities that influence trafficability and erodibility.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing paths and trails and the performance of paths and trails after development.  Stoniness, wetness, texture of the surface layer, slope, flooding, erodibility, and, in dry regions, dustiness are the main concerns in developing paths and trails.  For good trafficability, the surface of a path or trail should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.

These soil properties and qualities are.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Water erosion: Soils with high K factors and steep slopes have a tendency to erode and when used for paths and trails.  Water erosion preventative practices are recommended on these soils.  Soil feature considered is the maximum K factor (whole) and slope. 
		
	Property used: EROSION FACTOR FIRST LAYER NOT ORGANIC (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> .35
		Not limiting		 < .35 			
		
	Null K factor whole is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Not limiting		 < 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	2.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	3.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15cm
		Not limiting	>= 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 15 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=< 15%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	10. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer may impede trafficability.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 65%
		Not limiting		<= 65%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	11. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Dusty: Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting		 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting		 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
	
	13. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 60cm
		Not limiting		=> 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392904"
"FL117"|"URB/REC - Picnic Areas"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Picnic Areas"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Picnic Areas"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Picnic areas are natural or landscaped tracts used primarily for preparing meals and eating outdoors.  These areas are subject to heavy foot traffic.  Most vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking lots.  Soils ratings are based on properties that influence the development costs of shaping the site, trafficability, and the growth of vegetation after development.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing picnic areas and the performance of the picnic areas after development.  Soil properties that influence trafficability and promote the growth of vegetation after heavy use are important.

Slope and stoniness are the main concerns in developing picnic areas.  For good trafficability, the surface of picnic areas should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.  Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock, permeability, and the presence of toxic materials.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Soil that floods have limitation on the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting	= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 75%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  25% to <= 75%
		Not limiting		  <  25%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Not limiting	    = ""none""
		Limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15 percent
		Not limiting	>= 15 percent
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede trafficability of heavy machinery and reclamation of borrow sites.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		> 15%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 8 and <= 15%
		Not limiting		< 8%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25 to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Soils with silty surface layer and in taxonomic classes ORDERS (ARIDISOLS); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, Or XER) or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, Or XER) are dusty when dry.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture class of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE SURFACE LAYER NSSC (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SIL"", ""SI"", ""VFSL"", or ""L""
		Not limiting		all other USDA Textures
		
	Null USDA Texture and Taxonomic class are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table may become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation and are slow to drain.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 30cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 30 to < 75cm
		Not limiting		=> 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

             19.Dust PM10 and PM2.5 Generation: Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the road.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).

 Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting	 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting	 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting	 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)"|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392905"
"FL117"|"URB/REC - Playgrounds"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for recreational development are to be used to guide the user in identifying and evaluating the suitability of the soil for specific recreational purposes.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  These ratings do not consider location and accessibility of the area, size and shape of the area, scenic quality, the ability of the soil to support vegetation, access to water or potential sites for water impoundment.  Nor do the ratings consider access to public sewers or the capacity of the soil to support localized sanitary facilities such as septic tank adsorption fields or sanitary landfills.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Playgrounds"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Playgrounds"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Playgrounds are areas used intensively for games, such as baseball and football, and similar activities.  Playgrounds require a nearly level soil that is free of stones and that can withstand heavy foot traffic and still maintain adequate vegetation.  Soils ratings are based on properties that influence the cost of shaping, trafficability, and the growth of vegetation.

Many soil survey areas in sparsely populated parts of the country have soil surveys of lower intensity.  While some general observations may be made, onsite evaluation is required before the final site is selected.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities considered in rating the degree of limitation are those that influence the ease of developing playgrounds and the performance of playgrounds after development.  Slope and stoniness are the main concerns in developing playgrounds.  For good trafficability, the surface of playgrounds should absorb rainfall readily, remain firm under heavy foot traffic, and not be dusty when dry.

Soil properties that influence trafficability are texture of the surface layer, wetness, permeability, and large stones.  The limitations of slow permeability and clayey surface texture are not as severe in dry regions of the country; however, silty soils may be more of a problem because they are dusty.  Soil properties that influence the growth of plants are depth to bedrock, permeability, and the presence of toxic materials.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the surface layer if the layer is greater then 25cm thick.
	
	Property used: SURFACE LAYER THICKNESS nssc (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 > 25cm
		Not limiting	<= 25cm

AND

	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pt""
		Not limiting	not = ""pt""
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	2.  Flooding: Flooding at frequency greater then rare has the potential to transport agricultural waste off site and pollute surface waters.  Flooding also limits the recreational use and management of these soils.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very frequent"" or ""frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
		
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Too Stony: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in size) on the soil surface can interfere with equipment operations and are a nuisance for most landuses.  Soil feature considered is percent of the soil surface covered by rock fragments > 10 inches in size.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON SURFACE (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 3.0%
		Somewhat limiting	>=  .1% to <= 3.0%
		Not limiting		 <  .1%
		
	Null surface cover percentage of rock fragments with an rv >=250mm are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 3 inch) in size in soil surface layer are nuisances and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is percent by weight rock fragments > 3 inches in size in the surface soil layer.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		   > 30%
		Somewhat limiting	 >=  5% to <= 30%
		Not limiting		  <  5%
		
	Null > 3 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	5.  Restricted permeability: The soil horizon with the minimum Ksat governs the rate of water movement through the whole soil.  When this rate is low, transmission of fluids into and through the soil impedes infiltration and percolation of percipitation and may cause water to pond and wet condition to presist for extended periods of time. Soil feature considered is the layer with the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within 100cm of the surface and above a restrictive layer.  If the soil is in taxonomic class TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS; TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS; TOR, UST, ARIDIC, or XER SUBGROUPS then the limiting condition is reduced by half.
	
	Property used: KSAT MINIMUM ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (0-100cm) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< .4 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > .4 and < 4 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 4 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting	not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity and may induce salinity toxicity, which restricts vigorous plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) of the surface layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY SURFACE LAYER (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 => 8 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 => 4 to < 8 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	9.  Too sandy: Soil with sandy surface layer is subject to blowing sand, are hard to re-vegetate, and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered are the percent clay in the surface layer and the #4 and 200# sieve sizes.  Sand percentage is calculated using the difference between the #4 and #200 sieve.
	
	Property used: SAND (#4-#200SIEVE) SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		<= 70
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 70 and < 90
		Not limiting		>= 90
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.

AND 	
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	 < 15cm
		Not limiting	>= 15cm
		
	Null clay percentage in the surface layer is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Moderately deep soil with slope greater then 2% and shallow or very shallow soils are considered restrictive.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.


	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	AND
	
	RV Slope is greater then 2%

OR

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	11. Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities. Moderately deep soil with slope greater then 2% and shallow or very shallow soils are considered restrictive.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to < 100cm
		Not limiting		=> 100cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	AND
	
	RV Slope is greater then 2%

OR
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Not limiting		=> 50cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
		
AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	12. Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restrict the soils ability to support multiple use recreational activities.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 6%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 2 and < 6%
		Not limiting	=< 2%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	13. Gravel content: Gravel (small stones) in the surface layer is a nuisance and may impede maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the surface percent retained on the #10 sieve (100 - #10). This is adjusted for stones by multiplying it times the fraction less than 3"" (1 - (Rock 3-10 + Rock >10)/100).

	Property used: FRAGMENTS 2MM-75mm SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 25%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 25%
		Not limiting		<= 10%
		
	Null sieve are assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	14. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio have the potential to restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 12 
		Not limiting		<= 12 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	15. Too acid: Soils with low pH restrict plan growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) of the surface layer.
	
	Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
				
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting	 < 3.5
		Not limiting	=> 3.5
			
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	16. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates, remain muddy for extended periods and compaction may reduce the growth of grass and ornamental plantings.  Rating is reduced by half if the soil is in taxonomic class SUBORDERS or GREAT GROUPS (TOR, UST, or XER); SUBORDERS (TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI); or ORDERS (OXISOLS).   Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer and the taxonomic classification.
	
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 40%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 40% 
						and in TOR, UST, or XER SUBORDERS or
						TOR, UST, or XER GREAT GROUPS or
						TOR, UST, ARID, XER, or OXI SUBORDERS or
						OXISOLS ORDERS 
		Not limiting		=< 40%
		
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.
	Null taxonomic classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	17. Dusty: Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of traffic on the area.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting	 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting	 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting	 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
	
	18. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 43cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 43 to <= 75cm
		Not limiting		 > 75cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|07/11/2014 15:09:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392906"
"FL117"|"WMS - Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Embankments, Dikes, and Levees"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures of soil material that are constructed to impound water or protect land against overflow.  They generally are less than 20 feet high, are constructed of ""homogeneous"" soil material (without a core zone), and are compacted to medium density.  Embankments that have zoned construction (core and shell) are not considered.

Soil properties influence development of embankments, dikes, and levees including site selection, structure design, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for embankments, dikes, and levees are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

Ratings are made for the soil that may be source of material for embankment fills.  The rating is given for the whole soil, from the surface to a depth of about 5 feet, based on the assumption that soil horizons will be mixed in loading, dumping, and spreading.  The ratings do not indicate the suitability of the undisturbed soil for supporting the embankment.  Soil properties to a depth greater than the embankment height have an effect on the performance and safety of the embankment.  Generally, deeper onsite geologic investigations must be made to determine these important properties.


Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities to act as a natural barrier against seepage into deeper layers, without regard to cutoff trenches or other features that may be installed under the pond embankment.  Excessive slope in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the pond embankment seriously reduces the storage capacity of the reservoir area.  Suitable sites may be difficult to find on slopes steeper than about 10 percent.

Embankments, dikes, and levees require soil material that is resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and that has favorable compaction characteristics.  Organic soils are not suitable because of high compression, low strength, and unpredictable permeability.  When compacting with tamping rollers (sheepsfoot rollers) or pneumatic rollers, stones over 6 inches in size must be removed; therefore, stony soils are limited for this use.  If a water table is present, the depth of usable material and the trafficability are affected.

The content of sodium and salts affects the capability for plant growth on embankment surfaces.  These properties may also indicate dispersive soils that are highly erosive and susceptible to piping.  Soils that contain gypsum may have piping and uneven settling.

Low-density silts and clays in the supporting foundation generally have excessive settlement and low strength.  Loose soils in arid regions undergo much settlement very rapidly upon becoming saturated as water is impounded.  These soils generally do not provide adequate support for embankments.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Hard to pack: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with high plasticity and liquid limits are difficult to compact.  These hard to pact soil are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low compaction index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are plasticity index and percent passing the 200 sieve of the thickest layer to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 40
		Somewhat limiting	 > 20 to < 40
		Not limiting		=< 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

	AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 50
		Not limiting		 < 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	2.  Thin layer: Shallow depth to a cemented restrictive layer limits the amount of source materials available for constructing dikes, levees, or water retention embankments.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive hardness is not ""noncemented"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 50 to  < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Content of organic matter: Soil in Unified class pt, ol, or oh is high in organic materials, has low strength, and is hard to reclaim.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first Unified class of the thickest soil layer above a restrictive layer and between 25 and 180cm.
	
	Property used: UNIFIED THICKEST LAYER 25-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= pt, ol, or oh
		Not limiting	not = pt, ol, or oh
		
	Null Unified classes are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		> 50%
		Somewhat limiting	>= 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		< 25%
		
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Piping: Fine textured soils high in sodium and gypsum content with low cohesion and liquid limits are subject to piping and are limited for use in building embankments, dikes, and levees.   The interpretive model uses the maximum sodium or gypsum rating index and adds the low cohesion index.  This sum is compared to the liquid limit index and the lowest index is applied to the parent rule.

	{Soil feature considered is the maximum percent gypsum found in the soil layers.
	
	Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=> 25%
		Somewhat Limiting 	 >  5 and < 25%
		Not limiting		=<  5%
				
	Null gypsum values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
 
	OR
	
	Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest sodium adsorption ratio.
		
	Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 13 
		Somewhat limiting	 > 4 to < 13
		Not limiting		<= 4 			
		
	Null SAR is assigned to the Not limiting class.}
	
	+
	
	{Soil features considered are weight average plasticity index and weight average percent passing the 200 sieve to a depth of at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: PI WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=< 10
		Somewhat limiting	 > 10 to < 20
		Not limiting		=> 20
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not rated class.

AND

	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Not limiting		=< 50%
		
	Null 200 sieve is assigned to the Not rated class.}
	
AND	

	Soil feature considered is the thickest layer's liquid limit between a depth of 25 to at least 180cm or the first cemented restrictive feature.  

	Property used: LIQUID LIMIT WEIGHTED AVE. ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50
		Not limiting		=> 50
		
	Null plasticity index is assigned to the Not limited class.
	
	7.  Salinity: Soils with high salinity have reduced available water capacity, which restrict plant growth and re-establishing vegetation in disturbed area.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for all layers.
		
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		  > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	 >= 8 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		  < 8 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	8.   Seepage: Soils that are high in gravel or sand or are very silty are prone to seepage when used as materials to build embankments, dikes, or levees.  The following child rules are joined by the OR operator and the one with the highest index number determine the interpretive result.

Child rules used:

	Percent Passing #200 Sieve, 25-200cm (Weighted Average) -- Gravelly or sandy soils allow seepage.  Soil feature considered is percent passing the #4 sieve of the soil between 20 and 200 cm or a restrictive layer.   

	
	
	Property used: PASSING #200 SIEVE WTD_AVE 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTR LAYER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		>= 50
		Somewhat limiting 	 < 50 and > 10
		Not limiting		<= 10
		
	Null sieves are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
OR

	Unified Class, 25-200cm (Dominant Condition)  Soils in the  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", and ""pt"" are not suited for embankments, dikes, or levees.
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		Unified =  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", ""pt""
		
		Not limiting		Unified !=  ""gw"", ""gp"", ""sw"", ""sp"", ""gw-gm"", ""gp-gm"",""sw-sm"", ""sp-sm"", ""pt""
		
	Null Unified is assigned to the Not rated class.
	
	
	
	9.  Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table maybe difficult to reclaim and revegetated.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: HIGH WATER TABLE DEPTH MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 60cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 60 to < 120cm
		Not limiting		=> 120cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	10. Ponding: Ponding is the condition where standing water is on the soil surface for a given period of time.  Soil that pond has restrictions that limit the installation and function of most landuse applications.  Soil features considered are ponding duration and frequency classes for all months.

	Property used: PONDING DURATION (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		= ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	  ""long"" or ""very long""
		Not limiting		not = ""very brief"" or ""brief"" or 
				  	      ""long"" or ""very long""
		
	Null duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: PONDING FREQUENCY
			(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""none""
		Not limiting  not = ""none""
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Dust: Dustiness is a concern for human health as well as aesthetic reasons.  Dust generation from roads is a significant source of inhalable particulate matter.  Two dust particle sizes are recognized: PM10 and PM2.5, relating to particles of aerodynamic diameters of 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.  The capacity of soils to produce dust particles has been found by Carvacho et al (2004) to be directly related to the clay or silt content of the soil.  Thus, the PM10 or PM2.5 generation capacity of a soil is inversely proportional to its sand content.  Gypsum is also related to dustiness because the soft crystals are relatively easily crushed to silt and clay size particles which can then be picked up by air.

Other major variables in dust generation are moisture content, vehicle size, and the amount of working of the soil.

The ""Dryness Index"" accounts for the moisture content of the surface.  In a dry, hot environment, the generation of dust is greater than in a cool, moist environment.  Thus dust generation is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to rainfall.

An array of materials is available for overcoming dust limitations (Gebhart et al, 1999).


Property used:  WTD_AVG SAND CONTENT 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION, NO O

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 70 percent sand
					Somewhat limiting	 20-70 percent sand
					Not limiting	 <=20 percent sand
					
					
					
Property used:  WTD_AVG GYPSUM 0-50cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTION

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 15 percent gypsum
					Somewhat limiting	 2-15 percent gypsum
					Not limiting	 <=2 percent gypsum
					
					
Property used:  DRYNESS INDEX

Restrictive limits:  Restriction limits:
					Limiting		 >= 5  
					Somewhat limiting	 0.3-5  
					Not limiting		 <=0.3
					
					
					The Dryness Index is 100(mean annual air temperature)/(mean annual precipitation)  
					
									


References:

Carvacho, Omar F., Lowell L. Ashbaugh, Michael S. Brown, Robert G. Flocchini (2004) Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Geomorphology 59 (1-4), 75 - 80

Gebhart, D. L., M. L. Denight, and R. H. Grau. 1999. Dust control guidance and technology selection key. AEC Report #SFIM-AEC-EQ-CR-99002. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers."|09/06/2013 18:52:24|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392907"
"FL117"|"WMS - Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for "" Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise ""Excavated Ponds (Aquifer-fed)"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

An aquifer-fed excavated pond is a body of water created by excavating a pit or dugout into a ground-water aquifer.  Excluded are ponds that are fed by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the original surface.

Scope: National

Soil properties and qualities that affect aquifer-fed excavated ponds are depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the aquifer, and quality of water as determined by inference from the salinity of the soil.  Large stones are also considered because of their effect on the ease of excavation.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Cutbanks cave: Soils with high water table are suited for aquifer-fed ponds.  However, cutbanks may cave or slump during excavation of the pond reservoir and pose a safety concern when the soil texture is silt or texture group is sandy or texture modifier is sandy or gravelly.  This tendency is true for all soils but to a lesser degree and the interpretive model is designed to give a rating no less then .1 ""Somewhat limiting"".  Extreme care and caution should be used around cutbanks to protect from cave in injury or death.  Cutbanks caving can also reduce the life expectancy of the pond unless practices are applied to limit slumping once the reservoir is filled.  Soil feature considered is the rv or first USDA Texture modifier and class of each layer and the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: USDA GROUP-CLASS IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		matches ""*S *"" or matches ""*S"" or matches ""GR*"" or matches ""* GR""
		Somewhat limiting	all other USDA textures other then silt
		
	Null USDA Texture modifier is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	OR
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE IN DEPTH 50-180cm (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Somewhat limiting 	""SI"" set at .5
					all other textures set at .1
		Not limiting		none
		
	Null USDA Texture class is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to water: Soils deep to an apparent water table are not potential sites for aquifer fed ponds.  These areas have little potential recharge capacity.  Soil feature considered is the depth to the first soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month and where all subsequent layer are either wet or saturated.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=> 150cm
		Somewhat limiting	 > 60 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=< 60cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation and restricts the installation of an Aquifer-fed pond only when an apparent water table is at depth less then 150cm.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 100cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 100 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep and the presence of an apparent water table.

	Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 > 50%
		Somewhat limiting	=> 25% to <= 50%
		Not limiting		 < 25%
		
		Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.
		
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		  > 150cm
		Not limiting		 =< 105cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	5.  Slow refill: The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat contained within an apparent water table governs the rate of water movement into an Aquifer-fed pond.  When this rate is low, refilling of the pond is slow.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and maximum permeability of the layers that occur within that depth.
	
	Property used: KSAT MAXIMUM of Apparent Water Table (Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting 	 	=< 1.0 micrometers/sec
		Somewhat Limiting 	 > 1.0 and < 14 micrometers/sec
		Not limiting		=> 14 micrometers/sec
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) limits site preparation and restricts the installation of an Aquifer-fed pond only when an apparent water table is at depth less then 150cm.  Soil features considered are depth to water table and top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".

	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
			Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Salty water: Salinity soils with a high apparent water table may have reduced potential for aquifer-fed ponds.  The water source may be to salty or to high a content of undesirable minerals to be used as a source of livestock or wildlife water.  Soil feature considered is the highest value of salinity (electrical conductivity) for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 10"" to 60"" (25-150 cm) and has an apparent water table within 150cm of the surface.
	
	Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 25-150cm (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		 > 16 mmhos/cm
		Somewhat limiting	>= 4 to <= 16 mmhos/cm
		Not limiting		 < 4 mmhos/cm			
		
	Null EC is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
AND

Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month.

	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE APPARENT MINIMUM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
				
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class."|09/27/2012 20:16:30|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392908"
"FL117"|"WMS - Irrigation, General"|"limitation"|"WMS-General Irrigation								Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS-Irrigation -General"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of irrigation systems.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. This interpretation is for non-specific irrigation methods and is intended to provide initial planning information.  If the type of irrigation system has been determined additional interpretations provide more specific information.  This interpretation does not apply if the crop planned for irrigation is rice or other crops (such as cranberries) with unique plant physiological characteristics.

The degree of limitation is expressed as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). NOTE: Several soil criteria that result in very limited responses, do not apply when irrigating rice. This report is not applicable to basin irrigation of rice. 

The General Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Temple, Texas interpretation and irrigation engineering staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas interpretation staff for General irrigation has been modified to meet the need for this application in other regions of the United States.  

This application is NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER. 

Scope: Irrigation systems are used to provide supplemental water to crops, orchards, vineyards, and vegetables in area where natural precipitation will not support desired production of crops being grown.

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in design and management are sodium adsorption ratio, depth to high water table, available water holding capacity, permeability, erosion factor, slope, calcium carbonate content, ponding, and flooding.  Soil properties and qualities that influence installation and tillage are stones, depth to bedrock or cemented pan, and depth to a high water table.  The properties and qualities that affect performance of the irrigation system are depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, the sodium adsorption ratio, salinity, and soil reaction.  Permanently frozen soils are not suited to irrigation.
 
CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown
in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 150 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	      = ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	      = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components.   Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature shown in the component restrictions table must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table in NASIS. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
	
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 and < 150cm
			Not limiting		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
			Not limiting		not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting 	       = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

4.  Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, water control structures, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. Soil feature used is 60 cm depth as limiting. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.


	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM IN GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 60 cm and <90 cm
			Not limiting		  => 90 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
5.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation system design and management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 150 cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 7.5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 7.5 to < 18cm
			Not limiting		=> 18cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.

6.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		> 20
			Somewhat limiting	> 6 and < 20
			Not limiting		< 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

7.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land, off site to receiving surface waters.  Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= frequent or ""occasional""
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8.  Percs slowly: Soils with low hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events.  Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soils with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters.  Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150 cm.

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting	  > 0.14 and < 1.40 micrometers/second
			Not limiting		=> 1.40 micrometers/second	
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

9. Ponding: Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  
	
	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	= brief or ""very brief""
			Not limiting		= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

10. Excess salt: Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-150 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4 
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

11. Slope: Limitation due to slope is highly dependant on type of irrigation system. Moderate slopes may increase runoff and erosion, when used with surface irrigation methods and specific types of mobile sprinkler irrigation systems (LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA).   LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA are sprinklers equipped with low pressure spray nozzles that operate on drops.  The closer the nozzle spacing and lower the drop the greater potential for runoff and irrigation induced erosion on a given soil.  Actual limiting slopes for sprinkler irrigation systems using spray nozzles on drops would be  average slope >1% for LEPA, average slope > 3.0% for LESA; and for LIPC and MESA systems average slope > 3% and surface texture finer than loam, or > 5% and surface texture loam or coarser.  All other sprinkler systems would have limitations at >= 15%.  Surface irrigation systems would have a limitation at or above 3 % slope.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 15 	
       			Somewhat limiting	   >1 and < 15			
			Not limiting 		=< 1%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

12. Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.    Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 100cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

13.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50% 
			Not limiting		  < 50 %
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.


14.  Seepage:	Rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increase irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150 cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 44.0 um/sec 
			Somewhat limiting	  > 14.0 to < 44.0 um/sec	
			Not limiting		<= 14.0 um/sec
Null Ksat is assigned to the Not limiting class.

15.  Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Large stones may also impact operation and maintenance requirements of the selected irrigation system and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN)      (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		  > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting	  > 25 % to 35 %
			Not limiting		=<25 %
Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.


16.  Content of large stones (b): Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Large stones may also impact operation and management requirements of the selected irrigation system and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting, and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.   Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 5%
			Somewhat limiting	 > 0.1 to < 5%
			Not limiting		<= 0.1%
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class

17.  Subsidence - The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.

	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	                If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	                10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Information:
Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:

Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS States Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS. Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations
Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature
regime:

taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|02/09/2016 16:25:56|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392909"
"FL117"|"WMS - Irrigation, Micro (above ground)"|"limitation"|"WMS - Micro-irrigation, (Above Ground)				Date: 7/02/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS- Micro-irrigation, (Above Ground)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for irrigation systems that apply water at a slow rate near the plants or crops being irrigated. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

The Drip or Trickle Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff in cooperation with the University of California. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Drip or Trickle Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.  

This application is NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER. 

Drip or trickle irrigation is the controlled application of water to supplement rainfall. The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.

Scope:  Micro-irrigation systems are irrigation systems that generally apply frequent application of small quantities of water on or below the soil surface: as drops, tiny streams or miniature spray through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line.   Generally, these irrigation systems are very efficient irrigation technologies in terms of both water and energy use and are suitable for used in vineyards, orchards, windbreaks, truck crops, nurseries, and on some row crops.  This interpretation report addresses micro-irrigation systems which emit or apply water at or on the soil surface.  The Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) report addresses micro-irrigation systems that apply water below the soil surface.  

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of drip irrigation systems are depth, wetness or ponding, a need for drainage, percolation, and flooding. The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are depth, flooding and ponding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are the amount of salts, lime, gypsum or sodium.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	= > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting	 not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to cemented pan: A shallow depth to cemented pan could also reduce rooting depth and available water capacity, making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction _ kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting	not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	= ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

4.  Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of irrigation chemical treatment constituents, nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. Used 90 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.  

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	=>60 to < 90 cm
			Not limiting		=> 90 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 20 
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting		<= 6			
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

6.  Flooding: Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most microirrigation systems involve a relatively high capitol investment. Most producers will want to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install the irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients, and agricultural and water treatment chemicals, which are typically applied through or in conjunction with this type of irrigation system.   Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional or "" frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

7.  Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth.    Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. 

	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting 	= very brief or brief
			Not limiting 		= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8.  Excess salt: Excess salts in soil can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significant increases in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and negatively impact crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4 
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

9.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity * the layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 5 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 to < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

10.  Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 100cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
			Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.


11.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting 		  < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

12.  Seepage: Rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increase irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting	  > 21.0 to < 44.0 um/sec 
			Not limiting		<= 21.0 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

13.  Content of large stones (a): Large stone impede installation of irrigation system pipeline mains, laterals, and appurtenances.  Large stones may make O&M on buried irrigation infrastructure more difficult and may impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil available water content.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 25 % to <= 35 %
			Not limiting 		=< 25 %
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

14.  Content of large stones (b): Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede installation of irrigation pipelines and appurtenances to deliver water to microirrigation (above ground) systems.   Above ground installations of main pipelines and laterals can often be used to overcome this limitation.  Above ground installations will sometimes have more varmint damage issues than below ground system delivery pipelines.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	 => 5%
			Not limiting		< 5 %
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

15.  Subsidence - The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm

References: 
The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Above Ground had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. 

Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS States Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.

National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Sept. 1997. Part 652.0603

National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Conservation Practice Standard - Irrigation System, Micro -irrigation, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Texas, April, 2002.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|02/09/2016 16:25:56|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392910"
"FL117"|"WMS - Irrigation, Micro (subsurface drip)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip					Date: 7/02/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS - Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for irrigation systems that apply water at slow rates to the soil-rooting zone and installed beneath the soil surface.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

The Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip was developed by the Temple, Texas interpretation and irrigation engineering staffs and is NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.  The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other regions of the United States. The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.

Scope: Micro- irrigation systems are irrigation systems that apply low volume water application on or below the soil surface: as drops, tiny streams or miniature spray through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line. This report addresses Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) systems which are buried micro-irrigation systems that apply water directly to the subsoil very slowly.  Generally, these systems are very efficient irrigation technologies in terms of both water and energy use and are suitable for used in windbreaks, vegetables, berries, landscape plantings, vineyards, orchards, and some row crops.   The Micro- irrigation (Above Ground) report addresses those systems which emit or apply water at or on the soil surface.

Description: The soil properties and qualities that affect design, layout, construction, management, or performance of the irrigation system are evaluated and their degree of limitation determines the final rating.  The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of drip irrigation systems are soil depth, available water capacity, wetness, or ponding, a need for drainage, percolation rate, pH, erosion potential, and flooding.  The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are soil depth, stoniness, flooding, and ponding.  The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are available water capacity, shrink-swell, salts, lime, pH and sodium.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	 => 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock can impede installation of irrigation system pipelines, appurtenances, and subsurface drip irrigation laterals.   A shallow depth to hard bedrock reduce available rooting depth, and available water capacity making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Shallow depth to bedrock also limits the soil's adsorptive capacity and the thickness of the biologically active zone through with waste materials can percolate.  Shallow soils may pose environmental and health risks when agricultural and municipal waste materials are applied. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and <100 cm
			Not limiting		=> 100 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not	 = ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock can impede installation of irrigation system pipelines, appurtenances, and subsurface drip irrigation laterals.   A shallow depth to soft bedrock reduce available rooting depth, and available water capacity making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.    Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the
restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 =< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	   > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting		 => 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting 	not = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan can impede installation of subsurface drip irrigation laterals, and could result in irrigation laterals being placed below the pan making uniform soil moisture distribution problematic.  A shallow depth to cemented pan could also reduce rooting depth and available water capacity, making it unlikely that anticipated crop response to microirrigation will be achieved.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 and < 100cm
			Not limiting		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	  = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
			Not limiting	  not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or petrogypsic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

5.  Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, SDI lateral tubing, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of irrigation chemical treatment constituents, nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. Used 90 cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 60 to < 90cm
			Not limiting		=> 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management.  Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting		<= 6			
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

7.  Flooding: Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most microirrigation (Subsurface Drip) systems involve a relatively high capitol investment. Most producers will want to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install this type of  irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients, and agricultural and water treatment chemicals, which are typically applied through or in conjunction with this type of irrigation system.    Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or frequent
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8.  Content of large stones (a): Large stone impede installation of irrigation system mains, subsurface drip laterals, and appurtenances.  Large stones have the potential to damage SDI tubing over time when tubing is installed in contact with stones.  Large stones may make operation and management on buried microirrigation tubing more difficult and may impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil available water content.    Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 25%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 0% and < 25%
			Not limiting		= 0%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

9.  Content of large stones (b): Excessive stones (rock fragments, > 10 inch in diameter) on the soil surface layer may impede installation of subsurface irrigation systems and mechanized equipment operations.  Soil feature considered is percent rock fragments > 10 inches in size on the surface soil layer.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS >=250MM ON THE SURFACE (PAN) Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 5%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 0.1 to < 5%
			Not limiting		<= 0.1%
	Null > 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not limiting class.

10. Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer. Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 cm and < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm 
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.

11. Ponding:  Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth.    Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding any month during growing season. 
	
	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = brief or ""very brief""
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

12. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.
Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

13. Seepage: Microirrigation Subsurface Irrigation Systems utilize irrigation laterals installed below the normal tillage zone to prevent damage.  Especially in drier climates rapid permeability can result in crop germination problems if applied irrigation water is unable to move up to planted seeds to insure germination.  In addition, rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increases irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting	  > 21.2 to < 44.0 um/sec 
			Not limiting		<= 21.2 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Shrink-Swell: High shrink-swell potential limits the installation and maintenance of subsurface drip irrigation lines and emitters.  Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) tubing can be damaged due to stress imposed by movement of high shrink swell clays.  Damage to buried lateral lines and resulting sediment contamination from field repairs can be significant problems on high shrink swell soils tubing is exposed by cracks allowing easy rodent access.   In some cases this limitation can be addressed by operating and managing a microirrigation (subsurface drip irrigation) system to maintain soil moisture year round at a level that will prevent soil cracking.  In drier climates and limited water supply areas this may not be an option.  Soil feature considered is the maximum linear extensibility percent

	Property used: WMS - SHRINK-SWELL, MAXIMUM 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 10.5
			Somewhat limiting	  > 4.5 to < 10.5
			Not limiting		=< 4.5
	Null shrink-swell is assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.   Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
	
	Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

16. Subsidence: The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

References: 
The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Temple, Texas for Micro-irrigation, Subsurface Drip had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.
Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS States Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.

National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Sept. 1997. Part 652.0603

National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Conservation Practice Standard - Irrigation System, Micro -irrigation, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Texas, April, 2002.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|08/15/2017 17:09:34|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392911"
"FL117"|"WMS - Irrigation, Sprinkler (close spaced outlet drops)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation, Close Spaced Outlets, Drops				Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation, Close Spaced Outlets, Drops"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of sprinkler irrigation systems equipped with close spaced outlets on drops. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is expressed as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. 

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and <1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Sprinkler irrigation systems (Close Spaced Outlets, Drops) are generally linear move or center pivots equipped with low pressure spray sprinkler nozzles mounted on close spaced drops that apply water close to the ground surface.  Examples of these types of systems include Low Pressure in Canopy (LPIC), Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA), Low Elevation Spray Application (LESA), and Mid Elevation Spray Application (MESA) systems.  These systems have separate slope criteria from other sprinkler systems because of their higher application rates which increase risk of runoff and irrigation induced erosion on steeper slopes.   This type of irrigation system is generally suitable for small grains, row crops, and vegetables.

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems utilizing close spaced spray nozzles on drops are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are surface texture and rocks, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, erosion potential, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates with associated increased potential for translocation of applied irrigation water.  The soil becomes extremely sticky when wet and causes deep rutting, which concentrates and conveys irrigation runoff.  These soils will increase operation and maintenance requirements due to stuck and slipping wheels and resulting improper sprinkler lateral alignment. These soils may also reduce plant growth and cause the irrigation system to not produce expected benefits. Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 	=> 60%
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 40 % and < 60%
			Not limiting 		=< 40 %
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.

2. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone. Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting 	not =""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 not =""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	 = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

3. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be necessary to install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  Soil feature considered is, for any month, the top depth where soil moisture status is wet or saturated any month in the growing season. Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM IN GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		=< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 60 to < 90 cm
			Not limiting 		= > 90 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 to < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	   > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		 <= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent""
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9. Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of underground supply pipelines and to supply sprinkler systems trafficability and tillage, planting and harvesting of crops.  Large stones may also impact operation and management  requirements of the irrigation system by damaging mobile system components and complicating pipeline and irrigation system repairs, and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep. The degree of limitation is reduced by subtraction. Given this constraint; a somewhat limiting 0.5 is the highest degree of limitation given. 

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limited 		=> 35%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 25% and < 35
			Not limiting 		=< 25%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most sprinkler irrigation systems involve a relatively high capital investment.   Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install a Sprinkler close spaced outlets on drops  will pay.  Significant ponding areas would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  

Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = ""very brief"" or brief
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity will tend to increase corrosion of metal irrigation system components.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity.  Leaching applications can be very difficult to apply without producing runoff due to high application rates associated with this type of sprinkler irrigation system. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and potential subsurface drainage during leaching applications from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Slopes may increase runoff and erosion, when used with specific sprinklers equipped with close spaced low pressure spray nozzles that are discharge types of sprinkler systems (LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA. LEPA, LESA, LPIC, and MESA are sprinklers equipped with low pressure spray nozzles that operate on drops.  The closer the nozzle spacing and lower the drop the greater potential for runoff and irrigation induced erosion on a given soil.  Actual limiting slopes for sprinkler irrigation systems using spray nozzles on drops would be  average slope >1% for LEPA, average slope > 3.0% for LESA; and for LIPC and MESA systems average slope > 3% and surface texture finer than loam, or > 5% and surface texture loam or coarser.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 5 %
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1 and =< 5 %
			Not limiting		=< 1%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.


13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100cm and the surface horizon's Ksat. 

Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 0.14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec

	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restriction limits: Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or blockages of equipment from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.  Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Soils are subject to irrigation induced water erosion from this type of sprinkler irrigation system if the indicator is above .98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures.  Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope.

	Property used: WMS - SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION IDICATOR (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 3.0
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1.0 and < 3.0
			Not limiting		=< 1.0
	Null K factor is assigned Not rated.

17.  Subsidence: The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Information:
The Original Sprinkler Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Sprinkler Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature
regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|08/21/2014 18:22:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392912"
"FL117"|"WMS - Irrigation, Sprinkler (general)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation								 Date: 7/2/07	

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS-Sprinkler Irrigation"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of sprinkler irrigation systems excluding those equipped with close spaced outlets on drops which are covered in a different interpretation report.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is expressed as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 100 cm (40 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. 

The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and <1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Sprinkler irrigation systems apply irrigation water to a field through a series of pipes and nozzles and can be either solid set or mobile.  Generally, this type of irrigation system is suitable for small grains, row crops, vegetables, and orchards. 

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are surface texture and rocks, salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, erosion potential, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1. Too clayey: Soil with clayey surface layer has slow intake rates with associated increased potential for translocation of applied irrigation water.  The soil becomes extremely sticky when wet and causes deep rutting, which concentrates and conveys irrigation runoff.  These soils can increase operation and maintenance requirements due to stuck and slipping wheels and resulting improper sprinkler lateral alignment on mobile systems. These soils also reduce plant growth and prevent the sprinkler irrigation system from producing expected benefits. Soil feature considered is the clay percentage of the surface layer.

	Property used: WMS - CLAY PERCENT SURFACE LAYER (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 60%
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 40 % and <= 60%
Not limiting 		  < 40 %
	Null clay percentage is assigned to the Not rated class.

2. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone. Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting 	not =""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	 not =""Noncemented""
			Not limiting	 = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.

3. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 50 cm and <100 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 50cm and < 100cm
			Not limiting 		=> 100cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to a water table A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, and earth forming that might be necessary to install and maintain an irrigation system.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work, restrict rooting zone, and increase risk of ground water contamination through leaching of nitrates, pesticides or other contaminants.  Soil feature considered is, for any month, the top depth where soil moisture status is wet or saturated any month in the growing season. Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.


	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM IN GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		< 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	  => 60 and < 90 cm
			Not limiting 		= > 90 cm
Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 100cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 5 and < 12 cm
			Not limiting		=> 12 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-100cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very limiting		= Very frequent""
		Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent"" 
		Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9. Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of underground supply pipelines and to supply sprinkler systems trafficability and tillage, planting and harvesting of crops.  Large stones may also impact operation and management requirements of the irrigation system by damaging mobile system components and complicating pipeline and irrigation system repairs, and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep. The degree of limitation is reduced by subtraction. Given this constraint; a somewhat limiting 0.5 is the highest degree of limitation given. 

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 35%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 25% and <= 35%
			Not limiting 		=< 25%
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most sprinkler irrigation systems involve a relatively high capital investment.   Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install a Sprinkler close spaced outlets on drops  will pay.  Significant ponding areas would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  


	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 = ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat limiting	 = ""very brief"" or brief
			Not limiting		 = ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will tend to increase corrosion of metal irrigation system components.  Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity.  Leaching applications can be very difficult to apply without producing runoff due to high application rates associated with this type of sprinkler irrigation system. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and potential subsurface drainage during leaching applications from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity 0-100 cm.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 4 
			Not limiting 		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Steep slopes impede operation of sprinkler irrigation systems degrade system application uniformity, increase operation and management requirements on mobile sprinkler irrigation systems, and are subject to severe irrigation induced erosion.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=> 15%
			Somewhat limiting	   > 6 and < 15%
			Not limiting		=< 6%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.


13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 100cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 100cm and the surface horizon's Ksat and soil mineralogy. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		=< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 0.14 to < 1.4micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec

	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction (too acid or alkaline): Low or high soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth.  Soil feature considered is the (pH) in 0-100 cm. 
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

15. Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.  Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 100cm (10 to 40 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-100CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
			
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50%
			Not limiting		   < 50%
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16.  Subsidence: The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference Information:
The Original Sprinkler Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Sprinkler Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature
regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|08/21/2014 18:22:22|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392913"
"FL117"|"WMS - Irrigation, Surface (graded)"|"limitation"|"WMS-Surface Irrigation (Graded)					Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for WMS-Surface Irrigation (Graded)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for installation and use of graded flood or furrow irrigation systems. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications. 

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). 

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.

Scope: Graded surface irrigation systems include graded border and graded furrow irrigation systems.  Graded border irrigation systems allow irrigation water to flow across the soil surface while being confined by borders.  Graded furrow irrigation systems are systems that allow irrigation water to flow down furrow valleys while the crop being irrigated is planted on the furrow ridge. Generally graded border systems are suitable for small grains while graded furrow systems are suitable for row crops.


Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of graded surface irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, surface coarse fragments, permeability, salinity, slope, wetness, and flooding. Features that affect system performance and plant growth are salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, wetness, calcium carbonate content, and available water holding capacity. 

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features. 

1. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		  < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
			Not limiting not 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting 		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

2. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		   < 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting	 => 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""bedrock (lithic)""
			Not limiting not 	= ""bedrock (lithic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		   < 50cm
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting 		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 	     = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
			Not limiting not   = ""bedrock (paralithic)"" or ""bedrock (densic)""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4. Depth to saturated zone: A shallow depth to water table will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, water control structures, and earth forming that might be needed install and maintain graded surface irrigation systems.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work and restrict the rooting zone. These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. See reference for growing season definition. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.


	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING THE GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value).Restrictive limits:
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 < 60cm
			Somewhat Limiting 	=>60 cm and <90 cm
			Not limiting 		 = > 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

5. Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 150cm or to a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=< 7.5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 7.5 cm and < 18 cm
			Not limiting		=> 18 cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class.

6. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

7. Flooding:  Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land, Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or "" frequent""
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

8. Content of large stones: Large stones impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Large stones may also impact operation and management requirements of graded surface irrigation system and will impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, and harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC. Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.

	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting	 > 25% to =<35 %
			Not limiting		=< 25 %
	Null fragment data are assigned Not rated.

9. Seepage: Soils with high hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and low content of fine particles may have a seepage limitation that allows applied irrigation water to percolate rapidly below the root zone during and following irrigation.  High permeability is undesirable in graded surface irrigation systems and can significantly increase irrigation expense and labor requirements to overcome the limitation.  Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to SEEPAGE. Soil feature considered is the Ksat or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm. 
 
	Property used: WMS - KSAT, THICKEST LAYER, 0 TO 150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		 > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 14.1 um/sec and <= 44.0 um/sec
			Not limiting 		<= 14.1 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not limiting.

10. Ponding: Ponding restricts or effects tillage, rooting depth, and plant growth. Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Many irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment. Soil feature considered is ponding duration during the growing season. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  

	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat Limiting 	= brief or ""very brief""
			Not limiting	 	= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

11. Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity. 

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

12. Slope: Excessive slope impedes site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces irrigation efficiency, and contributes to irrigation induced erosion.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.

	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very Limiting		=> 3%
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1 and < 3%
			Not limiting		=< 1%			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

13. Percs slowly: Soils with low surface hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and smectitic mineralogy have slow percolation causing excess runoff and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Agri-chemical and fertilizers applied to soil's with this limitation may be removed from the site by runoff and can impacting adjacent surface waters. Timing, application rates, and application methods are management tools that can be used when applying these products to soil susceptible to slow percolation. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits: 
			Very limiting 		< 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 0 .14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

14. Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase in irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth. Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 100CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 150CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
                        	Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

			

15.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer will reduces irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone  may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops.   Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 150cm (10 to 60 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat Limiting	=> 50%
			Not limiting		  < 50 %
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

16. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Soils are subject to water erosion if the indicator is above .98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures.  Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope.

	Property used: WMS - SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION IDICATOR (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very Limiting		=> 3.0
			Somewhat limiting	  > 1.0 and < 3.0
			Not limiting		=< 1.0
	Null K factor is assigned Not rated.

17.  Subsidence:  The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.


	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TEST, NULL SENDS NO""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	10-30cm
			Not limiting	<= 10cm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference:
The Original Graded Border Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Graded Border Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States. 

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:
Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.


Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:


taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|01/22/2013 16:23:28|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392914"
"FL117"|"WMS - Irrigation, Surface (level)"|"limitation"|"WMS- Surface Irrigation (Level)								Date: 7/2/07

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""Surface Irrigation (Level)"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for basin, paddy, level furrow, or level border irrigation systems.  The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule.  Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less then the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation.  These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation.  These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).  

This Irrigation Application is NOT DESIGNED OR INTENDED TO BE USED IN A REGULATORY MANNER.


Scope: Surface Irrigation Systems (Level) include basin, paddy, level furrow, or level border irrigation systems. Level surface irrigation systems are irrigation systems that use flood irrigation techniques to spread irrigation water at a specified depth across the application area.  Basin, paddy, and borders generally use external ridges or borders to confine the irrigation application while level furrow systems use furrow valleys and end blocks or border ridges to confine the irrigation application during irrigation.  With furrow irrigation the crop is usually planted on the furrow ridge. Generally, basin, paddy and level border irrigation systems are suitable for rice, small grain, pasture and forage production.  Level furrow systems are generally suited for row crops. 

Description: The soil properties and qualities important in the design and management of level surface irrigation systems are depth, available water holding capacity, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability, salinity, slope, and flooding.  The soil properties and qualities that influence installation are depth, flooding and ponding.  The features that affect performance of the system and plant growth are salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, and available water holding capacity.

CRITERIA: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

1.  Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits the soil's water holding capacity and the thickness of the root zone.  Soil features considered are the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction kind = ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"".  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:	
			Very limiting	< 50 cm
			Somewhat limiting => 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting	=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - KIND OF RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting	     = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
			Not limiting	not  = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
Property used: WMS - FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		not = ""Noncemented""
			Not limiting		      = ""Noncemented""
	Null hardness is assigned to the limiting class.
	
2.  Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground irrigation practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, lithic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO BEDROCK (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	= > 50cm and < 150cm
			Not limiting		=> 150cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
	Restrictive limits:
		Very Limiting	     = ""bedrock, lithic""
		Not limiting	not  = ""bedrock, lithic"" 
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

3.  Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling, reduces rooting depth and available water capacity, and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic"". Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: WMS - (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		< 50cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50 cm and < 150 cm
			Not limiting		=> 150 cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
AND
	Property used: WMS - KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very Limiting	     = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic""
			Not limiting	not = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic""
	Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the Not limiting class.

4.  Content of large stones: Large stones may impede installation of pipelines and water control structures, irrigation land leveling and/or shaping, and construction of earthen canals, ditches, or ridges.  Stones will increase operation and management requirements, complicate repair of damaged irrigation system components, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by effecting tillage, planting, harvesting and plant growth through reduced soil AWC.  Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 100 cm deep.


	Property used: WMS - FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-100CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		 > 35 %
			Somewhat limiting	 > 25 % and <=35 %
			Not limiting		=< 25 %
	Null 3 to 10 inch rock fragment data are assigned to the Not rated class.

5. Depth to saturated zone: Soils with shallow depth to water will hamper installation of irrigation pipelines, appurtenances, water control structures, and earth forming that might be needed to install and maintain graded surface irrigation systems.  A shallow depth to water table will also complicate the irrigation water management requirements for the site, and often increases probability of salinity problems developing.  A shallow water table will also make the soil difficult to work and produce a restricted root zone. These areas are slow to drain and can become waterlogged and boggy during periods of heavy precipitation. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first layer where soil moisture layer status is wet or saturated during any month in the growing season. See reference for growing season definition. This limitation can sometimes be overcome with installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Used greater than or equal to 90 cm as not limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		  < 60cm
			Somewhat limiting	=> 60 and <90 cm
			Not limiting 		=> 90cm
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.

6.  Low Available Water Capacity:  Soils with low available water capacities have limited potential to hold irrigation water.  Irrigation management is critical on soil with low AWC to insure adequate soil water for maximum plant growth and production.  Soil feature considered is the (available water capacity x layer thickness) summed through a depth of 150 cm or to a restrictive layer.  Used 0.05 cm/cm as limiting based on NEH, Part 652, Irrigation Guide, and Exhibit 2.1.

	Property used: WMS - AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very Limiting		=< 7.5 cm
			Somewhat limiting	  > 7.5 to < 18cm
			Not limiting		=> 18cm
	Null AWC is assigned to the Not rated class. 

7.  Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop irrigation water and rainfall infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water.  Soils with elevated SARs will require monitoring of SAR in soil and irrigation water being applied, very careful irrigation water management, possible chemical treatment.  An elevated SAR may impact expected crop response to irrigation by suppressing plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm.

	Property used: WMS - SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150cm (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		=> 20
			Somewhat limiting	  > 6 to < 20
			Not limiting 		<= 6
	Null SAR is assigned not rated.

8.  Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then rare has the potential to damage irrigation infrastructure and impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  A frequently flooded area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Frequently flooded areas are more likely to transport nutrients and agricultural chemicals, which are typically applied at a higher rate on irrigated land, off site to receiving surface waters. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months.

	Property used: WMS - FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest, ANY MONTH (PAN) (Maximum Duration) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		= ""Very frequent""
			Somewhat limiting	= ""occasional"" or ""frequent"" 
			Not limiting		= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare""
	Null frequency is assigned to the Not limiting class.

9.  Excess salt: Soils with high electrical conductivity may suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soils with elevated salinity levels will require EC monitoring of soil and irrigation water being applied.  Matching irrigated crop selection to expected salinity levels, proper leaching, and careful irrigation water management, will be required on soils with elevated salinity. A properly designed drainage system may be required to properly irrigate some soils with elevated salinity levels.  Irrigation runoff and associated subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity.

	Property used: WMS - SALINITY MAXIMUM (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 4 
			Not limiting		  < 4
	Null EC is assigned not rated.

10.  Seepage: Rapid permeability that allows irrigation water to percolate out of the root zone is undesirable and increase irrigation management expenses.  Permeability that maintains irrigation water within the root zone during the consumptive use period is desirable to maintain the growth and vigor of the irrigated crop. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150 cm. 

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MAXIMUM, 0-150 CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		  > 44.0 um/sec
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 14.1 um/sec and <= 44.0 um/sec
			Not limiting 		<= 14.1 um/sec 
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

11. Percs slowly: Soils with low hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) have slow percolation causing excess ponding during high precipitation or irrigation events.  Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest Ksat that has any portion in the depth range 0 to 150cm or to a restrictive layer if less then 150cm.  NOTE: RULE 13. PERCS SLOWLY, DOESNT APPLY IF PLANNED CROP IS RICE.  

	Property used: WMS - KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting 		  < 0.14 micrometers/second
			Somewhat limiting 	=> 0.14 to < 1.4 micrometers/second
			Not limiting 		=> 1.4 um/sec
	Null Ksat is assigned not rated.

12. Ponding: Ponding may damage irrigation infrastructure, and will likely impact expected crop response to irrigation by causing frequent crop damage.  Most level surface irrigation systems involve a relatively high investment in money or labor or both. Most producers will need to be fairly certain the investment necessary to install an irrigation system will pay.  Leaving a ponding area would not likely provide a very stable investment.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration any month during the growing season. Soil feature considered is ponding duration.  This limitation can sometimes be overcome with irrigation land leveling or installation of a properly designed drainage system.  Soil feature considered is ponding duration. 
	
	Property used: WMS - PONDING DURATION DURING GROWING SEASON (PAN) (Modality - representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting 		= ""long"" or ""very long""
			Somewhat Limiting	= ""very brief or ""brief"" 						Not limiting		= ""none""
	Null ponding duration is assigned to the Not limiting class.

13. Soil Reaction:  (too acid or too alkaline) Low or High soil pH can result in corrosion of irrigation infrastructure, significantly increase irrigation system operation and maintenance requirements, and impact expected crop response to irrigation by restricting plant growth. Soil feature considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150cm.
	
	Property used: WMS - SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 1500CM (PAN) AND SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0 TO 150CM (PAN) (Modality - high, low, representative value)
		
			Restriction limits:  Too acid
			Very limiting		=< 3.5
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 3.5 and <5.0
			Not limiting		=> 5.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.

		Restriction limits:  Too alkaline
			Somewhat limiting 	  > 9.0 
			Not limiting		=< 9.0
	Null pH values are assigned to the Not rated class.


14.  Calcium Carbonate: Soils with free carbonates below the surface layer may reduce irrigation efficiency and effectiveness by increasing irrigation intake rate from what would have been estimated based on texture alone. Calcium Carbonate may restrict intake if compacted or equipment blockages from precipitation of calcium.  Free carbonates can also restrict available root zone of irrigated crops. Soil feature considered is the maximum CaCO3 equivalent (pct in thickest layer) between 25 and 150cm (10 to 60 inches) or a restrictive layer.

	Property used: WMS - CaCO3 MAXIMUM 25-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION (PAN) (Modality - high, low, and representative value)
		Restrictive limits:
			Somewhat limiting	=> 50%
			Not limiting 		  < 50 %
	Null CaCO3 is assigned to the Not limiting class.

15. Slope: Excessive slope impedes site preparation and adds significantly to costs associated with land grading, shaping, and leveling, and construction of required confining borders.  If not removed through reshaping excessive slope will reduce irrigation efficiency.  Soil feature considered is component slope.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: WMS - SLOPE (PAN) (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		Restriction limits:
			Very limiting		  > 2 %
			Not limiting		=< 2 %			
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.

16.  Subsidence:  The presence of gypsum or soluble salts in the soil, parent material, or bedrock may lead to the formation of subsidence features if the amount of irrigation water applied grossly exceeds evapotranspiration.  In humid climates, excessive irrigation on soils occuring over limestone bedrock can also experience sinkhole formation.  Soil features considered are the gypsum content of the soil and bedrock as well as the presence of limestone bedrock.

	Property used: ""LIMESTONE RESIDUUM TES""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
		 Restrictive Limits:
		    Limiting		If the bedrock is limestone, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    Not limiting	If the bedrock is not limestone, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		    
		  NOTE!!!  As the property is now written, if bedrock is not populated, a N0 is returned.
		  NOTE!!!  This base rule will be expanded to evaluate more types of bedrock.
		  
		  
	Property used: ""PARENT MATERIAL ORIGIN IS SOLUBLE SALT""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
			Limiting	If the bedrock is soluble salt, the site is limited by the bedrock type.
		    	Not limiting	If the bedrock is not soluble salt, the site is not limited by the bedrock type.
		    
		  
		  
	Property used:  ""SUBSIDENCE DUE TO GYPSUM, REV""  (Modality - and representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
			Very limiting		=> 30cm
			Somewhat limiting	                10-30cm
			Not limiting		<= 10cm

---------------------------------------------------------------
References: 
The Furrow, Basin or Paddy Irrigation interpretation was developed by the Davis, California interpretation staff in cooperation with the University of California. The original interpretation rules and criteria developed by Davis, California interpretation staff for Furrow, Basin or Paddy Irrigation had been modified to meet states needs for this application in other part of the United States.  

Criteria were adjusted as requested 9/19/2006 by NRCS Central States, NSSC, and CNTSC staff working on Irrigation Applications. The following individuals were consulted on the criteria:

Bob Nielson, Consultant, Soil Scientist, Lincoln, NE
Troy Collier, NRCS, Resource Soil Scientist, Woodward, OK
Wayne Gabriel, NRCS, Soil Data Quality Specialist, Temple, TX
Allen Gehring, NRCS, Assistant State Engineer, Ames, IA
Edward Griffin, NRCS, National Resource Soil Scientist, Fort Worth, TX
Cleon Namken, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Lubbock, TX
Mike Risinger, NRCS, State Soil Scientist/Leader M09, Temple, TX
Chuck Sample, NRCS, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Stillwater, OK
Rick Schegel, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Woodward, OK
Marty Soffran, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Salina, KS
Chris Stoner, NRCS, Civil Engineer, Stillwater, OK
Jerry Walker, NRCS, National Water Management Engineer, Fort Worth, TX
Jon Whan, NRCS, Water Management Engineer, Hondo, TX
Susan Southard, NRCS, Soil Data Quality, Davis, CA
Karl Hipple, NRCS, National Leader, Interpretation, Lincoln, NE
All NRCS State Soil Scientists and State Engineers were consulted on the criteria.
California Irrigation Guide. USDA-SCS. 1982. Developed in cooperation with the Pond-Shafter-Wasco Resource Conservation District.
Hanson, Blaine and Grattan, Stephen R. 1993. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. University of California Irrigation Program. University. Of California, Davis.
National Engineering Handbook. USDA-NRCS.  Aug. 1996. Part 652.
National Soil Survey Handbook. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Part 620 - Soil Interpretations Rating Guides 620, Table 620-32.

Flooding (frequent or very frequent) that occurs during the growing season where the crop growing seasons is defined by the taxonomic temperature regime:

taxonomic temperature
regime				corresponding months
----------------------------	---------------------
cryic, isofrigid or pergelic	July and August

frigid or mesic			June, July, 
				August and September

thermic 			March, April, May, 
				June, July, August,
				September and October
				
isothermic,			Jan., Feb., March, April,
isohyperthermic,		May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December

isomesic, hyperthermic		February, March, April,
				May, June, July, August,
				September, October, 
				November and December"|01/22/2013 16:23:28|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392915"
"FL117"|"WMS - Pond Reservoir Area"|"limitation"|"Summary:

Soil interpretations for various water management practices are developed for use in evaluating the potential of the soil for various water management practices.  These practices may involve the movement of water to or from a site, holding water on a site, or securing a water source.  The soil survey interpretation rating guides are applicable to both heavily and sparsely populated areas, depending upon the objectives of the user.  The ratings are for soils in their present condition and do not consider present land use.  Soil limitation ratings and associated restrictive features are given for ponds and reservoir areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and excavated ponds.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils can be a non-member, partial member or complete members of the set of soils that are limited for ""WMS - Pond Reservoir Area"".  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a membership indices greater then zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified.  The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum membership indices of each soil interpretive property that comprise the ""Off-Road Motorcycle Trails"" interpretive rule.  Minor restrictive soil features are identified but not considered as part of the overall rating process.  These restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through design application.

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their rating indices.  These are not limited (rating index = 0), somewhat limited (rating index > 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (rating index = 1.0).

Description:

A pond reservoir area is an area that holds water behind a dam or embankment.  Livestock or wildlife watering facilities are examples of the potential application of pond reservoir areas.

Soil properties influence development of pond reservoir areas including site selection, structure design, construction, performance, and after construction maintenance.  The soil interpretations for pond reservoir areas are used as a tool in evaluating soil suitability and identifying soil limitations for the practice.  The rating is for soils in their present condition and does not consider present land use.

Scope: National

The soils best suited to this use have a low seepage potential, which is determined by permeability and depth to fractured or permeable bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other permeable material.

Ratings are based on soil properties and qualities to act as a natural barrier against seepage into deeper layers, without regard to cutoff trenches or other features that may be installed under the pond embankment.  Excessive slope in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the pond embankment seriously reduces the storage capacity of the reservoir area.  Suitable sites may be difficult to find on slopes steeper than about 10 percent.

Criteria:

The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.

	1.  Seepage:  The soil horizon with the maximum Ksat governs the seepage potential of the soil.   When this rate is high, transmission of fluids into and through the soil is unimpeded and seepage may become a performance concern.  Soil feature considered is the layer with the maximum Ksat between a depth of 50 to 180 cm.
	
	Property used: PERMEABILITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 50-180cm 
	(Modality - high, low, representative value)
			
	Restriction limits: (in micrometers/sec)
		Limiting 	 	 > 14.0
		Somewhat Limiting 	=> 1.0 and <= 14.0
		Not limiting		 < 1.0
		
	Null Ksat values are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	2.  Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock limits site preparation, reservoir depth, and pond maintenance. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock (lithic)"" or ""bedrock (paralithic)."" Paralithic bedrock has less limitation then lithic and the rating is reduced by a power of 3.  Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT


	
	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK HARD 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK SOFT 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		=  0cm
		Somewhat limiting 	 > 0 to < 150cm
		Not limiting		=> 150cm
		
	Null depths are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	3.  Depth to cemented pan: Depth to cemented pan limits site preparation, reservoir depth, and pond maintenance.  Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive kind is ""fragipan"", ""duripan"", ""petrocalcic"", ""ortstein"", or ""petrogypsic"" and restrictive feature hardness is not noncemented. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table.

	Property used: DEPTH TO CEMENTED PAN 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting	=> 50 to =< 150cm
		Not limiting		 > 150cm
		
	Null depth is assigned to the Not limiting class.
		
	AND NOT
	
	Property used: RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		not = noncemented
		Not limiting		    = noncemented
				
	Null hardness is assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	4.  Slope: Steep slopes impede site preparation and construction and restrict reservoir size and shape.  Soil feature considered is the component slope.
		
	Property used: SLOPE 
	(Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		=> 8%
		Somewhat limiting	 > 3 and < 8%
		Not limiting		=< 3%			
		
	Null Slope is assigned Not rated.
	
	5.  Excess Lime: Soil containing significant amounts of marly materials are prone to seepage as these materials are dissolved and leached out of the system.  Soil feature considered is USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""mr""
		Not limiting	not = ""mr""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifiers are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	6.  Excess Gypsum: Soil containing significant amounts of gypsiferious materials are prone to seepage as these materials are dissolved and leached out of the system.  Soil feature considered is USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is.
	
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	    = ""gyp""
		Not limiting	not = ""gyp""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifiers are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	
	7.  Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		 < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	=> 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
	OR
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER 
	(Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	= ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class."|09/27/2012 20:16:33|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392916"
"FL117"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, Outflow Quality"|"limitation"|"WMS - Water Management System, Outflow Quality

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS - Water Management System, Outflow Quality"" evaluate a soil's limitations for outflow quality from conservation systems that involve the movement or conveyance of surface water across the landscape and excess subsurface water from the soil. Such conveyances are graded ditches, grassed waterways, terraces, diversions, tile drains and underground outlets etc. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use. 

The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limited condition) and 1.0 (limited condition). If a soil property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.  Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation= 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0). or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). 

Scope: The soil interpretation for WMS-Water Management System, Outflow Quality is designed to be used as a tool in evaluating and identifying soil limitations for the outflow quality of water being removed by drainage systems.

Description: Soil properties and qualities that affect Water Management Systems, Outflow Quality are salinity, pesticides, soil reaction, sodium, gypsum, sulfur, and susceptibility to water erosion. 
 
Criteria: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features. 

1. Salinity: Excess water-soluble salts may dissolve into water flowing to and through the subsurface drain. Subsurface drainage from these soils has the potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands. The soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity in depth range 0 to 150 cm.

Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150CM,   Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:
          Very Limited              >= 16 mmhos/cm
          Somewhat limited      > 4 to < 16 mmhos/cm
          Not limited                 <= 4 mmhos/cm
     NULL data are ""Not rated"".

OR

2. Pesticides and Nutrient Movement: Pesticides and nutrients (nitrates, etc.) may leach with water flowing to and through the subsurface drain. Surface and subsurface drainage from these soils has the potential to increase pesticide and nutrient levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity in depth range 0 to 150 cm, depth to high water table, and the presence of cracks in the soil.

Property used: KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION,  Modality: Representative Value
    Restrictive limits:
          Very Limited              >= 10 um/sec
          Somewhat limited     > 1.0 and < 10 um/sec
          Not limited                <= 1.0 um/sec
     NULL data are ""Not rated"".

     AND

     Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM,    Modality: Representative Value
     Restrictive limits:
          Very Limited             <= 60 cm
          Somewhat limited     < 150 and > 60 cm
          Not limited                >= 150 cm
     NULL data are assigned to the ""Not limited"" class.

     OR

     Property used: LINEAR EXTENSIBILITY THICKEST LAYER, 0-125CM,   Modality: Representative Value
     Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              >= 9%
          Somewhat limited     > 6 and < 9%
          Not limited                <= 6%
     NULL data areassigned to the ""Not rated"" class.
 
3. Extremely Acid pH: Low soil pH can result in corrosion of infrastructure which can significantly increase system operation and maintenance requirements. Subsurface drainage from limited soils has potential to impact downstream surface waters and wetlands. Soil features considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150 cm.

Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 150 CM,    Modality: Representative Value

Restriction limits: Too acid
   Very limited                 = < 3.5
   Somewhat limited       > 3.5 and <5.0
   Not limited	     => 5.0
Null pH values are assigned to the ""not rated"" class


OR

4. Extremely Alkaline pH:  High soil pH increases alkaline metallic ion availability but decreases micronutrient availability which restricts plant growth.  Infrastructure corrosion potential increases as pH increases. Soil feature considered is soil reaction (pH) from 0 to 150 cm.

    Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0-150CM,   Modality: Representative Value
       Multiplier: 0.5 is used to force all evaluation values greater than 1 into the ""Somewhat limited"" class
          Restrictive limits:
          Somewhat Limited     > 9.0
          Not limited                 <= 9.0
    	 NULL data are ""Not rated"".

OR

5. Excess Sodium: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio may disperse, limiting the flow of water to the tile, and suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm.

     Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150CM,    Modality: Representative Value
       Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              >= 13 
          Somewhat limited     > 4.5 to < 13
          Not limited                <= 4. 5
       NULL data are ""Not rated"".
 
6. EXCESS GYPSUM: Excess gypsum may dissolve into water flowing through the subsurface drain and cause subsidence or piping of the drain. It may also contaminate subsurface water at the discharge of the drain. Soil feature considered is the maximum gypsum percent between 0 and 150 cm or a restrictive layer.

    Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION,   Modality: Representative Value
    Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              >= 40%
          Somewhat limited     > 5 to < 40%
          Not limited               <= 5%
     	NULL data are assigned to the ""Not limited"" class.

OR

7.  Excess sulfur content: Soil in taxonomic Great Group ""sulfaquents"" or ""sulfihemists"" are high in sulfidic materials that restrict plant growth and re-vegetation of disturbed areas.  Soil feature considered is taxonomic Great Group.

Property used: TAXONOMIC GREAT GROUP,    Modality - representative value
    Restrictive limits:
         Very Limiting       Matches ""*sulf*""
         Not limiting          ""sulf"" string not part of the taxonomic Great Group
         Null taxonomic great group classes are assigned to the ""Not limiting"" class.

      OR

8. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Channel banks and bottoms are subject to water erosion if the indicator is above 0.98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures. Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope.
 
Property used: SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION INDICATOR,   Modality - representative value 
Restriction limits: 
         Very Limited              => 3.0
         Somewhat limited     > 1.0 and < 3.0 
         Not limited                =< 1.0 
          Null K factor is assigned to the ""not rated"" class."|09/27/2012 20:16:35|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392917"
"FL117"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Installation"|"limitation"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Installation 

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS  Subsurface Water Management, System Installation"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for systems that involve installation of underground drainage systems. These systems are designed to remove excess subsurface water from the soil and reduce soil saturation. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition. and do not consider present land use.
 
The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (1imiting condition). If a soil's property within 125 cm (49 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and 
application modifications.
  
Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation> 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0). 



Scope: The soil interpretation for ""WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Installation"" is designed to be used as a tool in evaluating and identifying soil limitations for installation of subsurface drainage systems that involve installation of underground drainage pipe, tile, or tubing. As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its undisturbed condition and does not consider present land use. The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties on installation of Subsurface Water Management structures. 
 


Description: Subsurface drainage is the process of removing excess subsurface water from agricultural land. How easily and effectively a subsurface water management structure can be installed depends on the depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, soil texture, stability of excavations, coarse fragments and slope. 

Criteria: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features. 

A. A water table must be present. Monthly recorded water table within 125 cm (4 ft) from the surface must occur in one or more months or else ""drainage normally not required. 

AND 

B. INSTALLATION 
1. Depth to hard bedrock: Shallow depth to hard bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, lithic. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK"" (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited < = 90 cm 
	Somewhat limited > 90cm and <= 125cm 
	Not limited > 125 cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 
Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESIRICTION"" (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited   	= bedrock, lithic"" 
	Not limited 	not =bedrock, lithic 

Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

OR 

2. Depth to soft bedrock: Shallow depth to soft bedrock limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restrictive type is ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic."" Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 
 

Property used: ""DEPTH TO BEDROCK. (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited = < 90 cm 
	Somewhat limited > 90cm and < =125cm 
	Not limited > 125 cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 

Property used: ""KIND OF BEDROCK RESTRICTION"" (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited              = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic'' 
	Not limited 	not = ""bedrock, paralithic"" or ""bedrock, densic"" 
Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

OR 

3. Depth to thick cemented pan: Shallow depth to thick cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction thickness is > 46cm. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTVE FEATURE THICK,   (Modality- representative value) 
 Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited                =< 90cm, 
	Somewhat limited      > 90 and < = 125cm 
	Not limited                 > 125cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 

Property used: ""KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION (Modality - representative value) 

        Restrictive limits: 
 	Very limited 	= ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Not limited 	not = ""fragipan'' or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 

Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS  (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
                Very limited              not = ""Noncemented"" 
	Not limited 	 = ""Noncemented"" 
Null hardness is assigned to the""very limited"" class. 

OR 

4. Depth to thin cemented pan: Shallow depth to thin cemented pan limits site preparation such as shaping and leveling and restricts installation of underground practice components. Soil feature considered is the top depth of the first restrictive layer where restriction thickness is =< 46cm. Depth to restrictive feature must be synchronized with the depth to the restrictive feature horizon shown in the horizon table. 

Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTVE FEATURE THIN,  (Modality- representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited < = 90cm 
	Somewhat limited > 90 and <= 125cm 
	Not limited > 125 cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 
 
 
Property used: ""KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION  (Modality - representative value) 

Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic"" 
	Not limited  not =; ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic' 
Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class.
 
AND 

Property used: ""FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS  (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
	Limited 	               not = ""Noncemented"" 
	Not limited 	= ""Noncemented"" 
Null hardness is assigned to the ""limited"" class. 

OR 
  
5. Too clayey:  This rule evaluates textures from the thickest layers between 0 and 125 cm.  Soils having content of clay in excess of 45 percent are rated as too clayey.  If clay minerology is kaolinitic or the soil is in an aridic moisture regime the clay content is not a restrictive feature.  Clayey soils may become sticky when wet and are difficult to spread and compact.  This condition is not restrictive for soil in Aridic moisture regimes and is only partially restrictive when clay mineralogy is kaolinitic. Soil feature considered is the weighted average of clay content between 0 and 125cm or above a restrictive layer and taxonomic family mineralogy.
		
	Property used: CLAY PERCENT IN DEPTH 0-125CM (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		Limiting		>45 percent
		Somewhat limiting	27-45 percent
		Not limiting	<27 percent
			
	Null clay contents are assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
	AND

	Property used: TAXONOMIC MINERALOGY CLASS (Modality - representative value)
		
	Restriction limits:
		If taxonomic family mineralogy is kaolinitic then
		the soil clayey rating is reduced by multiplying by 0.5.
			
	Null taxonomic mineralogy classes are assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

6. Unstable excavation walls:  Under certain circumstances, the sides of an excavation may collapse.  This can be hazardous to anyone in the trench or near the edge at the time of failure.  The sloughed material may need to be removed from the trench, increasing the time needed to excavate.  The sides of the trench may need to be made to reflect the angle of repose of the material or be shored.
	
	
		A. Instability of the cutbank can be caused by the coarseness of the soil material.
		
		Property used: FRAGMENT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM (Modality - low, high, representative value)
		
		Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 80 percent by volume
		     Somewhat limiting	60-80 percent by volume
		     Not limiting	Less than 60 percent by volume
		     
		 Property used: SAND PERCENT LESS CLAY IN DEPTH 30-180CM
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		Above 185
		     Somewhat limiting	170-185
		     Not limiting	Less than 170
		     
		  (The clay content is subtracted from the sand content.  100 is added to the difference to keep the numbers positive.  This number is a sort of effective sand content, adjusting for the adhesiveness of clay.)
		     
		     
		 B.  High shrink-swell can cause instability of cutbanks.
		 
		 Property used: LEP 25-200cm OR ABOVE RESTRICTIVE LAYER WTD_AVE
		 
		 Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		LEP above 9
		     Somwewhat limiting	LEP 6 to 9
		     Not limiting	                LEP less than 6
		     
		     
		  C. Silty material that is not loess can be unstable.
		  
		  Property used: PARENT MATERIAL KIND IS LOESS
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Limiting		High silt and not loess
		     Not limiting	High silt and is loess
		     
		  Property used: SILT PERCENT IN DEPTH 30-200CM
		  
		  Restrictive limits:
		     Somewhat limiting	Greater than 75 percent silt
		     Not limiting	                 Less than 75 percent silt
		     
		  Silt content is not considered to ever be a severe limitation.

OR

7. Slope: Steep slopes impede the operation of installation equipment and may require special system design and construction to overcome the slope limitations. Soil 
feature considered is the component slope. 

Property used: ""SLOPE"" , (Modality -low, high, representative value) 
	Restriction limits: 		
	Very limited 	=> 9% 
	Somewhat limited 	> 3 and < 9 % 
	Not limited 	<= 3 % 

Null slope is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
OR 

8. Content of large stones: Large stone impede the workability of the soil and restrict Trafficability of heavy machinery and site reclamation, Soil feature considered is the weighted average percentage of rock fragments of size greater than 75mm in the horizons above a restrictive feature or from 0 to 125 cm deep. 

Property used: ""FRAGMENTS> 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0- 125 CM "" (Modality - high, low, representative value) 

Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited 	=> 25% 
	Somewhat limited 	> 15% and < 25% 
	Not limited 	=< 15% 
Null fragment data are assigned to the ""not rated"" class. 

AND

9. DEPTH TO SEASONAL HIGH WATER TABLE: Subsurface water management is typically not needed for soils with a seasonal high water table at depths greater than 125 cm.

     	Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM WITHIN 125CM,   Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:
          Rated                              <= 125 cm
          Drainage not needed      > 125 cm

     NULL data are assigned ""Drainage not needed"".


---------------------------------------------------------------

Note

The original national ""Tile Drains and Underground Outlet"" interpretation was published in Part 
620, Soil Interpretation Rating Guides, of the National Soil Survey Handbook (1993 version). The 
national interpretation was dropped in the late 1990s. The original interpretation rules and 
criteria were modified and adapted to reflect Texas needs and converted to a state soil 
interpretation, ""WMS Tile Drains and Underground Outlets."" This interpretation was subjected to 
national review and is proposed for reestablishment as a National Soil Interpretation, ""WMS  
Subsurface Water Management, System Installation"|09/27/2012 20:16:35|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392918"
"FL117"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Performance"|"limitation"|"WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Performance  

Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS  Subsurface Water Management, System Performance"" evaluate a soil's limitation(s) for systems that involve performance and functionality of underground drainage systems. These systems are designed to remove excess subsurface water from the soil and reduce soil saturation. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.
 
The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limiting condition) and 1.0 (limiting condition). If a soil's property within 150 cm (59 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater than zero, then that soil property is limiting and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support 
the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications. 

Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation = 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation> 0 and < 1.0), or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).
 

 
Scope: The soil interpretation for ""WMS - Subsurface Water Management, System Performance"" is designed to be used as a tool in evaluating and identifying soil limitations for performance of subsurface drainage systems that involve functionality of underground drainage pipe, tile, or tubing. As part of the interpretation process, the rating applies to each soil in its undisturbed condition and does not consider present land use. The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties on performance of Subsurface Water Management structures. 
 
Description: Subsurface drainage is the process of removing excess subsurface water from agricultural land. How easily and effectively a subsurface water management structure can performed depend on the depth to dense layer, slow percolation, soil reaction, excess salts, excess sodium, subsidence, excess gypsum, sedimentation, water table depth, and flooding. 

         Criteria: The interpretive rating is the most limiting of the following restrictive features.
  A. A water table must be present. Monthly recorded water table within 125 cm (4 ft) from surface must occur in one or more months or else ""drainage normally not required. 

          AND

B. Performance and Functionality 

1. Dense layer:  This subrule deals with the relationship between soil bulk density and water movement.  As bulk density increases, water movement is incrementally limited and percolatio reduced.  At some point, water can no longer penetrate the soil and the bulk density becomes not just a limitor, but a restriction.  Bulk density is related to the texture of the soil, with sandy textured soils typically being denser than silty or clayey soils.  Silty soils are non-limiting over a wider range of bulk density than sandy or clayey soils.  Bulk density, therefore, is expressed as a ratio of the difference of the existing bulk density minus an optimal bulk density for each sand, silt, and clay combination divided by the theoretical difference between the water restricting bulk density minus the optimal bulk density at each combination of sand silt and clay.

Property used:  BULK DENSITY RATIO MAXIMUM 150CM OR RESTRICTION, Modality representative value


Restrictive Limits:
                                     Not limiting                < 0.8
                                     Somewhat limiting           >=0.8 to < 1.2
                                     Very limiting               >=1.2

Null bulk density is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

     OR 

2. PERCS SLOWLY: Soils with low hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) have slow percolation causing excess runoff   and erosion during high precipitation or irrigation events. Tile drains installed in soils with this limitation may not perform as water percolate too slowly to the tile depth. Soil feature considered is the Ksat in the depth range 0 to 150 cm.

     Property used: KSAT MINIMUM, 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION,   Modality: Representative Value
     Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              <= 0.1 um/s
          Somewhat limited     > 0.1 and < 1.0 um/s
          Not limited                >= 1.0 um/s
     NULL data are assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

OR
	
3. Flooding: Flooding frequency greater than rare has the potential to damage drainage infrastructure and impact expected crop response to drainage by causing frequent crop damaged. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months. 

Property used: ""FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest ANY MONTH 
        (Maximum Duration)"" (Modality - representative value) 
             Restrictive limits: 
	Very limited 	= Very frequent"" 
	Somewhat limited 	= ""occasional"" or"" frequent"" 
	Not limited 	= ""none"" or ""very rare"" or ""rare"" 
Null frequency is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

OR

4. Acid pH: Low soil pH can result in corrosion of infrastructure; significantly increase system operation and maintenance requirements. Subsurface drainage from limited soils has potential to impact downstream surface waters and wetlands. Soil features considered is the (pH) from 0 to 150 cm.

      Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MINIMUM, 0 TO 150 CM, Modality: Representative Value

	Restriction limits: Too acid
		Very limited   = < 3.5
		Somewhat limited > 3.5 and <5.0
		Not limited	=> 5.0
Null pH values are assigned to the ""not rated"" class


OR

5. Alkaline pH: High soil pH increases metallic ion and nutrient availability and restricts plant growth. Infrastructure corrosion potential increases as pH increases. Soil feature considered is soil reaction (pH) from 0 to 180 cm.

     Property used: SOIL REACTION 1-1 WATER; MAXIMUM, 0-150CM, Modality: Representative Value
     Multiplier: 0.5 is used to force all evaluation values greater than 0 into the ""Somewhat limited"" class

     Restrictive limits:
          Somewhat Limited     > 9.0
          Not limited          <= 9.0

     NULL data are assigned to the  ""not rated"" class.

OR
6. Excess Salt: Excess water-soluble salts may dissolve into water flowing to and through the subsurface drain. Subsurface drainage from these soils has potential to increase salinity levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands. Soil feature considered is the horizon with the highest electrical conductivity. 

Property used: ""SALINITY MAXIMUM"" (Modality - low, high, representative value) 
Restriction limits: 
	Very Limited 	        =>16 
	Somewhat limited 	> 4 to < 16 
	Not limited 	       =< 4 
Null EC is assigned to the ""not rated"" class. 

OR 

7. Excess Sodium: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio may disperse, limiting the flow of water to the tile, and suppress plant growth and will require a high degree of management. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 150 cm.

Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-150CM,  Modality: Representative Value

     Restrictive limits:
          Very limited              >= 13 
          Somewhat limited     > 4.5 to < 13
          Not limited               <= 4. 5

 Null SAR is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

OR

8. SUBSIDENCE: NSSH 618.59, B, 1-3. The susceptibility of soils to subsidence is an important consideration for organic soils that are drained. If these soils are drained for community development, special foundations are needed for buildings. Utility lines, sidewalks, and roads that lack special foundations may settle at different rates, thus causing breakage, high maintenance costs, and inconvenience. If the soils are drained for farming, the long-term effects of subsidence, the possible destruction of land if it subsides below the water table must be considered. Subsidence as a result of drainage is attributed to the following factors. The first three factors are responsible for the initial subsidence that occurs rapidly, specifically within about 3 years after the water table is lowered.
     	-Shrinkage from drying,
     	-Consolidation due to loss of ground-water buoyancy,
     	-Compaction from tillage or manipulation,
    	 -Wind erosion,
     	-Burning,
     	-Biochemical oxidation.
After the initial subsidence, a degree of stability is reached and the loss of elevation declines to a steady rate, primarily because of oxidation. The oxidation and subsidence continue at this slower rate until stopped by the water table or underlying mineral material. The rate of subsidence depends on
     	-Ground-water depth,
    	 -Amount of organic matter,
     	-Kind of organic matter,
     	-Soil temperature,
     	-pH,
     	-Biochemical activity.
Soil feature considered is total subsidence.

Property used: SUBSIDENCE TOTAL,  Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:
          Very limited    >= 30 cm
          Not limited     < 30 cm
     	NULL data are assigned to the ""not limited"" class.

OR

9. EXCESS GYPSUM: Excess gypsum may dissolve into water flowing through the subsurface drain and cause subsidence or piping of the drain. It may also contaminate subsurface water at the discharge of the drain. Soil feature considered is the maximum gypsum percent between 0 and 150 cm or a restrictive layer.

Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM 0-150CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION,   Modality: Representative Value
    	 Restrictive limits:
          Very limited               >= 40%
          Somewhat limited     > 5 to < 40%
          Not limited          <= 5%
     	NULL data are assigned to the ""not limited"" class.

OR

10. SEDIMENTATION: Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration or electromagnetism. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation) There is typically not enough energy in the system to transport particles larger than fine sand in suspension. As energy (flow) rates vary the fine sand and very fine sand fractions settle out first when energy is reduced while the smaller particle fractions tend to stay in suspension longer and be transported further. The accumulation of the fine sand and very fine sand fraction may reduce tile drain capacity and potentially compromise the performance of tile drains. The soil feature considered is the maximum amount of fine sand plus very fine sand in horizons that have less than 12 percent total clay in the depth range 60 to 125 cm.

Property used: USDA TEXTURE FS+VFS WHEN <12% C, MAX IN DEPTH 60-125CM,   Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:
          Very limited                >= 50%
          Somewhat limited      > 20 and < 50%
          Not limited                 <=20%
     NULL fine and very fine sand data are assigned to the ""not rated"" class.

 AND

11. DEPTH TO SEASONAL HIGH WATER TABLE: Subsurface water management is typically not needed for soils with a seasonal high water table at depths greater than 125 cm.

Property used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM WITHIN 125CM,  Modality: Representative Value
Restrictive limits:

          Rated                              <= 125 cm
          Drainage not needed      > 125 cm
     NULL data are assigned ""Drainage not needed"" class.




___________________________________________________

The original national ""Tile Drains and Underground Outlet"" interpretation was published in Part 620, Soil 
Interpretation Rating Guides, of the National Soil Survey Handbook (1993 version). The national interpretation was dropped in the late 1990s. The original interpretation rules and criteria were modified and adapted to reflect Texas needs and converted to a state soil interpretation, ""WMS Tile Drains and Underground Outlets (TX)."" This 
interpretation was subjected to national review and is proposed for reestablishment as a National Soil 
Interpretation, ""WMS  Subsurface Water Management, System Performance (TX)."|09/27/2012 20:16:35|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392919"
"FL117"|"WMS - Surface Water Management, System"|"limitation"|"WMS  Surface Water Management, System 
	 
Summary: Soil interpretations for ""WMS - Surface Water Management, System"" evaluate a soil's limitations for conservation systems that involve the movement or conveyance of surface water across the landscape. Such conveyances are graded ditches, grassed waterways, terraces, diversions, etc. The ratings are for soils in their natural condition and do not consider present land use.
 
The degree of limitation is express as a numeric index between 0 (non-limited condition) and 1.0 (limited condition).  If a soil's property within 150 cm (60 inches) of the soil surface has a degree of limitation greater than zero, then that soil property is limited and the soil restrictive feature is identified. The overall interpretive rating assigned is the maximum degree of limitation of each soil interpretive property that comprises the interpretive rule. Lesser restrictive soil features are those that have a degree of limitation less than the maximum and are identified to provide the user with additional information about the soil's capability to support the interpretation. These lesser restrictive features could be important factors where the major restrictive features are overcome through practice design and application modifications.
 
Soils are placed into interpretive rating classes per their degree of limitation. These are not limited (degree of limitation= 0), somewhat limited (degree of limitation > 0 and < 1.0). or very limited (degree of limitation = 1.0).
 
Scope: The soil interpretation for WMS- Surface Water Management, System is designed to be used as a tool in evaluating and identifying soil limitations for the installation and performance of surface drainage systems involving construction of earthen drainage ditches, channels, diversions, terraces, etc that involve <60cm of cut. As part of the interpretation process the rating applies to each soil in its undisturbed condition and does not consider present land use. The limitation rating provided is based on the influence of existing soil properties on installation and function of these systems. Where there is concern about construction of drainage structures that involve> 60cm of cut, soil should be checked for bedrock or other restriction to planned excavation depth.
 
Description: Soil properties and qualities that affect construction and performance of Surface Water Management Structures (Ditch, Channel, or Ridge) are slope, flooding, ponding, surface and subsurface permeability, surface coarse fragments, depth to restrictive feature (bedrock, pan, or dense layer), sodium, salinity, gypsum, and susceptibility to water erosion. 
 
Criteria: The interpretive rating is the most limited of the following restrictive features. 

1. Depth to bedrock: Shallow depth to bedrock impedes workability of the soil and restricts proper shaping of drainage structures.

Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK, (Modality - representative value)

Restrictive limits: 
                Somewhat limited    < 60 cm 
	Not limited 	=> 60 cm
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

2. Depth to cemented pan: Shallow depth to cemented pan limits percolation of surface water into the subsoil and supports the performance and function of the surface drain. 

Property used: FIRST RESTRICTVE FEATURE,  (Modality- representative value) 

Restrictive limits: 
	Somewhat limited 	         < 60cm 
	Not limited 	         => 60cm 
Null depth is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND 

Property used: KIND OF FIRST RESTRICTION, (Modality - representative value)

Restrictive limits: 
                Very Limited   = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic' or ""ortstein' or ""petrogypsic"" 
                Not limited    not = ""fragipan"" or ""duripan"" or ""petrocalcic"" or ""ortstein"" or ""petrogypsic'' 
Null restrictive feature kind is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

AND
 
Property used: FIRST RESTRICTIVE FEATURE HARDNESS,  (Modality - representative value) 
Restrictive limits: 
                 Very Limited         not = ""Noncemented"" 
                 Not limited           = ""Noncemented"" 
Null hardness is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 

3. Content of large rock fragments. Large rock fragments impede the workability of the soil and restrict proper shaping of the drainage structure.
 
Property used: FRAGMENTS > 75MM WEIGHTED AVE. IN DEPTH 0-60 CM, (Modality - high, low, representative value) 

Restrictive limits: 
	Very Limited           => 15% 
	Somewhat limited  > 5% and < 15% 
	Not limited             =< 5% 
Null fragment data are assigned to the ""not rated"" class. 

4. Slope: Slopes more than gently sloping impede the performance of a surface drain and remove water at a velocity that may exceed soil resistance to erosion.
 
Property used: SLOPE,  (Modality -low, high, representative value)
Restriction limits: 
	Very limited             => 6% 
	Somewhat limited    > 3 and < 6% 
	Not limited               =< 3% 

Null Slope is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
5. Flooding: Flooding frequency greater then occasional restricts installation of drainage structures and inhibits free flow of surface water from the drainage area. Soil feature considered is maximum flooding frequency classes over 12 months. 

Property used: FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (Maximum Duration), (Modality - representative value)

	Restrictive limits: 
	Very Limited            = ""very frequent""  
	Somewhat limited    = ""frequent"" 
	Not limited               = ""none"" or ""very rare, rare, or occasional

Null frequency is assigned to the ""not limited"" class.

	

6. Ponding: Ponding frequency greater than ""occasional"" restricts installation of drainage structures and inhibits free flow of surface water from the drainage area. Soil feature considered is maximum ponding frequency classes over 12 months.
 
Property used: Ponding FREQUENCY CLASS, Greatest (Maximum Duration),   (Modality - representative value) 
	Restrictive limits:
                           Very limited             = very frequent
	           Somewhat limited    = frequent
	           Not limited               = ""none"" or ""rare"" or ""occasional""
	 	 
Null frequency is assigned to the ""not limited"" class.


 
7. Rapid percolation: The slow movement of water through the surface layers of the soil limits percolation of surface water into the subsoil and supports the performance and function of the surface drain.
 
Property used: KSAT MINIMUM IN DEPTH O-50 CM,  (Modality - low, high, representative value) 
Restriction limits: 
	Very limited             => 14 micrometers/second 
	Somewhat limited   > 1.4 and < 14 micrometers/second 
	Not limited               =< 1.4 micrometers/second
 
Null Ksat is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 
 
 
8. Excess salt: Excess water-soluble salts may dissolve into water flowing through the surfaces drain and contaminate surface water at the discharge of the drain.
 
Property used: SALINITY MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0-50CM, (Modality -Low, high, representative value) 
Restriction limits: 
	Very limited            => 16 mmhos/cm
	Somewhat limited   > 4 to < 16 mmhos/cm
	Not limited              =< 4 mmhos/cm
Null EC is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
9. Sodium content: Soils with high sodium adsorption ratio are prone to develop dispersive soil conditions in channel banks causing significant maintenance issues, as well as, infiltration restriction/reductions due to soil dispersion caused by sodium in the soil and/or soil water. Surface drainage from these soils has potential to increase sodium levels in groundwater, downstream surface waters, and wetlands. Soil feature considered is the highest sodium adsorption ratio for horizons that have any portion in the depth range 0 to 60 cm.
 
Property used: SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO MAXIMUM IN DEPTH 0- 60 cm, (Modality - low, high, representative value) 
	Restriction limits: 		 
	Very limited                => 20  
	Somewhat limited      > 6 to < 20 	 
	Not limited                 <= 6  
Null SAR is assigned to the ""not rated"" class.
 
10. Excess gypsum: Excess gypsum may dissolve into water flowing through the surface drain and cause subsidence or piping of the drain. It may also contaminate surface water at the discharge of the drain. Soil feature considered is the maximum. gypsum percent between 0 and 50cm (0 to 20 inches) or a restrictive layer. 


Property used: GYPSUM MAXIMUM 0-50CM OR FIRST RESTRICTION, (Modality - low, high, representative value)  
	Restriction limits:  
	Very limited             => 40% 
	Somewhat limited   > 1 to < 40%  
	Not limited               =< 1% 	

Null gypsum is assigned to the ""not limited"" class. 



11. Erodes Easily: Surface soil water erodibility indicator is the product of the surface K factor multiplied by the soil slope. Channel banks and bottoms are subject to water erosion if the indicator is above 0.98 and practice design should include water erosion control measures. Soil features considered are the soil horizon K factor and the soil slope. 

 
Property used: SURFACE LAYER WATER EROSION INDICATOR, (Modality - representative value) 
Restriction limits: 
	Very Limited             => 3.0
	Somewhat limited    > 1.0 and < 3.0 
	Not limited               =< 1.0 
Null K factor is assigned to the ""not rated"" class."|09/27/2012 20:16:35|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392920"
"FL117"|"AGR - Pesticide Loss Potential-Leaching"|"limitation"|"Soil Survey interpretations are developed for use in evaluating and determining the potential of the soil to transmit pesticides through the profile and the likelihood of the contamination of ground-water supplies.  Evaluations also consider potential surface runoff and the contamination of surface water.

 Pesticide loss potential - leaching

		(1)  ""Pesticide loss potential - leaching"" is the potential for pesticides to be transported by percolating water below the plant root zone.  Pesticides in ground-water solution are leached from the soil surface layer and transported vertically or horizontally through the soil and vadose zone by percolating water.  Leaching pesticides have the potential to contaminate shallow and deep aquifers, springs, and local water tables.

		(2)  The pesticides considered available in leaching are those applied to or incorporated into the surface layer of the soil.  The Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by using the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLLR  algorithm is defined as:
		SLLR =  (Surface Layer Depth)*(Organic Matter Content).

		(3)  Precipitation, either as rain, sleet, or snow, and irrigation are considered the major sources of soil moisture available for leaching pesticides through the soil and vadose zone.  The Aridic and Ustic moisture regimes are given one lower Surface Leaching Loss Rating because the drier climate conditions are associated with these regimes if they are not irrigated.

		(4)  The soil properties and qualities considered are those that affect soil attenuation capacity, water infiltration, and soil permeability.  As shown in Table 620-35, these soil properties are soil texture, surface layer thickness, organic matter content, structure, bulk density, permeability of soil or bedrock, shrink-swell potential, depth to rock, depth to water table, and slope.

		(5)  Soil attenuation capacity is represented by the SLLR (Soil Leaching Loss Rating).  Infiltration rate is interpreted from slope and the soil hydrologic group which considers soil texture, permeability, restrictive layers, depth, and shrink-swell potential.  Soil permeability is a function of soil structure, particle-size distribution, and bulk density; presence of a restricting layer; and depth to that restricting layer.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type, size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.  Bedrock permeability should be evaluated on a State or regional level for those soils that have bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches.

		(6)  The soil rating guide is based on the potential for soils to retain pesticides within the boundaries of the root zone and is not directed toward any particular pesticide or family of pesticides.  For the purpose of this guide, pesticides are considered to be applied to bare soil by either surface or aerial methods.

Reference

Goss, M.J., Howse, K.R., Colbourn, P. & Harris, G.L. (1988) Cultivation systems and the leaching
of nitrates. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference, ISTRO 2:679-684, Edinburgh.

Criteria:

1.  Soil Leaching Loss Rating HYDGRP A:  The Soil Leaching Loss Rating  (SLLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by using the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLLR  algorithm is defined as: 
		SLLR =  (Surface Layer Depth)*(Organic Matter Content).
This quantity is examined for various slopes and various hydrologic soils groups.  HSG indicates the rate of water movement throught the soil, with higher rates indicating a more serious leaching potential.  This is partially balance by the SLRR, which considers the ability of the soil to attenuate pesticides.  Also a factor is the slope, since less infiltration occurs on steeper slopes.

Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP A (0-15%)

Restrictive Limits:

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group A
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG A at	                  >65		   30-65		   <30		LOW ADSORPTION
Slope 0-15%


Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP A (>15%)

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group A
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG A at		  >30		      <30		    ---		LOW ADSORPTION
Slope >15%

2.  Soil Leaching Loss Rating HYDGRP B:  The Soil Leaching Loss Rating  (SLLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by using the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLLR  algorithm is defined as: 
		SLLR =  (Surface Layer Depth)*(Organic Matter Content).
This quantity is examined for various slopes and various hydrologic soils groups.  HSG indicates the rate of water movement throught the soil, with higher rates indicating a more serious leaching potential.  This is partially balance by the SLRR, which considers the ability of the soil to attenuate pesticides.  Also a factor is the slope, since less infiltration occurs on steeper slopes.

Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP B (0-15%)

Restrictive Limits:

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group B
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG B at	                  >45		   5-45		   <5		LOW ADSORPTION
Slope 0-15%


Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP B (>15%)

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group B
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG B at		  >5		      <5		    ---		LOW ADSORPTION
Slope >15%

3.  Soil Leaching Loss Rating HYDGRP C and D:  The Soil Leaching Loss Rating  (SLLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by using the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLLR  algorithm is defined as: 
		SLLR =  (Surface Layer Depth)*(Organic Matter Content).
This quantity is examined for various slopes and various hydrologic soils groups.  HSG indicates the rate of water movement throught the soil, with higher rates indicating a more serious leaching potential.  This is partially balance by the SLRR, which considers the ability of the soil to attenuate pesticides.  Also a factor is the slope, since less infiltration occurs on steeper slopes.

Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP C

Restrictive Limits:

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group C
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG C 	                  >=0		   ---		   ---		LOW ADSORPTION
Any Slope

Property used: SOIL LEACHING GROUP D

Soil Leaching Loss Rating from Hydrologic Group D
	1/ Soil Leaching Loss Rating (SLLR) = (Surface Layer Depth) * (Organic Matter Content).
	2/ Reduce rating limitation one class for Aridic moisture regime unless irrigated.
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

SLLR of HSG  D at		  >=0		      ---		    ---		LOW ADSORPTION
Any slope


4. Depth to High Water Table (Leaching):  Pesticides dissolved in shallow ground water can move rapidly and contaminate shallow wells.  This water can also contaminate streams into which it is discharged.

Property Used: DEPTH TO HIGH WATER TABLE MINIMUM

Restrictive Limits:


PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Depth to High	                 >122		   61-122		    <61		WETNESS
Water Table (cm)

5. Depth to Layer Having Ksat >42 um/sec:  Soil layers that are highly transmissive can allow rapid movement and no attenuation of pesticides.

Property used: DEPTH TO KSAT >42 UM/SEC

Restrictive limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Depth to Layer	                >152		  61-152		  <61		SEEPAGE
with Permeability
(>42 um/sec)(cm)


6. Depth to Bedrock with Ksat (Leaching):  A transmissive bedrock can move pesticides rapidly and allow little possibility of attenuation.  This subrule examines the saturated hydraulic conductivity of any bedrock layers and the depth at which they may occur, as tempered by the Hydrologic Soils Group for the soil.

6a. Depth to Bedrock with Ksat >14um/sec (HYDGRP A): Soils that are members of HSG A are quite permeable.  Bedrock must be deep to avoid contamination by pesticides.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.

Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP A
	
Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6a. Hydrologic Group A	>152		---		<152		POOR FILTER

6b. Depth to Bedrock having Ksat > 14 um/sec (HYDGRP B):  Soils that are members of HSG B are fairly permeable.  Bedrock must be deep to avoid contamination by pesticides.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.

Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP B

Restrictive limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6b. Hydrologic Group B	>152		---		<152		POOR FILTER


6c. Depth to Bedrock having Ksat >14 um/sec (HYDGRP C): Soils that are members of HSG C are only moderately permeable.  Bedrock does not need to be so deep to avoid contamination by pesticides.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.

Property Used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP C

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6c. Hydrologic Group C	>102		51-102		<51		POOR FILTER

6d. Depth to Bedrock having Ksat <14 um/sec (HYDGRP D): Soils that are members of HSG D are slowly permeable.  Bedrock does not need to be so deep to avoid contamination by pesticides.  Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.

Property Used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP D

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6d. Hydrologic Group D	>102		51-102		<51		POOR FILTER

6e.  Depth to Bedrock with Ksat >14um/sec (All HYDGRP):  A thin soil layer of any HSG is prone to leaching.    Bedrock permeability is related to the type of bedrock and the size, extent, and interconnection of fractures and bedding planes.


Property used: DEPTH TO BEDROCK PERM >14 UM/SEC HYDGRP ALL


Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

6e. All Hydrologic       	>51	     	   <51		   ---		POOR FILTER
    Soil Groups"|04/20/2011 17:14:14|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392921"
"FL117"|"AGR - Pesticide Loss Potential-Soil Surface Runoff"|"limitation"|"Background:


Soil Survey interpretations are developed for use in evaluating and determining the potential of the soil to transmit pesticides through the profile and the likelihood of the contamination of ground-water supplies.  Evaluations also consider potential surface runoff and the contamination of surface water.

Pesticide loss potential - soil surface runoff

		(1)  ""Pesticide loss potential - soil surface runoff"" is the potential for pesticides to be transported by surface runoff beyond the field boundary where the pesticide was applied.  Pesticides are transported by surface runoff as either pesticides in solution or pesticides adsorbed to sediments suspended in runoff.  Pesticides that are surface transported have a potential to contaminate surface waters, such as lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers.

		(2)  The pesticides considered available to surface loss are those applied to the surface of the soil.  Loss occurs from either pesticides moving in runoff solutions or pesticides attached to sediments moving with surface runoff.  The Surface Loss Rating (SLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by applying the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  The SLR is a function of hydrologic groups and K values and is determined using the following criteria:
		--	For all soils in Hydrologic Group A, the SLR is < 0.
		--	For soils in Hydrologic Group B with a K factor <.17, the SLR is 0 to < 1.0.
		--	For soils in Hydrologic Group B with a K factor >.17, for all soils in Hydrologic Group C, and for soils in Hydrologic Group D with a K factor                                                      <.20, the SLR is 1.0 to 2.8. and 
		--	For soils in Hydrologic Group D with a K factor >.20, the SLR is >2.8.

		(3)  The soil properties and qualities considered in the pesticide surface loss guide, as given in Table 620-36, are those that affect rates of runoff and erosion.  These soil properties and qualities are soil texture, organic matter content, structure, particle-size distribution, permeability, restricting layers, depth, drainage, depth to a water table, slope, and shrink-swell potential.  Runoff is represented by slope and the soil hydrologic group, which considers soil texture, permeability, restrictive layers, depth, drainage, and shrink-swell potential.  Soil erodibility is represented by the K factor, which is estimated from soil particle-size distribution, organic matter content, structure, and permeability.  Flooding has the potential of catastrophic surface pesticide loss.  It may remove large quantities of pesticides, either those in solution or those adsorbed to sediments, in a single event.  Ponding can concentrate pesticides that are surface transported, and draining ponded areas adversely affects the receiving surface waters.

		(4)  The soil rating guideline is based on the potential for soils to retain pesticides within the boundaries of the field where they are applied and is not directed toward any particular pesticide or family of pesticides.  For the purpose of this guide, pesticides are considered to be applied to bare soil by either surface or aerial methods.

Reference:

Goss, M.J., Howse, K.R., Colbourn, P. & Harris, G.L. (1988) Cultivation systems and the leaching
of nitrates. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference, ISTRO 2:679-684, Edinburgh.


Criteria:

1. Depth to permafrost: Permafrost (permanently frozen soil layer) restricts or effects excavation, manipulation, transport, stability, and workability of the soil material.  Soil features considered are restrictive feature depth and where kind is permafrost or USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) is ""cpf"" or USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER is ""pf"".
	
	Property used: DEPTH TO PERMAFROST (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting		                < 50cm
		Somewhat limiting 	                 => 50 to =< 100cm
		Not limiting		 > 100cm
		
	Null depths are assigned  to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE (IN-LIEU-OF) (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	                      = ""cpf""
		Not limiting	not = ""cpf""
		
	Null USDA Texture (In-Lieu-Of) are assigned to the Not limiting class.
OR
		
	Property used: USDA TEXTURE MODIFIER (Modality - representative value)
	
	Restrictive limits:
		Limiting	                      = ""pf""
		Not limiting	not = ""pf""
		
	Null USDA Texture Modifier are assigned to the Not limiting class.


2. Installed artificial drainage:  This subrule considers the hydrologic soil group, which indicates a need for drainage, and the component local phase (and the obsolete component other phase) as an indicator of whether or not the soil component is indeed drained.  The pesticide carrying ability of the water moving through the drainage system is considered the same as runoff from the surface.

               Property used:  PONDING AND DRAINED CLASS (DUAL HSG, LOCAL PHASE)

               Restictive Limits:
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

 Ponding		              Undrained	                        ---		Drained		Drained Artificial


3. Flooding (Soil Surface Runoff) - Moving water can remove pesticides from the soil surface.

               Property used:  FLOODING FREQUENCY CLASS (GOSS)

               Restrictive limits:
	

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

 Flooding		            None, Rare	                      Occas		  Freq		Flooding


4.  Soil Loss Rating:  The pesticides considered available to surface loss are those applied to the surface of the soil.  Loss occurs from either pesticides moving in runoff solutions or pesticides attached to sediments moving with surface runoff.  The Surface Loss Rating (SLR) is a value derived from the soil algorithm which was developed by applying the GLEAMS model to rank various soil and pesticide properties (Goss et al., 1988).  


A. Soil Loss Rating (0-2% slopes)

Property used: SOIL LOSS RATING (0-2%)

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY	SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Soil Loss Rating    	0		---                             ---                            Excess Runoff
at 0 to 2% slopes

B. Soil Loss Rating (2-6% slopes)

Property used: SOIL LOSS RATING (2-6%)

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Soil Loss Rating (SLR)	<1.0		1.0-2.8		>2.8		Excess Runoff
at 2 to 6% slopes


C. Soil Loss Rating (6 to 15% slopes)

Property used:  SOIL LOSS RATING (6-15%)

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Soil Loss Rating		---		<2.8		>2.8		Excess Runoff
at 6-15% slopes

D. Soil Loss Rating (>15% slopes)

Property used:  SOIL LOSS RATING (>15%)

Restrictive Limits:

PROPERTY		SLIGHT		MODERATE	SEVERE		RESTRICTIVE FEATURE

Soil Loss Rating		   ---		    <0		   >0		Excess Runoff
at >15% slopes"|04/20/2011 20:09:40|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392922"
"FL117"|"WLF - Gopher Tortoise Burrowing Suitability"|"suitability"|"Gopher Tortoise Burrowing Suitability 

The Gopher Tortoise Burrowing Suitability is a rating of the soil as a habitat component according to its potential to be used by gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) in excavating burrows.  Burrows are considered a necessary part of specific local habitat.  This soil interpretation is intended to provide suitability ratings based on the dominant soil characteristics that influence the suitability of the site for burrowing by gopher tortoise.  The information allows the user identify areas of concern prior to the application of conservation practices.  This interpretation concerns only the soil properties as they are populated in the soil survey and does not take into account the climate, vegetation, or soil temperature that may influence the presence or distribution pattern of the species.  The presence or absence of a species is determined at the local level. The final identification and selection of a site suitable for burrowing by gopher tortoise is determined by the limitation of the soil as it influences excavation, maintenance, and preservation of the burrows.  The guide identifies the soil restricting features that will have the most effect on suitability for burrows.
Soil suitability ratings rate a soil based on selected criteria and assign each criteria a fuzzy number rating between 0 and 1.  In this rating, 1 represents more suitable soil characteristics, and 0 represents less suitable soil characteristics.  Each criteria is calculated separately and the lowest rating is reported as the overall soil suitability rating, representing the most liming factor in the soils suitability.  
Rating classes have been defined as follows:
Highly suited (fuzzy values 0.95-1): These soils have no restrictions to use and are favorable for burrowing by gopher tortoise.  Colonization and population densities may be above average if other habitat factors are not limiting.
Moderately suited (fuzzy values 0.5-0.95): These soils are suitable and somewhat favorable for burrowing by gopher tortoise.  Some restrictive features may limit the use of the site to a minor extent.  Colonization and population densities may be average to above for the area if the other habitat requirements are met.
Less suited (fuzzy values 0.05-0.5): These soils have characteristics that may limit establishment, maintenance, or use of the site by gopher tortoise.  Colonization and population densities may be below average or restricted in the area due to the limiting factors even though all of the other species habitat requirements are met.
Unsuitable (fuzzy values 0-0.05): These soils have characteristics that may limit establishment, maintenance, or use of the site by gopher tortoise.  



The criteria used for rating the soils for gopher tortoise habitat are as follows:

					
Criteria	                                             soil property used	Unsuited (0)	Less Suited	Moderately Suited	Well Suited (1)
diggability index/ texture	                     %sand	             <=15 % sand	 	 	>= 70% sand
	Depth to first layer with >=20% clay (cm)	                           0	0-50	                        50-100	>100
depth to restrictive layer	
              depth to first restrictive layer	                                              <=50 cm	 	  	                           >=200
	Depth to first layer with >=35% clay	                                 <=50	 	 	                                          >=100
Fragments >5mm	frags 3-10 in; wtd ave 0-100 cm                               >10	 	                                              	<=1 
Ponding	ponding frequency                                             	Occasional, Frequent, Common	 	rare	none
Depth to seasonal high water table (cm)	
              MLRA 133A, 137, 153A, 153B; any texture	                                        <=50	 	 	>=100
	MLRA 152A and 138; Depth to layer with >20% clay >=100 cm	            <=30	 	 	>=80
	MLRA 152A and 138; Depth to layer with >20% clay <100 cm	            <=40	 	 	>=90
	MLRAs 155, 154, 156A, 156B; Depth to layer with >20% clay >=100cm	<=20	 	 	>=70
	MLRAs 155, 154, 156A, 156B; Depth to layer with >20% clay <100 cm	<=30	 	 	>=80
Slope	component slope	                                                                        >=35 percent	 	 	<15 percent
Flooding Frequency		                                                              Frequent, Very Frequent 	Common	Occasional	none or very rare

The following explains in detail the National Soil Information System (NASIS) criteria, rules and evaluations used in calculating the Burrowing Suitability Index.
Criteria (Subrules):
1.	Gopher Tortoise Habitat Diggability (v6.6):  Tortoise Habitat Soil Diggability Index is a method of assessing the ease of excavation of the soil material by the gopher tortoise based on soil texture. Soil Diggability looks at soil texture of the top 100 cm of the soil.  Soil textures with less than 15 % sand are considered too fine, while anything greater than 70% sand is well suited to gopher tortoise burrows.  Percent sand is evaluated as a weighted average of the zone 0 to 50 cm depth and 50 to 100 cm depth. The texture of the top 50 cm of soil is weighted more heavily than the lower 50 cm of soil.  In order to account for soils that contain shallow kandic or argillic horizons with an increase in clay, the depth to the first layer with >=20% clay is also assessed in the diggability rating.  If a layer with >=20% clay is within 100 cm of the soil surface, the diggability rating is lower than a soil that contains no layer with >=20% clay. 

 
 


Evaluations used: 
a.	Gopher Tortoise - Wtd Avg Sand 0-50 (Suitability):
Calculates the weighted average sand content between 0 and 50 cm.  Rates this value as 0 for <15% sand content and 1 for >70% sand content.  Sand contents between 15 and 70% are rated on a curve. 

b.	Gopher Tortoise - Wtd Avg Sand 50-100 (Suitability)
Calculates the weighted average sand content between 50 and 100 cm.  Rates this value as 0 for <15% sand content and 1 for >70% sand content.  Sand contents between 15 and 70% are rated on a sigmoid curve.
 
c.	Gopher Tortoise - Depth to clay content >=20%
Calculates the depth to a layer with 20% or more clay.  If this layer begins at the soil surface, the rating is given a 0.  If this layer begins at 100 cm or greater, or there is no layer with >=20% clay within the profile, the rating is given a 1.  Depths between 0 and 100 cm are rated based on a linear evaluation. 
 

2.	Gopher Tortoise - Depth to Restrictive Layer (Suitability):  Restrictive layers such as plinthic zones, fragipan, or spodic horizons are thought to adversely affect the potential depth of excavation by burrowing species.  Layers that contain a high percent clay are limiting to gopher tortoises as well. The layers may be too dense for the species to excavate or these layers may perch water.  Shallow depth to a restrictive layer limits the depth of habitat.  
 
Evaluations Used: 
a.	Gopher Tortoise - Depth to first restrictive layer 0-200 cm
The depth to the first restrictive layer is assessed in which soils where this layer begins at a depth <50 cm is given a rating of 0 and soils where this layer begins at a depth >200 cm is given a rating of 1.  Soils with a clay layer beginning between 50 and 200 cm is rated on a sigmoid curve.  

b.	Depth to clay content >35%
The depth to a layer with a clay content >35% is assessed in which soils where this layer begins at a depth <50 cm is given a rating of 0 and soils where this layer begins at a depth >100 cm is given a rating of 1.  Soils with a clay layer beginning between 50 and 100 cm is rated on a sigmoid curve.  

 

3.	Fragments > 4.76mm 0-200cm (Suitability): Gravel adversely affects the potential depth of excavation by burrowing species.  High concentrations of gravel and rock fragments adversely affect the excavation of soil by burrowing species.  The horizons with gravel and or rock fragments that is greater than 5 mm in size and contains 15 percent by volume or more limits the species ability to excavate a burrow if it is within 80 inches of surface. The physical effort to dislodge or transport the rock fragments from the burrow may be beyond the abilities of the species.  
Evaluations Used:
a.	Fragments >4.76mm 0-200cm (Suitability)
Calculates the weighted average of fragments from 3 to <10 inches in the layers from 0 to 100 cm or to a restriction, whichever is first.  Rates soils with 1% or less fragments with a 1; Rates soils with 10% or more fragments with a 0.  Values between 1 and 10% are rated using a sigmoid curve. 
 
b.	Fragments >75mm 0-200cm (Suitability)
This evaluation considers the gravel from 4.76mm to 3 inches as a proportion of what passes the #4 sieve.
Not suited (0)	 	<65 % passing
		Somewhat suited (0.16)	 65-85% passing
		Well suited  (1)              	>85% passing

4.	Tortoise Habitat Ponding Rating (Suitability): Ponding or standing water adversely affects gopher tortoise habitat
Restrictive limits:
		Not suited (0)	 	""occasional"", ""common"", ""frequent""
		Somewhat suited (0.16)	 ""rare""
		Well suited  (1)              ""none""

Null ponding frequency is assigned to the well suited class.

5.	Gopher Tortoise - Depth to High Water Table MLRA_Clay V6_6: A seasonal high water table can affect burrowing species by restricting burrowing, and possibly cause drowning when the water table returns.  Caving or tunnel collapse may be a problem, especially during the rising and falling of the water table depths between seasons of year. Perched or apparent water tables can increase drowning of species during wet periods especially during inactive times.  
In soils that are sandy throughout the profile in regions where evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall, water tables are generally more flashy and high water tables do not pose as much of a limitation for habitat as in areas where high water tables will remain for longer periods.  For this reason, the water tables are adjusted regionally based on MLRA.  The adjustment varies with the depth to a layer with >=20% clay, as soils with shallow clay layers will perch water longer than those that are coarse textured throughout.  
The evaluation rates soils with an adjusted seasonal high water table:
		Poorly suited (0)	 				0-50 cm
		Somewhat suited (linear rating between 0 and1))	50-100 cm
		Well suited  (1)             					 >=100 cm
 

6.	Tortoise Habitat Slope 15-35% (Suitability): Soils that have a surface slope that is steeper than 15 percent fall per 100 feet horizontal distance tend to adversely affects habitat suitability.
A.	The evaluation looks at the slope of a component using the following conditions:
		Poorly suited (0)	 				>35% slope
		Somewhat suited (curve rating between 0 and1)		15-35% slope
		Well suited  (1)             					0-15% slope
 
7.	Flooding Frequency Rating Revised (Suitability): Flooding from stream over flow can adversely affect habitat and burrowing suitability.  In areas subject to flooding, the gopher tortoise are evicted, species are drowned both young hatchling and adults, eggs destroyed, and the walls of the burrows may collapse or become filled with debris and water.  Any effort of the animals to return to the site is delayed until the floodwater has receded and the soils have dried sufficiently to allow renewed activity. Also, gopher tortoises may have a higher impact from predation during flooding events while evicted from burrows.
Restrictive limits:
		Not suited (0)	 	""common"", ""frequent"", ""very frequent""
		Somewhat suited (0.5)	 ""rare"", ""occasional""
		Well suited  (1)           	 ""none"", ""very rare"""|01/27/2017 22:26:45|10/01/2017 09:52:16|5|"18364"|"4392923"
